A N N E S T A N T O N , D V M F A C U L T Y A D V I S O R - D R . D A V I D M c C L U R E

M E D I C A L C O L L E G E O F W I S C O N S I N C A P S T O N E - S U M M E R 2 0 1 6

Applications of Infrared Spectroscopy in Clinical Medicine and Production Animal

Agriculture – A Literature Review

Purpose

Review of diagnostic capabilities of Infrared

Spectroscopy (IRS) Clinical medicine Animal agriculture/veterinary medicine

Consider potential of IRS in detection of antibiotics

and antibiotic residues in milk

Introduction

IRS discovered in 18001

Spectrometers not common in the US until 1950’s1

Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FTS) Able to automate sampling rapid processing of complex

samples

Value to human medicine and agriculture Ability to identify various compounds, especially biological

fluids

Introduction

IRS in agriculture Used in routine monthly milk component (e.g. fat and protein

content) testing on-farm, in creameries/milk plants

Biological changes in individual and herd level milk samples potentially very valuable

Veterinary Feed Directive Guidance #2132 Guidelines to eliminate use of certain antibiotics for growth

promotion or feed efficiency Restrict use of therapeutic drugs to prescription by

veterinarians only Effective December 2016

Introduction

Application to public health Overuse of antibiotics in health care and agriculture Methods sought to identify residues in various animal sources

Protect food supply Reduce antibiotic use Decrease selective pressure on microbes

IRS has the potential to contribute to antibiotic

residue detection

Methods

OVID and PubMed biomedical database search: Keywords:

“infrared spectroscopy in veterinary medicine” “infrared spectroscopy AND milk quality” “infrared spectroscopy AND mastitis” “infrared spectroscopy AND clinical medicine” “infrared spectroscopy AND veterinary” “infrared spectroscopy AND antibiotic*”

Methods

Inclusion: Articles highly relevant to applications of IRS in human and

veterinary medical fields

Exclusion: Vague Outdated Lacking relevance

Methods

Articles critically reviewed: Relevance of the use of IRS to medicine and agriculture Relevance of the study question Whether or not the study added anything new to the field Examined what type of research question was being asked and

the appropriateness of the question Addressed potential sources of bias and adherence to study

protocol The hypothesis Whether statistical analyses were performed correctly Whether the data justified the authors’ conclusions Examined potential conflicts of interest

Results: Medical Applications of IRS

Near-IR (NIR) and Mid-IR (MIR) spectroscopy first used in 1949/1952 to identify molecular structures of tissues3

Fluids commonly analyzed with IRS4 Serum Whole blood Urine

Fluids less commonly analyzed with IRS4 Saliva Amniotic Fluid Joint Fluid Cerebrospinal Fluid

Results: Medical Applications of IRS

Within serum samples, NIR/MIR can detect: Concentrations of glucose, total protein, albumin,

triglycerides, urea and cholesterol4 Accuracy of detection yet to be established4

Studies indicate: Multivariate analytical methods to identify patterns

corresponding to “normal” vs. “abnormal” should be performed4

Better than relying on strict quantity of metabolites4

Novel uses: Amniotic fluid testing for fetal lung maturity4

Results: Medical uses of FTS

Improved ability to determine metabolite concentrations: Glucose, total protein, urea, triglycerides, cholesterol,

chylomicron, very low density lipoproteins in plasma and serum3,5,6

Distinguish between human skin, colon, breast,

arteries, cartilage, urinary tract, lung, liver, heart and spleen8-17

Results: Medical Uses of FTS

Distinguish between malignant and healthy tissues3,7

Used to identify the source of human mastitis “organic oil” vs. “silicone” mastitis in a limited case-study18

Rapid identification of microorganisms19-21

Identification of prion proteins In neuronal tissue and blood, and pathological prion proteins

from infected individuals19

Results: Agricultural Uses of IRS

Identification of proteins, oil and moisture in commodities via NIR4

Identify nutrient components of cattle feed22 Crude protein Neutral detergent fiber Starch Non-fiber carbohydrates Fat

Results: Agricultural Uses of IRS

Determine pork and poultry meat quality23,24

Non-destructive Pre-processing techniques unnecessary High efficiency in sample processing

Barbin et al. Pork quality grades accurately identified via NIR 96% of the

time23 More research needed to improve accuracy for poultry24

Results: Agricultural uses of IRS

Diagnostic tool in milk sampling NIR and MIR used to identify fat, protein and lactose

concentrations for herd level production achievements25-33 Provides economic benefit to producers

Milk composition is influenced by metabolic status of

cow May serve as means to monitor individual cow health

(especially mastitis) and nutritional status34

Results: Agricultural Uses of IRS

Aernouts et al.

Application of NIR to predict fat, crude protein, lactose content of raw milk determined accurate35

Soyeurt et al. Have used MIR to calibrate an equation to predict lactoferrin

content, which has direct correlations to predicting udder infections36,37

Results: Agricultural Uses of FTS

Used to detect fatty acid composition of milk, identify rumen pH changes (which can indicate metabolic status)38

PhénoFinlait program25 Has developed fatty acid and protein profiles in milk from

dairy goats and sheep to create predictive equations Management reference/advice in genetic selection of superior

individuals Potential use of FTS as predictive tool in genetic selection

Results: Agricultural Uses of FTS

Detection of subclinical ketosis via detection of ketone bodies39-43 Ketosis can cause economic loses

Decreased fertility Increased incidence of inter-current diseases (mastitis, lameness

and displaced abomassum) CetoDetect® validated with sensitivity of 91% and specificity

of 88% for use at herd level Grelet et al. (2016): best results of using FTS to identify ketone

bodies are when cut-off values for “high” and “low” are utilized, rather than exact concentrations within milk

Results: Agricultural Uses of FTS

Identification of specific pathogens of bovine mastitis44,45 Streptococcus and related species Trueperella pyogenes

Accurately identified and separated from similar species Acranobacterium and Actinomyces

Discussion

Valuable Advantages Non-invasive Rapid Cost-effective

Limitations Lacking standardized cut-offs Many tissues/fluids currently capable of being identified need

confirmation of IRS/FTS accuracy Variance in spectrometers, even within the same brand and the same

instrument over time Any predictive models therefore can only be used for one instrument

over a limited period of time

Discussion

OptiMR project Striving to utilize MIR to predict status of milking cows

beyond milk components46,47 Pregnancy Embryo loss Ketosis Acidosis Methane as an environmental factor Cow energy balance

Discussion

OptiMR project Goals46,47

Standardization of spectrometers Development of transnational databases Building of predictive equations from associations between

milk MIR spectra Development of web tools to make the service readily available

Conclusion

Continued development of this technology can expand the current uses within human medical and agricultural fields dramatically

Further research necessary: Standardize spectrometers Form predictive equations Application of these capabilities to antibiotic residue detection

in milk

References

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