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![Page 1: Applications of Geant4 in Proton Radiotherapy at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Jerimy C. Polf Assistant Professor Department of Radiation.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051116/56649e595503460f94b53486/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Applications of Geant4 in Proton Applications of Geant4 in Proton Radiotherapy at the University of Texas Radiotherapy at the University of Texas
M.D. Anderson Cancer CenterM.D. Anderson Cancer Center
Jerimy C. PolfJerimy C. PolfAssistant ProfessorAssistant Professor
Department of Radiation PhysicsDepartment of Radiation PhysicsU.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer CenterU.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center
Houston TX, USAHouston TX, USA
![Page 2: Applications of Geant4 in Proton Radiotherapy at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Jerimy C. Polf Assistant Professor Department of Radiation.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051116/56649e595503460f94b53486/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Uses of Monte CarloUses of Monte Carlo
• Clinical Uses in Radiation OncologyClinical Uses in Radiation Oncology
- X-ray radiotherapy- X-ray radiotherapy
- Proton beam radiotherapy- Proton beam radiotherapy
• Research ActivitiesResearch Activities- Proton radiotherapy- Proton radiotherapy
• Current “challenges” for Geant4Current “challenges” for Geant4
![Page 3: Applications of Geant4 in Proton Radiotherapy at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Jerimy C. Polf Assistant Professor Department of Radiation.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051116/56649e595503460f94b53486/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Clinical Workflow of RadiotherapyClinical Workflow of Radiotherapy
CT images imported to Treatment Planning System (TPS)
All parameters for dosedelivery determined byTPS
All parameters sentto proton delivery systemfor patient treatment.
![Page 4: Applications of Geant4 in Proton Radiotherapy at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Jerimy C. Polf Assistant Professor Department of Radiation.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051116/56649e595503460f94b53486/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Applications of Monte Carlo in RadiotherapyApplications of Monte Carlo in Radiotherapy
Treatment PlanningTreatment PlanningSystemSystem
Monte CarloMonte Carlo
X-Ray Therapy
![Page 5: Applications of Geant4 in Proton Radiotherapy at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Jerimy C. Polf Assistant Professor Department of Radiation.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051116/56649e595503460f94b53486/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Applications of Monte Carlo in Proton Therapy
Use Monte Carlo to model treatment Use Monte Carlo to model treatment delivery equipment and calculate dose delivery equipment and calculate dose delivery (protons + secondary particles)delivery (protons + secondary particles)
Clinical Magnetic Scanning Delivery System
Geant4 model
Proton beam
![Page 6: Applications of Geant4 in Proton Radiotherapy at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Jerimy C. Polf Assistant Professor Department of Radiation.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051116/56649e595503460f94b53486/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Applications of Monte Carlo in Radiotherapy
Simple Calculations of Simple Calculations of Dose in waterDose in water
Clinical calculations of dose Clinical calculations of dose in patientin patient
![Page 7: Applications of Geant4 in Proton Radiotherapy at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Jerimy C. Polf Assistant Professor Department of Radiation.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051116/56649e595503460f94b53486/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• Use Monte Carlo (Geant4 and MCNPX) to verify proton dose distribution Use Monte Carlo (Geant4 and MCNPX) to verify proton dose distribution calculated using TPScalculated using TPS
Clinical Uses: Proton therapy
TPSTPS Monte CarloMonte Carlo
![Page 8: Applications of Geant4 in Proton Radiotherapy at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Jerimy C. Polf Assistant Professor Department of Radiation.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051116/56649e595503460f94b53486/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• Use Monte Carlo (Geant4 and MCNPX) to verify proton dose distribution Use Monte Carlo (Geant4 and MCNPX) to verify proton dose distribution calculated using TPScalculated using TPS
Clinical Uses: Proton therapy
TPS
Monte Carlo
![Page 9: Applications of Geant4 in Proton Radiotherapy at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Jerimy C. Polf Assistant Professor Department of Radiation.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051116/56649e595503460f94b53486/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
• Use Monte Carlo (Geant4 and MCNPX) to verify proton dose distribution Use Monte Carlo (Geant4 and MCNPX) to verify proton dose distribution calculated using TPScalculated using TPS
Clinical Uses: Proton therapy
Dose difference = TPS – Monte CarloDose difference = TPS – Monte Carlo
![Page 10: Applications of Geant4 in Proton Radiotherapy at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Jerimy C. Polf Assistant Professor Department of Radiation.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051116/56649e595503460f94b53486/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Clinical Uses: Proton Therapy
• Calculation of secondary neutron exposure for Pediatric treatmentsCalculation of secondary neutron exposure for Pediatric treatments
Taddei PJ et al. Phys Med Biol. 54(8):2259-75 (2009)Taddei PJ et al. Phys Med Biol. 54(8):2259-75 (2009)
LPO• whole-body CT based calculation• Four treatment fields
IPA SPA
RPO
![Page 11: Applications of Geant4 in Proton Radiotherapy at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Jerimy C. Polf Assistant Professor Department of Radiation.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051116/56649e595503460f94b53486/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Clinical Uses: Proton therapy• Calculation of secondary neutron exposure for Pediatric treatmentsCalculation of secondary neutron exposure for Pediatric treatments
Proton DoseProton Dose Secondary neutron exposureSecondary neutron exposure
mSvGy
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Research applications at MDA
• Treatment System DesignTreatment System Design
• Development of verification methodsDevelopment of verification methods
• New techniques for beam deliveryNew techniques for beam delivery
![Page 13: Applications of Geant4 in Proton Radiotherapy at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Jerimy C. Polf Assistant Professor Department of Radiation.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051116/56649e595503460f94b53486/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Research: Treatment Nozzle Design
Improvements to existing treatment nozzlesImprovements to existing treatment nozzles
![Page 14: Applications of Geant4 in Proton Radiotherapy at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Jerimy C. Polf Assistant Professor Department of Radiation.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051116/56649e595503460f94b53486/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Research: Treatment Nozzle Design
If initial beam size changes?If initial beam size changes?
If we Remove RMW?If we Remove RMW?
Proton Dose
Neutron fluence
![Page 15: Applications of Geant4 in Proton Radiotherapy at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Jerimy C. Polf Assistant Professor Department of Radiation.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051116/56649e595503460f94b53486/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Research: New Imaging Techniques
In-vivo Dose verification with Post treatment PET imagingIn-vivo Dose verification with Post treatment PET imaging
(1) Measure post treatment(1) Measure post treatmentPET activationPET activation
(2) Monte Carlo calc of (2) Monte Carlo calc of post treatment PET activationpost treatment PET activation
(3) Estimate in vivo(3) Estimate in vivoDose distributionDose distribution
Parodi K Parodi K et al.et al. (2007) (2007) Med. Phys.Med. Phys. 2007a;34:419-435. 2007a;34:419-435.
Parodi K Parodi K et al.et al. (2007) (2007) Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 68 920-934. 68 920-934.
![Page 16: Applications of Geant4 in Proton Radiotherapy at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Jerimy C. Polf Assistant Professor Department of Radiation.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051116/56649e595503460f94b53486/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Research: New Imaging Techniques
In-vivo Dose verification with In-vivo Dose verification with Prompt Gamma ray ImagingPrompt Gamma ray Imaging
• Measure Measure Prompt Prompt Gamma Ray EmissionGamma Ray Emission - Inelastic scattering [A(p, p’ - Inelastic scattering [A(p, p’ )A])A] - i.e. – “real-time” signal- i.e. – “real-time” signal - each element emits characteristic - each element emits characteristic gamma-rays with different energiesgamma-rays with different energies - gamma rays only emitted where - gamma rays only emitted where dose is depositeddose is deposited
(a) (b)
(c)
Hypothesis: Hypothesis: By properly measuring prompt gamma ray emission, weBy properly measuring prompt gamma ray emission, wecan images dose deposited and of elemental concentration and composition can images dose deposited and of elemental concentration and composition of irradiated tissues. of irradiated tissues.
![Page 17: Applications of Geant4 in Proton Radiotherapy at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Jerimy C. Polf Assistant Professor Department of Radiation.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051116/56649e595503460f94b53486/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Beam pipe
Phantom (Lucite or bone eq. plastic)
Lead shielding
Ge detector
Lucite
Bone eq. plastic
- Measurements (symbols)- Measurements (symbols)
- Geant4 Monte Carlo calculations (lines)- Geant4 Monte Carlo calculations (lines)- tally energy dep. from Photo-electric, Compton, Pair Production in detector- tally energy dep. from Photo-electric, Compton, Pair Production in detector
[Polf et al, [Polf et al, Phys. Med. Biol.Phys. Med. Biol., 54: in-press, (2009)], 54: in-press, (2009)]
Research: New Imaging Techniques
In-vivo Dose verification with Prompt Gamma ray ImagingIn-vivo Dose verification with Prompt Gamma ray Imaging
![Page 18: Applications of Geant4 in Proton Radiotherapy at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Jerimy C. Polf Assistant Professor Department of Radiation.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051116/56649e595503460f94b53486/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Proton BeamProton Beam
G amma Spectra C omparison (30 M eV - 1 cm)
0.00E+00
5.00E-06
1.00E-05
1.50E-05
2.00E-05
2.50E-05
3.00E-05
3.50E-05
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
carbon
oxygen
nitrogen
calcium
phosphorus
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Prompt gamma imaging studies: Compton Camera DesignPrompt gamma imaging studies: Compton Camera Design
target
stage 1
stage 2
stage 3Design studies to optimizeDesign studies to optimizeefficiency: efficiency:
- triple scatters/proton- triple scatters/proton- Compton scattering- Compton scattering- detector material- detector material- detector shape- detector shape
Research: New Imaging Techniques
![Page 20: Applications of Geant4 in Proton Radiotherapy at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Jerimy C. Polf Assistant Professor Department of Radiation.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051116/56649e595503460f94b53486/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Research: New Treatment Techniques
Feasibility studies of in-vivo magnetic steering
Steering magnets
Proton beam
Magnetic fieldMagnetic field
patientpatient
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Magnetic fieldMagnetic field
patientpatient
Research: New Treatment Techniques
Feasibility studies of in-vivo magnetic steeringFeasibility studies of in-vivo magnetic steering
![Page 22: Applications of Geant4 in Proton Radiotherapy at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Jerimy C. Polf Assistant Professor Department of Radiation.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051116/56649e595503460f94b53486/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Challenges and Limitations of Monte Carlo in Radiation Oncology
Clinical IssuesClinical Issues
- Calculations in patient CT data- Calculations in patient CT data
Research issuesResearch issues
- Disagreement with measured dataDisagreement with measured data- modeling of nuclear processesmodeling of nuclear processes
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Challenges and Limitations: Clinical Issues
Clinical TPS:Clinical TPS:
- calculate patient dose < 1 mincalculate patient dose < 1 min- uses Analytical calculationuses Analytical calculation algorithmsalgorithms
-MC calcs too slow in CT dataMC calcs too slow in CT data
- greater than 5 hrs to calculate greater than 5 hrs to calculate a full patient treatment plan!!a full patient treatment plan!!
Why not Monte Carlo?Why not Monte Carlo?
![Page 24: Applications of Geant4 in Proton Radiotherapy at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Jerimy C. Polf Assistant Professor Department of Radiation.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051116/56649e595503460f94b53486/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Challenges and Limitations: Clinical Issues
Magnetic Beam Scanning: Dose calculation accuracyMagnetic Beam Scanning: Dose calculation accuracy
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 60.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
D (
rel.
un
its
)
off-axis distance (cm)
FWHM
0 1 2 3 4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
measurements Eclipse v. 8.1 MCNPX
D (
rel.
un
its)
off-axis distance (cm)
221.8 MeVd = 2 cm
Monte Carlo
![Page 25: Applications of Geant4 in Proton Radiotherapy at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Jerimy C. Polf Assistant Professor Department of Radiation.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051116/56649e595503460f94b53486/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
A proton pencil beamA proton pencil beam(spot)…...(spot)…...
A few pencil beamstogether….Some more…Some more…A full set, with aA full set, with a
homogenous dose homogenous dose conformed distally conformed distally andandproximallyproximally
Pedroni, PSI
Challenges and Limitations: Clinical Issues
Magnetic Beam Scanning: Dose calculation accuracyMagnetic Beam Scanning: Dose calculation accuracy
![Page 26: Applications of Geant4 in Proton Radiotherapy at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Jerimy C. Polf Assistant Professor Department of Radiation.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051116/56649e595503460f94b53486/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Challenges and Limitations: Clinical Issues
0 1 2 3 4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
measurements Eclipse v. 8.1 MCNPX
D (
rel.
un
its)
off-axis distance (cm)
221.8 MeVd = 2 cm
Monte Carlo1 spot:1 spot:Difference < 0.1 percentDifference < 0.1 percent
10,000 spots:10,000 spots:Difference > 5 percentDifference > 5 percent
![Page 27: Applications of Geant4 in Proton Radiotherapy at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Jerimy C. Polf Assistant Professor Department of Radiation.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051116/56649e595503460f94b53486/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Challenges and Limitations: Clinical Issues
Prompt gamma ray emission spectraPrompt gamma ray emission spectra
![Page 28: Applications of Geant4 in Proton Radiotherapy at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Jerimy C. Polf Assistant Professor Department of Radiation.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051116/56649e595503460f94b53486/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Nuclear Doppler BroadeningNuclear Doppler BroadeningOf the 4.44 Mev Of the 4.44 Mev 1212C peak.C peak.
- Excellent modeling of Doppler - Excellent modeling of Doppler Broadening for low energy x-raysBroadening for low energy x-rays
- However, no modeling forHowever, no modeling for Nuclear BroadeningNuclear Broadening
Challenges and Limitations: Clinical Issues
![Page 29: Applications of Geant4 in Proton Radiotherapy at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Jerimy C. Polf Assistant Professor Department of Radiation.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051116/56649e595503460f94b53486/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Conclusions on Monte Carl in Proton Therapy
• Geant4 is integral part in Clinical activitiesGeant4 is integral part in Clinical activities
- treatment planning and verification- treatment planning and verification
• Integral in research activitiesIntegral in research activities
- equipment design- equipment design
- new treatment techniques- new treatment techniques
• Still some challengesStill some challenges
- calculations in CT datasets- calculations in CT datasets
- proton-nuclear interaction models?- proton-nuclear interaction models?
![Page 30: Applications of Geant4 in Proton Radiotherapy at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Jerimy C. Polf Assistant Professor Department of Radiation.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051116/56649e595503460f94b53486/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Thank You!
Questions?