Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings:
description
Transcript of Applications in Clinical & Counseling Settings:
Applications in Applications in Clinical & Clinical &
Counseling Counseling Settings:Settings:Structured Structured
Personality TestsPersonality Tests
Each of the statements below describes a different way a person can be. Please indicate for each statement is extremely uncharacteristic (1) of you, somewhat uncharacteristic (2), neither uncharacteristic nor characteristic (3), somewhat characteristic (4), or extremely characteristic (5), using the numbers as indicated.
__ 1. I form opinions about everything.__ 2. I prefer to avoid taking extreme positions. (R)__ 3. It is very important to me to hold strong opinions.__ 4. I want to know exactly what is good and bad about everything.__ 5. I often prefer to remain neutral about complex issues. (R)__ 6. If something does not affect me, I do not usually determine if it
is good or bad. (R)
__ 7. I enjoy strongly liking and disliking new things. __ 8. There are many things for which I do not have a preference. (R)__ 9. It bothers me to remain neutral.__ 10. I like to have strong opinions even when I am not personally
involved.__ 11. I have many more opinions than the average person.__ 12. I would rather have a strong opinion than no opinion at all.__ 13. I pay a lot of attention to whether things are good or bad.__ 14. I only form strong opinions when I have to. (R)__ 15. I like to decide that new things are really good or really bad.__ 16. I am pretty much indifferent to many important issues. (R)
Jarvis & Petty (1996)
reasoned that some people might be more prone to evaluate (i.e., form attitudes, opinions) than others
developed a scale to measure people’s need to evaluate (NES: need to evaluate scale)
Scale NormsScale Norms
Mean -- 52 (3.27) Standard Deviation -- 10 (.63) Upper third -- > 56 Lower third -- < 47
Study 1Study 1
students completed NES and answered a 29 item questionnaire that asked for their attitudes towards various national issues (e.g., environmental protection, mandatory national service, legalized abortion, capital punishment, preferential hiring of minority groups)
asked if they agreed, disagreed, or had “no opinion”
participants low in NES endorsed “no opinion” significantly more often than those medium or high
Study 2Study 2 presented student participants with 24 paintings
from various styles and periods instructed to list their thoughts regarding each
painting thoughts were coded as evaluative (e.g., I would
not hang this in my home, pretty colours, I really like the colours, very gross and disturbing) or non-evaluative (two men working, lots of colour)
results indicated that high NES participants spontaneously came up with more evaluative statements than low or moderate NES participants
Study 3Study 3 student participants completed NES, and
then were asked to describe the day they had yesterday. Thoughts were coded for evaluative thoughts
I was both relieved and upset by my grade, the moon was beautiful on the way home, some of the songs at the concert were really good, I did quite well
non-evaluative thoughts Woke up at 8 am and took my dog for a walk, a friend of
mine from back home called and so I talked to him for a minute
high NES participants showed an avg. of nearly 3 times as many evaluative thoughts as low, moderate NES participants; also, fewer non-evaluative thoughts
PersonalityPersonality
the relatively stable and distinctive patterns of behaviour that characterize an individual and his or her reactions to the environment
Personality TraitsPersonality Traits
relatively enduring tendencies to act, think, or feel in a certain manner in any given circumstance that distinguish one person from another
Importance of Measuring Importance of Measuring Personality TraitsPersonality Traits
still enough nuclear & biological weapons in the world to destroy the world’s population several times over
about 120,000 U.S. servicemen & women engaged in nuclear duties, maintaining, guarding, transporting, training & using the weapons
these individuals are screened through something called a Personnel Reliability Program; about 5,000 people a year are removed from nuclear duties because of a concern about the stability of their personalities
Types of Personality Types of Personality TestsTests
StructuredStructured Fixed alternatives as responsesFixed alternatives as responses
UnstructuredUnstructured Open-ended responsesOpen-ended responses
Strategies for Structured Strategies for Structured Personality Test Personality Test
ConstructionConstruction
Deductive
Empirical
Logical ContentTheoreticalCriterion GroupFactor Analysis
Logical Content StrategyLogical Content Strategy
items are selected from a process of logical deduction of what kinds of items would represent the kinds of personality we’re interested in
Woodworth Personal Data Woodworth Personal Data Sheet (1920)Sheet (1920)
First personality inventory ever First personality inventory ever developeddeveloped
Developed in WWI to identify Developed in WWI to identify military recruits likely to break down military recruits likely to break down in combatin combat
Sample Test ItemsSample Test Items Have you failed to get a square deal in life?Have you failed to get a square deal in life? Is your speech free from stutter & Is your speech free from stutter &
stammer?stammer? Does the sight of blood make you sick & Does the sight of blood make you sick &
dizzy?dizzy? Do you sometimes wish that you had never Do you sometimes wish that you had never
been born?been born? Do people find fault with you much?Do people find fault with you much? Do you drink a fifth of whisky a day?Do you drink a fifth of whisky a day? Do you wet the bed at night?Do you wet the bed at night?
Mooney Problem Mooney Problem Checklist (1950)Checklist (1950)
items gleaned from case records, counselling interviews, & a list of problems elicited from 4000 high school students
available in jr. high, high school, college & adult forms
problems include morals & religion, finances & living conditions, adjustment to school work, social relations
no score is computed
Sample ItemsSample Items
Read the list slowly and as you come Read the list slowly and as you come to a problem which is troubling you, to a problem which is troubling you, draw a line under it:draw a line under it: Often have headachesOften have headaches Too crowded at homeToo crowded at home UnpopularUnpopular DrinkingDrinking Getting low gradesGetting low grades
Problems with Logical Problems with Logical Content TestsContent Tests
Assumes respondents are honest, motivated to cooperate, careful in answering
Assumes respondents are capable of evaluating own behaviour
Theoretical StrategyTheoretical Strategy
another type of deductive strategy involves working from a theory of personality, and deriving items from the theory
one of the most popular theories of personality was Murray’s (1938) theory of needs
proposed that human behaviour was enacted to fulfill several basic needs:
Examples of NeedsExamples of Needs
AchievementAchievement To accomplish something difficulty. To master, To accomplish something difficulty. To master,
manipulate, or organize physical objects, manipulate, or organize physical objects, human beings, or ideas.human beings, or ideas.
Affiliation Affiliation To form friendships & associations. To greet, To form friendships & associations. To greet,
join, & live with others.join, & live with others. AggressionAggression
To overcome opposition forcefully. To fight. To To overcome opposition forcefully. To fight. To revenge an injury. To attack, injure or kill revenge an injury. To attack, injure or kill another. another.
Jackson Personality Jackson Personality Inventory (1976)Inventory (1976)
very popular current measure of personality is the Jackson Personality Inventory
items are roughly based on Murray’s theory Latest version (JPI-R) consists of 300 true-false items that
produce 15 scale scores These 15 scales have been organized into five higher-order
dimensions Analytical Extroverted Emotional Opportunistic Dependable
used rigorous statistical techniques to identify items – generated more than 100 items for each scale, administered them to over 1000 university students
item analysis identified items that correlated highly with total scale, but minimally with other scales
Example Items of the JPIExample Items of the JPI
I was a very active child.I was a very active child. I would enjoy bluffing my way into I would enjoy bluffing my way into
an exclusive club or private party.an exclusive club or private party. I have sometimes hesitated before I have sometimes hesitated before
making a decision.making a decision. I dislike eating alone.I dislike eating alone. I usually have several projects going I usually have several projects going
at once.at once.
Empirical Strategies:Empirical Strategies:The Criterion-Group The Criterion-Group
StrategyStrategy begins with a criterion group; items
selected that differentiate criterion group from a control group
e.g. measure of aggression in children; have teachers nominate aggressive children and give a whole bunch of items to these children and to a group of control children; items that discriminate between the two groups are selected for the final scale, regardless of what the items say
Minnesota Multiphasic Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Personality Inventory
(MMPI)(MMPI) most widely used & thoroughly
researched personality test for half a century
conceived in 1930's; by 1960's was the leading personality test & used not only with psychiatric patients for whom it was originally developed, but also with normal subjects in counselling, employment, military, forensic settings
by 1980's, several thousand references using MMPI
Original Scale Original Scale DevelopmentDevelopment
8 of the scales developed by criterion keying; chose items that differentiated small sample (50) of patients & control group of 724 visitors & relatives of patients
male-female scale, originally designed to distinguish between homosexual heterosexual males, developed from differences between male soldiers & female airline employees
social introversion scale (added later), derived from responses of 2 contrasted groups of college students selected on basis of extreme scores on a test of introversion-extraversion
Clinical ScalesClinical Scales
Validity ScalesValidity Scales
MMPI-2MMPI-2 became evident in the 1980’s that norms were
outdated committee charged with restandardizing MMPI had to
redesign instrument without losing all information from past research
decided to retain most of items, all the original clinical & validity scales, & many of the supplementary scales
major changes were: development of uniform T scores for 8 original clinical scales
& all the content scales revision & deletion of outdated or otherwise objectionable
items & addition of new items creation of new validity, supplementary & content scales separation into 2 versions for different age groups
MMPI-2 ItemsMMPI-2 Items 567 affirmative statement (True-False) first 370 are virtually identical to those in MMPI except
for editorial changes & reordering -- provide all responses needed to score original 10 clinical & three validity scales
remaining 197 items (107 of which are new) are needed to score a wide range of new & revised scales & subscales
items vary widely in content, covering such areas as general health; affective, neurological & motor symptoms; sexual, political & social attitudes; educational, occupational, family & marital questions; many well-known neurotic or psychotic behaviour manifestations (eg. Obsessive compulsive, hallucinations, phobias, etc)
Sample ItemsSample Items
My sleep is fitful and disturbed. (39) I believe I am being plotted against.
(138) I am worried about sex. (166) When I get bored I like to stir up some
excitement. (169) Most people inwardly dislike putting
themselves out to help other people (286).
Scoring & InterpretationScoring & Interpretation McCall’s T (mean – 50, standard deviation McCall’s T (mean – 50, standard deviation
– 10) used for all scales, based on control – 10) used for all scales, based on control group group
With original scale, T scores of 70 (2 With original scale, T scores of 70 (2 s.d.’s above the mean) were considered s.d.’s above the mean) were considered significantly elevatedsignificantly elevated
With MMPI-2, T scores of 65 considered With MMPI-2, T scores of 65 considered significantsignificant
Pattern analysisPattern analysis Earlier forms, e.g., “paranoid valley”Earlier forms, e.g., “paranoid valley” Meehl’s two-point codesMeehl’s two-point codes
“ “ Paranoid Valley”Paranoid Valley”
Psychometric PropertiesPsychometric Properties Split-half reliabilities for most scales in Split-half reliabilities for most scales in
the 70’s, with a few much higherthe 70’s, with a few much higher Test-retest reliabilities are adequate Test-retest reliabilities are adequate
(median in the .80’s)(median in the .80’s) Validity studies suggest that MMPI is Validity studies suggest that MMPI is
related to:related to: Alcoholism & substance abuse (elevated F, 4 Alcoholism & substance abuse (elevated F, 4
& 9)& 9) PTSDPTSD Criminality & delinquencyCriminality & delinquency Neurological disordersNeurological disorders
NNPI:NNPI:No Nonsense No Nonsense
Personality Personality InventoryInventory
Factor Analytic StrategyFactor Analytic Strategy uses factor analysis to derive the basic dimensions of
personality most famous test developed by R.B. Cattell started with a list of 4504 personality “traits” applicable
to human beings reduced the list to 171 that represented the entire range Had college students rate their friends on these 171 traits initial factor analysis identified 36 dimensions (surface
traits) did a second factor analysis that produced 16 factors
(source traits) used this as the basis of the Sixteen Personality Factor
Questionnaire (16PF)
16PF16PF
Combination Strategies: Combination Strategies: the NEOthe NEO
Modern trend is to mix strategiesModern trend is to mix strategies NEO based on review of factor analytic studies of NEO based on review of factor analytic studies of
personality and personality theory, which personality and personality theory, which suggests suggests that there are five factors underlying most of the domains in personality -- have been referred to as the big five
Three of these five (from which NEO is named):Three of these five (from which NEO is named): NNeuroticism euroticism EExtraversionxtraversion OOpennesspenness
Remaining two dimensions are:Remaining two dimensions are: CConscientiousnessonscientiousness AAgreeableness greeableness
The Big FiveThe Big Five
Domain Characteristics
Extroversion Sociable, leader-like & assertive vs. withdrawn, quiet & reserved
Neuroticism Anxious & insecure vs. calm & self-confident
Conscientiousness
Persevering, responsible, organized vs. lazy, irresponsible, impulsive
Agreeableness
Warm & cooperative vs. unpleasant, disagreeable
Openness to experience
Imaginative & curious vs. concrete-minded & narrow in thinking
Structure of NEO PI-RStructure of NEO PI-R Each domain or dimension has 6 Each domain or dimension has 6
“facets” (e.g., 6 facets of neuroticism “facets” (e.g., 6 facets of neuroticism are anxiety, hostility, depression, self-are anxiety, hostility, depression, self-consciousness, impulsiveness, consciousness, impulsiveness, vulnerability)vulnerability)
18 facets in total18 facets in total 14 items in each facet; 7 positively 14 items in each facet; 7 positively
worded, 7 negatively wordedworded, 7 negatively worded Respondents indicate answer on a Respondents indicate answer on a
five-point Likert scale (“strongly five-point Likert scale (“strongly agree” to “strongly disagree”agree” to “strongly disagree”
Sample ItemsSample Items
Domain Sample Item
Extroversion I really enjoy talking to people.
Neuroticism It takes a lot to get me mad. (R)
Conscientiousness
I strive to achieve all I can.
Agreeableness
I try to be humble.
Openness to experience
I’m pretty set in my ways. (R)
ScoringScoring
Raw scores are converted to T-Raw scores are converted to T-scores for each facetscores for each facet
Score interpretations:Score interpretations: Below 35 – very lowBelow 35 – very low 35 to 45 – low 35 to 45 – low 45 to 55 – average 45 to 55 – average 55 to 65 – high55 to 65 – high Above 65 – very highAbove 65 – very high
Psychometric Properties of Psychometric Properties of NEO PI-RNEO PI-R
Coefficient alphas for the domains range Coefficient alphas for the domains range from .86 (agreeableness) to .92 (neuroticism)from .86 (agreeableness) to .92 (neuroticism)
Coefficient alphas for facets range from .56 Coefficient alphas for facets range from .56 to .81to .81
Test-retest reliabilities for domains range Test-retest reliabilities for domains range from .75 to .83 (for a 3-month interval) from .75 to .83 (for a 3-month interval)
Validity evidence:Validity evidence: Psychotherapy patients score higher on Psychotherapy patients score higher on
neuroticismneuroticism Drug abusers score low on agreeableness & Drug abusers score low on agreeableness &
conscientiousnessconscientiousness