Application of the mobile metal ion geochemical technique in the ...

Vol. 5(6), pp. 147-160, June, 2013

DOI: 10.5897/JGMR2013.0175 ISSN 2006 – 9766 © 2013 Academic Journals

http://www.academicjournals.org/JGMR

Journal of Geology and Mining

Research

Full Length Research Paper

Application of the mobile metal ion geochemical technique in the location of buried gold mineralization

in Essase Concession, Eastern Region, Ghana

Chiri G. Amedjoe1* and Isaac T. Adjovu2

1Department of Geological Engineering, College of Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and

Technology, University Post Office, Kumasi, Ghana. 2Geodita Resources Limited, P. O. Box TF 67, Trade Fair, Accra, Ghana.

Accepted 17 May, 2013

The principle of mobile metal ion geochemistry analysis for soil samples taken from Essase Concession in Nkawkaw of the Eastern Region Ghana, during geochemical survey had accurately and sharply delineated target gold mineralization. Observations suggested that preferentially most metals (Ni, Zn, Pb, Cu, and As) including gold (Au) were located in the top 22 cm of the profile below the interface giving clearly an optimum sampling depth. Using the determined threshold of 3.1 ppm for Au, a broad anomalous zone was delineated with four strong anomalous (> 4.8 ppm) areas within the broad anomalous zone clearly outlined to suggest accurate location of surface or the sub-surface primary mineralization. The strong anomalous areas suggested signatures of structural corridor hosting the gold mineralization which appear to strike in two directions NNE – SSW and NE – SW. Mineralization style was inferred to be structurally controlled. The response ratios show that Ni, Pb, Zn and Cu have high concentrations and correlate well with Au on the concession, therefore they could serve as pathfinders in search for Au in that geochemical environment. Key words: Mineral deposits, mobile metal ions, anomalous zone, structural corridor, primary mineralization.

INTRODUCTION Geochemical exploration is based on two characteristics of mineral deposit: An association with anomalous concentrations of chemical elements within primary halos in the surrounding rock and an association with secondary dispersal patterns of chemical elements in the surficial products of their weathering and erosion. The objective of exploration geochemistry is therefore to delineate geochemical signatures related to the mineralisation. However, gross oversimplification of past survey procedures and interpretive methods have often had a serious negative impact on the effective use of geochemical methods in exploration. Failures in resolving

subtle geochemical anomalism in areas covered with residual and transported materials or those deeply buried are largely due to misinterpretation of noisy backgrounds, erratic distribution of geochemically variable transported litho-types, structural leakage geochemistry, presence or absence of solute species irrespective of magnitude and values that push the lower limits of the analytical technology (Rutherford and Cohen, 2002). The detection of differences between the chemical characteristics of materials (rock, soil, stream sediments) of the natural environment in the vicinity of a mineral deposit and those of similar materials elsewhere by systematic measurement

*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected].

148 J. Geol. Min. Res.

Figure 1. Location and geology map of Essase concession (Study Area).

of concentration of suites of elements and/or compounds lead to the discovery of mineral deposits.

Although numerous case studies of secondary geochemical anomalies in transported overburden above buried mineral deposits in different terrains (e.g. Cameron et al., 2004; Kelley et al., 2002; Wang et al., 1999; Smee, 1998; Mann et al., 1998) using different methods are documented, yet the debate regarding the factors that form these anomalies have not been completely answered. Researchers have come out with different geochemical techniques to clarify some of the processes involved in secondary geochemical mobility through transported overburden with the recent one being the Mobile Metal Ion (MMI) geochemistry. MMI geochemistry postulates that a buried ore deposit through physical (e.g. capillary rise) and electrochemical pro-cesses free mobile metal ions which migrate to the surface, where they are weakly attached to soil particles. The metals mobility are subsequently restricted by different processes resulting in them being permanently bound to the soil particles on top of the buried mineralized zone, however weathering and erosion result in their secondary dispersion. Thus using MMI technique for exploration instead of the classical geochemical soil, the exact location of the buried deposits is obtained rather than knowing the dispersion zone around the deposits.

The aim of this paper is to highlight the application of MMI technique to select the best, most prospective areas for drilling on the Esaase concession to locate the buried deposit.

Study area

The study area, Esaase concession is about 8 km north west of Nkawkaw in the eastern region of Ghana (Figure 1). Natural vegetation is deciduous rain forest (Dickson and Benneh, 1988), however logging and farming activities have resulted in regenerated vegetation.

Geological settings

The geology of Esaase concession (Figure 1) is dominated by Birimian age (Paleoproterozoic) meta-sedimentary rocks (phyllites, schists and greywackes) of greenschist facies to the north-eastern of the concession with the rest consisting of greenstone materials mainly belt type meta-volcanics (Kesse, 1985). The phyllites are greenish-grey and sometimes yellow in colour when weathered. The concession is to the north eastern edge of the Ashanti metallogenic gold belt. Both meta-sedimentary and meta-volcanic rocks were intruded by felsic and basic granitoids. The whole sequence were

Amedjoe and Adjovu 149

Figure 2. Contour map of MMI Au response ratios (RR).

tightly folded and faulted and along NE-SW trending axes but some splay faults trend NNE-SSW or N-S. The larger basin-type granitoids tend to be foliated and biotite-rich whereas the belt type granitoids lack foliation and tend to be hornblende-rich, exhibiting extensive retrograde alteration.

Mineralization In general, gold mineralization is associated with brecciated and hydrothermally altered shear-zone granitoids lying in fault contact with graphitic phyllites, fractured and sheared altered meta-volcaniclastic rocks, laminated quartz veins and veinlets of varied thickness with sulphides in sheared, siliceous, carbonate and sericite-rich meta-sedimentary rocks (Kesse, 1985). The phyllites also contain scattered pods of gold mineralization, but these appear to be limited to narrow zones close to granitoids. Common minerals in sulphide and quartz vein gold mineralization occurs as disseminated fine grained pyrite, gold, galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, calcite, sericite, pyrrhotite etc. associated with carbonate-silica alteration selvages in meta-volcanics and meta-sedimentary rocks.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Orientation survey sampling was conducted to cover the eastern to the south eastern portions of the concession labelled MMI zone (Figure 2) as recommended in SGS MMI Sampling Guide (2009) to ensure MMI technique applicability in order to help determine optimum survey parameters for the entire concession. Undisturbed sites preferably away from any major contamination (drainage, drilling lines, pads, roads, etc.) were sampled. At the sampling sites, the equipments were bushed to eliminate residue from previous

exercises and then flushed with soil from the new sample site. Organic horizons were scrapped away as well as eliminating loose non-decomposed matter, debris, and any possible cultural and wind borne contamination in the course of sampling. Samples were taken from a constant depth of approximately 25 cm below the A horizon where no organic structure (decomposing leaves, bark, twigs, etc.) were observed. Samples of about 350 g of soil from each site were bagged in clean, properly labelled plastic bags and the soil type noted. During sample collection and handling, no jewelry (watches, rings, bracelets, chains, etc.) was worn to avoid contaminating the samples. Irrespective of topographic influences and associated variability in the soil profile samples were collected at about 25 cm below the A horizon with due regard to the thickness and nature of the soil horizons, soil moisture, presence or absence of suspended aqueous material within the soil and general characteristics of the overburden in the survey area. Other parameters recorded during sampling included soil moisture,

development of a “B-horizon”, organic content, presence or absence of suspended aqueous material within the soil, regolith-


Table 1. Statistical summary of MMI analytical results.

Elements Ni Te Zn Au As Bi Cu Pb

Count 498 498 498 498 498 498 498 498

Min (ppb) 11 9 19 0.1 9 1 9 9

Max (ppb) 2660 20 12200 25.1 100 3 8140 2710

Median 203.5 9 250 1.4 9 1 995 225

Average 203 9 250 1.4 9 1 1000 230

Std. Dev. 202 9 250 1.4 9 1 1000 230

Detection limit (ppb) 5 10 20 0.1 10 1 10 10

Background (ppb) 122.5 9 170 0.9 9 1 600 92.5

Percentiles

25 122.5 9 170 0.9 9 1 600 92.5

50 203.5 9 250 1.4 9 1 995 225

75 385.8 9 390 2.1 9 1 1550 447.5

90 667.5 9 603 3.1 20 1 2080 801.5

95 944.6 9 841.5 4.1 40 1 2543 801.5

97.5 1325.8 9 1430.8 4.8 60 1 3070 961.5

landform, land-use, and vegetation. Sampling period spanned two months. Weathering has produced a thick oxide profile through a greater percentage of the area; hence at each sampling site the particular profile there was recorded as well as the texture, colour of soil and vegetation type. A total of 498 samples and 46 duplicates of geochemical soil media were taken from the concession for MMI-M5 elements analyses, which included Ni, Te, Zn, Au, As, Bi, Cu and Pb to ppb level.

RESULTS Statistical MMI analytical data of the analyzed multi-elements in ppb, their detection limits, as well as percentile (25

th, 50

th, 90

th, 95

th, and 97.5

th) values are

presented in Table 1. Gold (Au) has a minimum value of 0.1 ppb and a

maximum of 25.0 ppb, averaging 1.4 ppb. The back-ground value has been selected as the 25

th percentile

value of 0.9 ppb with the high background population ranging from the 75

th percentile value of 2.1 ppb to below

the 90th percentile. The 90

th percentile value of 3.1 ppb

gives the threshold, above which the anomalous values occur with values above 97.5

th percentile 4.8 ppb being

considered strong anomalies. Stacked graphs of calculated ratios (RR) for analysed

elements (gold inclusive) to allow ease comparison based on sampling lines are presented in Appendix 1; contour maps of the elements RR are presented in Appendix 2. Calculated response ratios (RR) data for the individual elements can be obtained from authors on request. Response ratios were calculated for each ele-ment using the suggested procedure in SGS Technical Bulletin TB19 (2005) because the contrast between anomaly and background can vary depending on the environmental conditions. The lowest quartile (25%) of the data for that element is selected, including results that

are less than detection limit, by using a value of half the detection limit. The mean of the lowest quartile was determined and used as the background for that element. For each sample the element response was divided by the background value and rounded to whole numbers.

The results show that all elements report significant concentrations of ‘mobile ions’ in the top 22 cm of the profile below the interface giving clearly an optimum sampling depth. Areas with high metal concentrations mostly occur in meta-volcanics basement showing spacial relationship with faulted zones striking NS mostly in the southwestern section of the concession. The results show that Pb, Ni, Zn, have high concentrations with Zn having occasional spikes. High gold (Au) concentrations occur in the southwestern, approximately the central and northwestern sections of the concession (Figure 2) as observed on lines 6 and 9, with significant dispersion halos on lines 3, 4, and 7. Gold concentrations generally decrease towards the eastern boundary of the concession. Though Ni concentration is considerably strong yet Au, Cu and Pb gave very strong response ratios on the concession mineralization especially on line 9. Interpretation of the results data had identified approximately two trends of gold mineralization striking NNE – SSW and NE - SW (Figure 2) correlating fairly well with multi base elements nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), cupper (Cu). Other secondary deposits in the central and south-south eastern corner of the sampled area of the Essase concession had also been identified. The thickness of the overburden varies from 3 to 7 m or more.

DISCUSSION The results suggest that either MMI leach dissolves more than just the mobile ions in the soil particles, or mobile

gold ions are produced from the residual native gold in the surficial conditions. The quantity of clays or clay minerals in the samples influence the concentrations of mobile metal ions (Kabata-Pendias, 2000) as their surfaces increase the adsorption ability for mobile ions in soil samples. According to Heikkinen (2000) samples with a lot of clay, hydrated metal oxides and organic material have a great adsorption capacity. Since samples taken avoided organic materials the clays influence ions concentrations mostly, followed by the hydrated metal oxides in moist samples. The ionic potential (charge/radius) of the mobile metal ions also affects their adsorption properties (Kabata-Pendias, 2000). Metal ions with low ionic potentials are soluble as cations, whereas ions with high ionic potentials are mobile as an oxyanion. Metal ions with intermediate ionic potentials are immobile due to low solubility and strong adsorption to surfaces (Rose et al., 1979). This explains the high concentrations of Ni, Zn, Cu and Pb in the results. Being of low ionic potentials (2+), they were very mobile under the prevailing environmental conditions and a lot more were adsorbed onto clays or soil particles surfaces. Whereas Au, As, Bi and Te having high ionic potential (3+ or more), their movements were somehow slow or sluggish under the prevailing environmental conditions compared with previous ions, therefore not much were adsorbed onto surfaces of clay or soil particles.

The response ratio measures the degree of enrichment in each element per sample. The sampled area is generally highly enriched with lead (lines 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 11 in Appendix 1) with sporadic zinc spikes (lines 4, 6, 8, 9 and 10 in Appendix 1). The significance of this elemental enrichment highlights the mineral associations with the gold mineralization. From mineralogical view point, elements such as Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu, As etc. might have originated from sulphide minerals such as pyrite, asenopyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, etc. associated with the gold sulphide mineralization. So even though the natural environment on the concession contains virtually all elements, the strongest sources of detected high concentrations of these mobile metal ions in the sampled soils were from the buried gold deposit (Lefa Gold Project (2006) of SGS MMI Case Studies). This is because areas with high metal concentrations mostly depicted spacial relationship with brecciated and hydrothermally altered faulted sheared zones striking N-S and NNE – SSW, suspected to host structurally controlled gold mineralization. The resulting distributions compare favourably with the corridor of gold enrichment outlined in the regional metallogenic province of the Birimian Formation (Kesse, 1985) within which concession is located. The buried gold deposit(s) is/are likely to occur in shear zones and discontinuous quartz-carbonate-sulphide veins parallel and cross cutting the main foliation trend (Kesse, 1985). The observed distribution of gold values at sampling points 50 m apart on lines 200 m separation (Figure 2) suggest that, possi-

Amedjoe and Adjovu 151 bly the gold content in the bedrock varies greatly over short distance. The most probable source, based on the MMI multi element anomaly are the weathered brecciated and hydrothermally altered rocks associated with the buried deposit(s) on the concession. These then migrated into soils remote from the deposit itself. Alternatively below the water-table in the area, groundwater surrounding the gold deposits possibly contains a mixture of dissolved metals component, colloidal material, and secondary reaction products (Kelley et al., 2004). The aqueous mobilities of these metals in the groundwater are most likely being controlled by pH, Eh (oxidation potential), the speciation of the metals, presence of other dissolved species, the composition and reactivity of solid phases in contact with this aqueous solution, and probably the interaction with microbes. The groundwater therefore provided a medium for the dispersion of the metals (gold inclusive) away from the deposit. Under the prevailing environmental conditions (possibly acidic), these metals (Ni, Zn, Cu Pb and Au) are rather soluble thus were mobilized, transported into the soils at/or close the surface before being adsorbed onto soil surfaces instead of being adsorbed on surfaces of solid particles close to the deposits. This explains the observed high concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu, and Ni at a number of sampling points. However, Hamilton (2000) is of the view that if the sulphide deposit and groundwater table are near the surface, electrochemical processes may dominate migration of metals vis-à-vis other forms of transportation, resulting in the redistribution of redox-active elements and carbonates. No single mechanism is therefore capable of adequately explaining all geochemical processes that lodged the metal ions in the sampled soils at the subsurface (Mann, 2009), yet it was obvious that mobile metal ions vertically migrated to the surface to be detected during the soil sampling exercise. The higher response ratio for the analysed metals on the concession was an indication that the metals (Ni, Zn, Cu Pb and Au) were present in high concentration at depth and possibly associated with the gold deposit.

Although a broad gold anomalous zone had been identified (Figure 2) with the established threshold of 3.1 ppb, the response ratios on lines 4, 6 and 9 had highlighted the potential locations of the deposits by sharply and accurately delineating on surface, the sub-surface higher grade primary mineralization areas within the sampled portion of the concession. Zn response ratios in some instances is over 70 times background value (Lines 4, 6, 8 and 9) and Au, Ni, Cu, and Pb response ratios are over 10 times background values (Lines 1, 2, 9 and 10) (Appendix 1). However, in areas of deep lateritic weathering profiles elements mobility (gold in particular) could be substantial, yet the elevated anomalous responses at or near the surface might not necessarily reflect primary or higher grade mineralization at depth. This might be due to reworked (secondary) transported materials. The ability of MMI geochemistry to

152 J. Geol. Min. Res. identify mobile metal ions released from mineralization, before becoming bound in other components (iron oxy-hydroxides in lateritic profiles), allows the technique to precisely locate primary mineralization at depth in contrast to conventional geochemistry that highlight anomalous zones without not being able to accurately locate the mineral deposit. As MMI technique has minimal nugget effects, high Au values (25.1 ppm etc.) could not be due to nugget effect in the sampled media. The response ratios show that Ni, Zn, Cu and Pb (Appendix 1) have high concentrations and correlate well with Au on the concession, therefore these metals could serve as pathfinders for Au in that environment.

Gold threshold value of 3.1 ppb represents the low anomalous value, with medium anomalies ranging between 4.1 and 4.8 ppb and strong anomalies are considered to be values above 4.8 ppb. Within the broad delineated anomalous zone for gold, four strong anomalous (> 4.8 ppb) areas had been clearly outline (Figure 2) to suggest accurate location of surface or the sub-surface primary mineralization on the sampled portion of the concession. Three of these appear to be trending NNE – SSW on the western side of the sampled area. This strike is interpreted to be a signature of a structural corridor hosting mineralization on the Esaase concession. It is therefore inferred that mineralization style on the concession is structurally controlled by some deep seated tectonic structures worth investigating. The Ashanti metallogenic belt of which the Essase concession is part, and adjacent meta-sedimentary formations were intruded by granitoids (felsic and mafic) and separated by major faults basically strike NE-SW (Kesse, 1985), but some splay faults from these major faults trend NNE-SSW or N-S (Figure 1). The inferred NNE-SSW structural corridor on the Essase concession could therefore be one of such splay faults. Gold deposits in the Ashanti Belt of the Birimian System occur as veins and stockwork systems with disseminated sulphides are related to regional NNE to NE trending structures. This style of mineralization features extensive steeply dipping vein systems, with multiple stages of vein development.

Considering the central strong anomalous zone and that at the south western corner of the sampled area, the two zones again define NE – SW trend. This trend is substantiated by the direction of medium anomalies east of the identified central strong anomalous zone (Figure 2). It is possible that this major structure either has gold deposit(s) located at extreme depth(s) such that +stretch of lengths along its entire length. Whatever the situation, the indications are quite promising for long distances along strike and deserve further investigation. The medium anomalous zone between the two identified structures and that at the south-south eastern end of the sampled are possibly secondary mineralization due to remobilization. Drainage is generally in the SW direction with the water shed areas in the NE on the concession.

The response ratios (Appendix 1) show the high gold anomalies to be enriched in Pb, Zn, Ni, As and Cu but depleted in Te and Bi. These trends, although preliminary in nature, suggest an affinity to massive sulphide deposits are hosted by volcaniclastic and/or meta-sedimentary rock types, with alteration signature.

The suites of elements available in the MMI analysis from the concession are capable of mapping changes in the bulk chemical composition of bedrock and unique lithologies in the subsurface in areas of transported or residual overburden. Therefore alteration facies develop-ed around the mineralized zone can be identified since these alteration systems are almost always larger than the deposit itself such that primary and secondary geochemical haloes can be distinguished. This situation will lead to focus exploration and reduced conventional (diamond drilling) exploration expenditures. Also the suites of elements suggest that a broad anomaly pattern with a number of elements (Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cu) is a more reliable indicator of an underlying gold deposit(s) than a single peak anomaly with one element. However, some of these indicator elements (pathfinder elements) for gold were not anomalous over the alteration zones, although in an ideal case the anomaly pattern for pathfinder elements is wider compared to gold anomalies. This probably suggests that MMI is not highly sensitive to some of the gold pathfinders on the concession, or that these pathfinder elements are not highly mobile in this kind of environment. Conclusion On the Esaase concession there is a spatial relationship between surface anomalies and gold mineralization in bedrock, despite the sapolitic cover. Mineralization seems to be strongly structurally controlled with defined strike of NNE –SSW in the west and NE –SW strike for the rest of the concession. Four potential target areas had been delineated and other zones for detail investigation also highlighted. The MMI geochemistry method of exploration had led to precise location of clearly defined primary mineral deposit in the meta-volcanics which appeared to be structurally controlled and some others that are likely secondary deposits. Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb have been identified as possible pathfinder elements on the concession to aid future exploration activities. The delineated anomalous zones are target drill areas to proof the continuity of the deposit. Though the mechanism for effective migration of ions into the soil was not immediately known, and many factors may have affected ions movement. There is sufficient encouragement in results from this case study to indicate that MMI geochemistry may be a successful gold exploration method in the terrains in and around the Esaase concession as well as elsewhere in the metallogenic provinces in Ghana regardless of the

surface cover.

Over the past three decades, the gold mining sector in Ghana has been an increasingly important sector for poverty alleviation nationally. Mining activities in general, which take place in numerous regions of the country, play a significant role both as a direct source of employment in mining communities and in generating additional jobs and revenues in the rural economy. The location of Essase concession stands to enhance the livelihood of communities within its environs with the discovery and establishment of a producing mine by bringing develop-ment infrastructure (road networks, schools, electricity, portable water, better healthcare facilities, etc.) and job opportunities for both skilled and unskilled labour.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to express their gratitude to the

management and owners of Esaase concession for the kind permission to use the MMI-M data for this publication. REFERENCES Cameron EM, Hamilton SM, Leybourne MI, Hall GEM, McClenaghan

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Dickson KB, Benneh G (1988). “A New Geography of Ghana,” Longman

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APPENDIX

Appendix 1. Stacked elements response ratios (RR) graphs.

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Ele

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Rat

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Sampling Points

Line 7


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Elem

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Sampling Points

Line 8


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Elem

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Resp

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Rati

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Sample Points

Line 1


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ents

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Sample Points

Line 2


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Elem

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Sample Points

Line 3


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Elem

ents

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Sampling Points

Line 4


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Ele

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Rat

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Sampling points

Line 5


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Elem

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Sampling Points

Line 6


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Ele

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Rat

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Sampling Points

Line 7


0.00

5.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

Elem

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e Rat

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Sampling Points

Line 8


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

Elem

ents

Resp

onse

Rati

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Sample Points

Line 1


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

Elem

ents

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Sample Points

Line 2


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Elem

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Sample Points

Line 3


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Elem

ents

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Rat

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Sampling Points

Line 4


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Ele

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Rat

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Sampling points

Line 5


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Elem

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Sampling Points

Line 6


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Ele

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Rat

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Sampling Points

Line 7


0.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

Elem

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Sampling Points

Line 8


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

Elem

ents

Resp

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Ratio

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Sample Points

Line 1


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

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ents

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Sample Points

Line 2


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Elem

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Sample Points

Line 3


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Elem

ents

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Sampling Points

Line 4


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Ele

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Rat

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Sampling points

Line 5


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Elem

ents

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Rat

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Sampling Points

Line 6


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Elem

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Sampling Points

Line 7


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Elem

ents

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Rat

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Sampling Points

Line 8


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

Elem

ents

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Ratio

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Sample Points

Line 1


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

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ents

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Sample Points

Line 2


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Elem

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Sample Points

Line 3


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Elem

ents

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Sampling Points

Line 4


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Ele

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Sampling points

Line 5


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Elem

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Rat

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Sampling Points

Line 6


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Elem

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Sampling Points

Line 7


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

Elem

ents

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Sampling Points

Line 8


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

Elem

ents

Resp

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Ratio

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Sample Points

Line 1


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ents

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Sample Points

Line 2


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Elem

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Sample Points

Line 3


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Elem

ents

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Rat

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Sampling Points

Line 4


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Ele

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Sampling points

Line 5


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Elem

ents

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Rat

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Sampling Points

Line 6


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Elem

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e Rat

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Sampling Points

Line 7


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Elem

ents

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Rat

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Sampling Points

Line 8


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

Elem

ents

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Ratio

s

Sample Points

Line 1


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ents

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Ratio

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Sample Points

Line 2


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Sample Points

Line 3


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Elem

ents

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Rat

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Sampling Points

Line 4


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Ele

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Sampling points

Line 5


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Elem

ents

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Rat

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Sampling Points

Line 6


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Elem

ents

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Sampling Points

Line 7


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Elem

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Sampling Points

Line 8


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

Elem

ents

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onse

Ratio

s

Sample Points

Line 1


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

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ents

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Sample Points

Line 2


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ets R

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Sample Points

Line 3


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36El

emen

ts Re

spon

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atio

s Sampling Points

Line 4


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Ele

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Sampling points

Line 5


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Elem

ents

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Rat

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Sampling Points

Line 6


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Ele

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Sampling Points

Line 7


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Elem

ents

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Sampling Points

Line 8


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

Elem

ents

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onse

Ratio

s

Sample Points

Line 1


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ents

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Sample Points

Line 2


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Elem

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Sample Points

Line 3


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Elem

ents

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Sampling Points

Line 4


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Ele

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Sampling points

Line 5


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Elem

ents

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Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 6


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Ele

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Sampling Points

Line 7


0.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

Elem

ents

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e Rat

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Sampling Points

Line 8


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

Elem

ents

Resp

onse

Ratio

s

Sample Points

Line 1


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

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ents

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Sample Points

Line 2


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ets R

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Sample Points

Line 3


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Elem

ents

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Sampling Points

Line 4


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Ele

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Sampling points

Line 5


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Elem

ents

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Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 6


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Ele

men

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espo

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Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 7


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Elem

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Sampling Points

Line 8


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Elem

ents

Resp

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Ratio

s

Sample Points

Line 1


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ents

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Sample Points

Line 2


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Sample Points

Line 3


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Elem

ents

Resp

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Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 4


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Ele

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espo

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Rat

ios

Sampling points

Line 5


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Elem

ents

Resp

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Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 6


0.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Ele

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espo

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Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 7


0.00

5.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

Elem

ents

Res

pons

e Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 8


0.00

5.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

Elem

ents

Resp

onse

Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 1


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

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ents

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Rat

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Sample Points

Line 2


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Elem

ets R

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Sample Points

Line 3


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Elem

ents

Resp

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Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 4


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Ele

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espo

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Rat

ios

Sampling points

Line 5


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Elem

ents

Res

pons

e Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 6


0.00

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Ele

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Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 7


0.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

Elem

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e Rat

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Sampling Points

Line 8


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

Elem

ents

Resp

onse

Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 1


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ents

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Rat

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Sample Points

Line 2


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Elem

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Sample Points

Line 3


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Elem

ents

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Rat

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Sampling Points

Line 4


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Ele

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Rat

ios

Sampling points

Line 5


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Elem

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Sampling Points

Line 6


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Ele

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Rat

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Sampling Points

Line 7


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Elem

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ios

Sampling Points

Line 8


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Elem

ents

Resp

onse

Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 1


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ents

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Rat

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Sample Points

Line 2


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Sample Points

Line 3


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ents

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Rat

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Sampling Points

Line 4


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Ele

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Rat

ios

Sampling points

Line 5


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Elem

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e Rat

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Sampling Points

Line 6


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Ele

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Sampling Points

Line 7


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Elem

ents

Res

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e Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 8


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Elem

ents

Resp

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Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 1


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ents

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Rat

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Sample Points

Line 2


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Sample Points

Line 3


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Elem

ents

Resp

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Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 4


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Ele

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Sampling points

Line 5


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pons

e Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 6


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Ele

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Sampling Points

Line 7


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ents

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Sampling Points

Line 8



Appendix 1. Contd.

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ents

Resp

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Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 1


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

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ents

Res

pons

e Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 2


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met

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Sample Points

Line 3


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Elem

ents

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pons

e R

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Sampling Points

Line 4


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Ele

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esp

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Rat

ios

Sampling points

Line 5


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Ele

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Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 6


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Ele

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ts R

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Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 7


0.00

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Ele

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Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 8


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

Elem

ents

Resp

onse

Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 1


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

Elem

ents

Res

pons

e Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 2


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met

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ios

Sample Points

Line 3


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ents

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Sampling Points

Line 4


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Ele

men

ts R

esp

onse

Rat

ios

Sampling points

Line 5


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Ele

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Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 6


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Ele

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Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 7


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Ele

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Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 8


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

Elem

ents

Resp

onse

Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 1


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

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ents

Res

pons

e Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 2


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Sample Points

Line 3


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Sampling Points

Line 4


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Ele

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Rat

ios

Sampling points

Line 5


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100.00

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Ele

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Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 6


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Ele

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ios

Sampling Points

Line 7


0.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

Ele

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Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 8


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45.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

Elem

ents

Resp

onse

Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 1


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

Elem

ents

Res

pons

e Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 2


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Sample Points

Line 3


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

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Sampling Points

Line 4


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Ele

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Rat

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Sampling points

Line 5


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Ele

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Rat

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Sampling Points

Line 6


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Ele

men

ts R

espo

nse

Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 7


0.00

5.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

Ele

men

ts R

espo

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Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 8


0.00

5.00

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15.00

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30.00

35.00

40.00

45.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

Elem

ents

Resp

onse

Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 1


0.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

Elem

ents

Res

pons

e Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 2


0.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Ele

met

s R

espo

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Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 3


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90.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Elem

ents

Res

pons

e R

atio

s

Sampling Points

Line 4


0.00

5.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Ele

men

ts R

esp

onse

Rat

ios

Sampling points

Line 5


0.00

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100.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Ele

men

ts R

espo

nse

Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 6


0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Ele

men

ts R

espo

nse

Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 7


0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

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35.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43E

lem

ents

Res

pons

e R

atio

s Sampling Points

Line 8


0.00

5.00

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35.00

40.00

45.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

Elem

ents

Resp

onse

Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 1


0.00

10.00

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40.00

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60.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

Elem

ents

Res

pons

e Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 2


0.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Ele

met

s R

espo

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Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 3


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90.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Elem

ents

Res

pons

e R

atio

s

Sampling Points

Line 4


0.00

5.00

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15.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Ele

men

ts R

esp

onse

Rat

ios

Sampling points

Line 5


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100.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Ele

men

ts R

espo

nse

Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 6


0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Ele

men

ts R

espo

nse

Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 7


0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

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25.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

Ele

men

ts R

espo

nse

Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 8


0.00

5.00

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15.00

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30.00

35.00

40.00

45.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

Elem

ents

Resp

onse

Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 1


0.00

10.00

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40.00

50.00

60.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

Elem

ents

Res

pons

e Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 2


0.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Ele

met

s R

espo

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Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 3


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90.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Elem

ents

Res

pons

e R

atio

s

Sampling Points

Line 4


0.00

5.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Ele

men

ts R

esp

onse

Rat

ios

Sampling points

Line 5


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100.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Ele

men

ts R

espo

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Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 6


0.00

5.00

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15.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Ele

men

ts R

espo

nse

Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 7


0.00

5.00

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15.00

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35.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

Ele

men

ts R

espo

nse

Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 8


0.00

5.00

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15.00

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35.00

40.00

45.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

Elem

ents

Resp

onse

Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 1


0.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

Elem

ents

Res

pons

e Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 2


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Ele

met

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espo

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Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 3


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90.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Elem

ents

Res

pons

e R

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s

Sampling Points

Line 4


0.00

5.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Ele

men

ts R

esp

onse

Rat

ios

Sampling points

Line 5


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Ele

men

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Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 6


0.00

5.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Ele

men

ts R

espo

nse

Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 7


0.00

5.00

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15.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

Ele

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ts R

espo

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Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 8


0.00

5.00

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45.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

Elem

ents

Res

pons

e Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 1


0.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

Ele

men

ts R

espo

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Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 2


0.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Ele

met

s R

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Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 3


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90.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Ele

men

ts R

espo

nse

Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 4


0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Ele

men

ts R

esp

on

se R

ati

os

Sampling points

Line 5


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100.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Ele

men

ts R

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Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 6


0.00

5.00

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20.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Ele

men

ts R

esp

onse

Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 7


0.00

5.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

Ele

men

ts R

espo

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Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 8


0.00

5.00

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35.00

40.00

45.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

Elem

ents

Res

pons

e Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 1


0.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

Ele

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ts R

espo

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Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 2


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Ele

met

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Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 3


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90.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Ele

men

ts R

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Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 4


0.00

5.00

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20.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Ele

men

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esp

on

se R

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Sampling points

Line 5


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100.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Ele

men

ts R

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nse

Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 6


0.00

5.00

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15.00

20.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Ele

men

ts R

esp

onse

Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 7


0.00

5.00

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35.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43E

lem

ents

Res

pons

e R

atio

s

Sampling Points

Line 8


0.00

5.00

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40.00

45.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

Elem

ents

Res

pons

e Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 1


0.00

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60.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

Ele

men

ts R

espo

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Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 2


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Ele

met

s R

espo

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Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 3


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90.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Ele

men

ts R

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Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 4


0.00

5.00

10.00

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20.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Ele

men

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esp

on

se R

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Sampling points

Line 5


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100.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Ele

men

ts R

espo

nse

Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 6


0.00

5.00

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15.00

20.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Ele

men

ts R

esp

onse

Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 7


0.00

5.00

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15.00

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35.00

40.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

Ele

men

ts R

espo

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Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 8


0.00

5.00

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35.00

40.00

45.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

Elem

ents

Res

pons

e Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 1


0.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

Ele

men

ts R

espo

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Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 2


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Ele

met

s R

espo

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Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 3


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90.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Ele

men

ts R

espo

nse

Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 4


0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Ele

men

ts R

esp

on

se R

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Sampling points

Line 5


0.00

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100.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Ele

men

ts R

espo

nse

Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 6


0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Ele

men

ts R

esp

onse

Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 7


0.00

5.00

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15.00

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35.00

40.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

Ele

men

ts R

espo

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Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 8


0.00

5.00

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35.00

40.00

45.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

Elem

ents

Resp

onse

Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 1


0.00

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50.00

60.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

Elem

ents

Resp

onse

Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 2


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Elem

ets R

espo

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Rat

ios

Sample Points

Line 3


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Elem

ents

Res

pons

e Rat

ios

Sampling Points

Line 4


0.00

5.00

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Ele

men

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espo

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Rat

ios

Sampling points

Line 5


0.00

10.00

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Appendix 1. Contd.

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Appendix 2. Contour map of MMI Au response ratios (RR).

Contour Map of MMI Au Response Ratios.

Contour map of MMI Ni response ratios.


Appendix 2. Contd.

Contour map of MMI Zn response ratios.

Contour Map of MMI Te Response Ratios.


Appendix 2. Contd.

Contour map of MMI As response ratios.

Contour map of MMI Bi response ratios.


Appendix 2. Contd.

Contour map of MMI Cu response ratios.

Contour Map of MMI Pb Response Ratios.

Application of the mobile metal ion geochemical technique in the ...

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