Application of Electrokinetic Remediation (Lasagna) Under an ...
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Application of Electrokinetic Remediation (Lasagna) Under Remediation (Lasagna) Under an Active Industrial Facility
Christopher Athmer
Terran Corporationp
Beavercreek, OH
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Site ConditionsSite Conditions
• Low permeable soils consisting of lacustrine clay p g ydeposits to a depth of 70-90 feet bgs.
• Water table 2-7 feet bgs.
• Soil and groundwater contaminated with TCE (several DNAPL zones) and other solvents from previous industrial activityprevious industrial activity.
• Plumes located around and under active industrial buildings resulting in VI pathwaybuildings resulting in VI pathway
• 3rd Party now owns the site – negotiations between client, site owner and state regulators, g
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RCRA ProgramRCRA Program
• RCRA Facility Investigation – 2003-2005RCRA Facility Investigation 2003 2005– Soil and groundwater testing indicated 3
contaminated areas, 2 required corrective contaminated areas, 2 required corrective action
• Corrective Measures Study – 2006
– Recommended Lasagna systems for Recommended Lasagna systems for source treatments in Area-1 and Area-2
– MNA for plumes MNA for plumes
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3- Areas of Contamination
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RCRA Program (cont)RCRA Program (cont)
• Corrective Measures ImplementationCorrective Measures Implementation– Active remediation (Lasagna) operations
October 2008 – December 2011– Groundwater use restrictions– Site use restrictionsS
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Remediation Goals
• Protect human health and safety
R d di i k i • Reduce direct contact risks in sources areas and inhalation risks in source areas and indoor airindoor air
• Mass removal in source areas, followed by MNAMNA
• Minimize impacts to facility and production during installation and operation of during installation and operation of Lasagna
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What is Lasagna?What is Lasagna?
• Electrokinetic remediation: applying a DC Electrokinetic remediation: applying a DC electric field through planar electrodes
• Invokes electroosmosis and Invokes electroosmosis and electromigration to mobilize contamination
• Soil warming through resistive heating (up • Soil warming through resistive heating (up to 100 C) which helps mobilize pure phase TCE
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Makeup Rectifier Shed
Installation Complete – Power on.(the following 8 slides make a movietype strip in PowerPoint)
Sump
MakeupWaterTank
Rectifier Shedtype strip in PowerPoint)
5’5’
Pore Water MovementToward Center Cathode
CathodeAnode Anode
Steel plate electrode
TCE Contamination
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Makeup Rectifier Shed
Begin Operations ‐ TCE is removed as it moves toward the cathode and
Sump
MakeupWaterTank
Rectifier Shedthrough treatment zones
5’5’
Pore Water MovementToward Center Cathode
Cathode
‐Anode+
Anode+
Steel plate electrode
TCE Contamination
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Makeup Rectifier Shed
TCE is removed as it moves toward the cathode and through treatment
Sump
MakeupWaterTank
Rectifier Shedzones
5’5’
Pore Water MovementToward Center Cathode
Cathode
‐Anode+
Anode+
Steel plate electrode
TCE Contamination
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Makeup Rectifier Shed
EO water collected at the cathode is recycled by gravity to the anodes,
Sump
MakeupWaterTank
Rectifier Shedthrough a sump
5’5’
Pore Water MovementToward Center Cathode
Cathode
‐Anode+
Anode+
Steel plate electrode
TCE Contamination
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Makeup Rectifier Shed
Operations continue
Sump
MakeupWaterTank
Rectifier Shed
5’5’
Pore Water MovementToward Center Cathode
Cathode
‐Anode+
Anode+
Steel plate electrode
TCE Contamination
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Makeup Rectifier Shed
Operations continue
Sump
MakeupWaterTank
Rectifier Shed
5’5’
Pore Water MovementToward Center Cathode
Cathode
‐Anode+
Anode+
Steel plate electrode
TCE Contamination
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Makeup Rectifier Shed
Operations Continue
Sump
MakeupWaterTank
Rectifier Shed
5’5’
Pore Water MovementToward Center Cathode
Cathode
‐Anode+
Anode+
Steel plate electrode
TCE Contamination
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Makeup Rectifier Shed
Operations continue until soils or groundwater meet targets
Sump
MakeupWaterTank
Rectifier Shed
5’5’
Pore Water MovementToward Center Cathode
Cathode
‐Anode+
Anode+
Steel plate electrode
TCE Contamination
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Operations Complete – Aboveground equipment is removed and treatment materials remain to treat residuals
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Principles of EKPrinciples of EK
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+/- of EK+/ of EK
+ Independent of pore size or Slow (cm/day rates)hydraulic conductivity
+ Useful in low permeability or heterogeneous soils
Consumes electrodes
Influenced by large convective gradients
+ Extremely thorough – works on the pore level
+ Relatively efficient in clay
g
High installation costs
Need to manage stray current
Relatively unknowny y
+ Treatment is done in-situ
+ Low operation costs
+ Straight forward scale up
Relatively unknown
+ Straight forward scale up
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Lasagna DesignLasagna Design
• Anode at east/west boundaries Anode at east/west boundaries, cathode at center
P t d t i ti i t • Pore water and contamination migrate toward the central cathode
• Contamination is reduced by treatment zones
hode
ode
ode
tmen
t Zon
es
tmen
t Zon
es
Cath
Ano An
Treat
Treat
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Lasagna Installation• Electrodes of steel plate and wickdrain, side
by side to make effective planar electrode rows
• Treatment rows, installed parallel to l d d d felectrodes and spaced 5 feet apart
consisted of 50% ZVI in kaolin clay slurry
E l t di t h t • Emplacements are direct push so no waste soil or spoils to manage and minimal exposures to contaminationexposures to contamination
• EO water is recycled by gravity
• All emplacements wiring and plumbing • All emplacements, wiring and plumbing installed below grade
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Lasagna OperationLasagna Operation• Large DC rectifier supplied up to 200 volts
and 600 amp to Area 1and 600 amp to Area-1
• Smaller DC rectifier supplied up to 200 lt d 400 t A 2volts and 400 amps to Area-2
• Soil temperature (resistive heating) was i i d 80 90°Fmaintained at 80-90°F
• Periodic soil sampling monitored fperformance
• Average DC power delivered was 75kW for Area-1 and 15kW for Area-2
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Area-1 Remediation Plan
Loading docks
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Area-2 Remediation Plan
Recycle Roll‐off
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Site PrepSite Prep
• Existing pavement/blacktop was removed, Existing pavement/blacktop was removed, crushed and placed back as working surface
• 480V 3-phase power was brought in for 80 3 p p grectifier feed
• Utility barn in each area served as rectifier yshed with DAQ systems and cable modems
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Equipment used to install Lasagna Electrodes
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Equipment used to install Lasagna Treatment Zones
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Picture showing tops of steel plate electrodes and wickdrains. Steel plates are welded to buss bars and wicks are in connection with drains for EO water recirculation
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Covering up electrode trench
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Completed Area‐1
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Completed Area‐2
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Area-1 Lasagna PerformanceArea 1 Lasagna Performance
Performance Performance Verification
Area-1 Sep-09 Jul-10 May-11 ReductionsNumber of samples 16 16 44
Average Concentration (ug/kg) at Soil Sampling Events
Number of samples 16 16 44TCE Avg 11,929 6,501 2,887 76%cis-DCE Avg 2,796 810 1,398 50%VC Avg 116 41 33 72%
l l f h lStatistical results from within Lasagna areas only
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Area-2 Lasagna PerformanceArea 2 Lasagna Performance
Average Concentration (ug/kg) at Soil Sampling EventsPerformance Performance Verification
Area-2 Sep-09 Jul-10 Jul-12 ReductionsNumber of samples 8 8 24TCE Avg 93 249 83 860 15 908 83%
Average Concentration (ug/kg) at Soil Sampling Events
TCE Avg 93,249 83,860 15,908 83%cis-DCE Avg 28,093 5,750 10,566 62%VC Avg 699 396 627 10%
l l f h lStatistical results from within Lasagna areas only
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ConclusionsConclusions
• Mass removal targets metMass removal targets met
– >76% removal in Area-1 Lasagna footprint
83% l i A 2 L f t i t– >83% removal in Area-2 Lasagna footprint
• Direct contact risk-based targets were met i ll d in all treated areas
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Conclusions (cont)Conclusions (cont)
• Indoor air sampling results remain stable Indoor air sampling results remain stable well below risk thresholds
• Groundwater trends are steady or Groundwater trends are steady or decreasing across the site
• Facility was able to maintain full production • Facility was able to maintain full production during installation and operation of Lasagna systemsg y
• 5-year review lead to continued GW and IA monitoring with reduced sampling plansg p g p