APPLICATION OFAPPLICATION OF BETTER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES BETTER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (BMPs) IN SMALL HOLDER SHRIMP (BMPs) IN SMALL HOLDER SHRIMP

FARMS FARMS 2002-20062002-2006

Arief Taslihan, Richard B. Callinan, Derek Arief Taslihan, Richard B. Callinan, Derek Foster,Foster, Supito, Erick Sutikno, Lideman, Supito, Erick Sutikno, Lideman,

and Saldyansahand Saldyansah

BACKGROUND:BACKGROUND:How important is BMP to be How important is BMP to be

implement?implement?

WSD outbreaks have hammered Indonesian farmers during the past

decade

Because of WSD, most farmers must emergency harvest their shrimp in the first

2 months post stocking

and leave many thousands of hectares of ponds (extensive, semi-intensive and

intensive) idle and unmanaged

Typical smallholder farmer Typical smallholder farmer practicespractices

Pond preparationPond preparation

Ponds are not well Ponds are not well drieddriedOrganic matter from Organic matter from previous crops previous crops accumulated in pond accumulated in pond bottom as rich organic bottom as rich organic muddy soilsmuddy soilsRemoving blackish Removing blackish mud soil just put mud soil just put inside of the dikeinside of the dike

Water pumping system without Water pumping system without prior treatmentprior treatment

Ponds are stocked with low quality PLs which have not been PCR tested PL source hatchery is unknown (un-traceability)Excessive stocking density

Selection and stocking of frySelection and stocking of fry

Typical problems during grow outTypical problems during grow out Overpopulation of benthic macro algae Depletion of oxygen during early morningResulting mass mortality, presumably due to oxygen drop, characterized by swollen operculaDeveloping WSD outbreakWhen shrimp survive until the 3rd month, they frequently develop black gill disease (fouling) followed by low level mortality

Benthic macro algae

‘Pinky disease’WSDUneven growth

In response, we In response, we developed a BMP developed a BMP program which we program which we then:then:

validated using ‘key validated using ‘key farmers’ farmers’

extended farmer-to-extended farmer-to-farmer within farmer within farmer groupsfarmer groups

Objectives of the BMP program

To reduce the risk of white spot disease in semi- intensive shrimp ponds To improve farmers’ shrimp productionTo alleviate poverty among coastal communities

BMP program was built around basic WSSV biosecurity for shrimp

ponds1.1. Stock PCR test negative Stock PCR test negative

PLsPLs

2.2. Keep the virus out of the Keep the virus out of the pond by setting a fencing pond by setting a fencing around the pond to around the pond to prevent introduction of prevent introduction of virus carriervirus carrier

5 basic BMPs introduced in validation trials with key farmers

Proper pond soil Proper pond soil preparationpreparationWater treatment : Water treatment : elimination of WSSV elimination of WSSV carrierscarriersProviding good quality seed, Providing good quality seed, including two step PCR test including two step PCR test negative for WSDV (OIE negative for WSDV (OIE standard procedure)standard procedure)Proper water quality Proper water quality management: providing management: providing paddle wheels as oxygen paddle wheels as oxygen stabilizerstabilizerBetter feed managementBetter feed management

Jepara validations of BMP (July 2002- August 2003)

No. of No. of pondsponds

Success*Success* FailureFailure RemarksRemarks

66 44 22 High salinity High salinity stress triggered stress triggered WSSV WSSV outbreak during outbreak during first trialfirst trial

Percent successful: 67%

Implementation of BMP at farmers Implementation of BMP at farmers levellevel

Location I: Sidoarjo

Total East Java implementation 2003-Total East Java implementation 2003-20062006

Pond Pond LocationLocation

Total Total pondsponds

Success-Success-full crop full crop (Ponds)(Ponds)

FailureFailure

crop crop (Ponds)(Ponds)

RemarksRemarks

Candi sub Candi sub district, district, Sidoarjo districtSidoarjo district

1919

44

1818

44

11

00

Prolong of dry season Prolong of dry season caused failure due to caused failure due to less water exchangeless water exchange

Tanggulangin Tanggulangin sub. district, sub. district, Sidoarjo districtSidoarjo district

66

33

44

33

22

00

Failure due to flood on Failure due to flood on day 75 of cultureday 75 of culture

Duduk Duduk Sampean Sampean sub.district sub.district Gresik districtGresik district

55

1414

44

1414

11

00

Failure due to flood on Failure due to flood on day 85 of cultureday 85 of culture

Soil quality support successful crop

White: semi-intensive; yellow: traditional

Program dissemination at Sidoarjo

Location II: South Sulawesi trials2003-2005

Result of South Sulawesi trialsResult of South Sulawesi trials

Pond Pond locationlocation

No. of No. of pondsponds

successsuccess FailureFailure RemarksRemarks

PinrangPinrang 44 22 22 WSD; excessive stocking WSD; excessive stocking density, over loaded density, over loaded

PangkepPangkep 44 00 44 Semi-intensiveSemi-intensive

ExtensiveExtensive

Farm layout and local Farm layout and local environment made environment made biosecurity biosecurity unmanageable unmanageable

MarosMaros 11 00 11 Crop loss due to acid soil Crop loss due to acid soil

Percent successful: 12%

Acid soil ponds, Maros case studyAcid soil ponds, Maros case study

5.5

6

6.5

7

7.5

8

8.5

9

1 7 13 19 25 31 37 43 49 55 61 67 73 79 85

Day of culture

pH

Morning

Afternoon

30

50

70

90

110

130

1 7

13 19 25 31 37 43 49 55 61 67 73 79 85

Day of culture

Alk

alin

ity (m

g/l)

AlkalinityPremature harvest at day 95, without WSSV accident due to low water quality

Location III: Praya, West Nusatenggara Location III: Praya, West Nusatenggara ((July – September 2006)

Implementation: July 2005 – September 2006

Total trial Total trial pondpond

Success-Success-full*full*

FailureFailure Problems Problems

44 4 (100%)4 (100%) 00 High salinity High salinity (~42 ppt)(~42 ppt)

Performance of trial pond at Peras, Performance of trial pond at Peras, Central Lombok District, West NusatenggaraCentral Lombok District, West Nusatenggara

Parameter Pond 1 Pond 2Pond area (m2) 5000 4000

Stocking density (Pl’s/m2) 60.000 (12 Pl’s/m2) 50.000 (12 Pl’s/ m2)

DOC (days) 129 129

Production (Kg/pond) 904.5 891.5

Production per hectare (Kg/ha)

1.809 2.228

Size (shrimp/kg) 63 47

FCR 1:1.5 1:1.6

Survival rate (%) 95 84

Performance of dissemination Performance of dissemination program 2002-2006program 2002-2006

Total Total pondsponds

Success full Success full cropcrop

Loss cropLoss crop PercentagePercentage

7676 6161 1515 80%80%

Workshop on BMP implementation Workshop on BMP implementation 6-8 March 2006 in Surabaya6-8 March 2006 in Surabaya

At the end of the project At the end of the project implementation, a three days implementation, a three days workshop was conducted at workshop was conducted at SurabayaSurabayaBMP based experience in BMP based experience in shrimp ponds was presented shrimp ponds was presented during the workshop during the workshop Workshop was participated 82 Workshop was participated 82 participants consisted of DGA participants consisted of DGA staff, provincial and district staff, provincial and district fisheries agencies, farmers fisheries agencies, farmers and stake holdersand stake holders

Continuing farmers participation on Continuing farmers participation on BMP implementation of post projectBMP implementation of post project

Area for BMP Area for BMP implementation has implementation has developed to > 30 Ha developed to > 30 Ha in Gresikin Gresik

Strong participation of Strong participation of key farmers take key farmers take important role in BMP important role in BMP implementation in the implementation in the areaarea

Expand farmer’s participation to Expand farmer’s participation to implement BMP in Gresik districtimplement BMP in Gresik district

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

2004 2005 2006 2007

Semiintensive

Traditional

Emerging lessons Emerging lessons

Key farmer character Key farmer character influenced program influenced program success success

Local farm environmental Local farm environmental conditions and biosecurity conditions and biosecurity issues must be issues must be considered for program to considered for program to succeedsucceed

ConclusionsConclusionsImplementation of BMP program is

likely to be successful only where the following conditions are satisfied:

1. Local environment is suitable for extensive and semi-intensive shrimp culture and allows farm bio-security

2. Hatcheries and reliable PCR test facilities are available locally

3. Farmers are enthusiastic about participating and are organized into groups; key farmer choice is critical

4. District/provincial government (Dinas Perikanan) must support program

5. Extension support from private sector is also important

Extension materialExtension material

Books and VCDs have distributed to farmers around Java, Aceh, Riau, South Sulawesi, West Nusatenggara and East Kalimantan provinces