Apple vs. DOJ: Reply to motion (March 10, 2016)

8/19/2019 Apple vs. DOJ: Reply to motion (March 10, 2016)

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HJDHHI A. @HBMH_Xijth` Rtfths Fttgrihy^FP_JBJF F. @GIFLXHFssjstfit Xijth` Rtfths FttgrihyBljhe, Iftjgifd Rhburjty @jvjsjgiP_FBZ D. SJDMJRGI (Bfdjegrijf Ofr Ig. 6 Xijth` Rtfths Bgurtlgush26? Igrtl Rprjic RtrhhtDgs Fichdhs, Bfdjegrijf :>>6?Phdhplgih; (?62) >Efbsjajdh; (?62) >, BFDJEG_IJFDJBHIRH ^DFPH #8MC@?>2

H@ Ig. BA 65-6> (R^)

CGUH_IAHIP‚R _H^DZ JI RX^^G_PGE AGPJGI PG BGA^HD FI@G^^GRJPJGI PG F^^DH JIB.‚RAGPJGI PG UFBFPH G_@H_

@HBDF_FPJGIR GE RPFBHZ ^H_JIG,BL_JRPG^LH_ ^DXLF_, FI@ P_FBZSJDMJRGI, FI@ H\LJOJPR EJDH@

BGIBX__HIPDZ

Lhfrjic @fth; Afrbl ??, ?>65Lhfrjic Pjah; 6;>> p.a.Dgbftjgi; Bgurtrgga ge tlh

Lgi. Rlhrj ^ya

Fppdjbfit Xijth` Rtfths ge Fahrjbf, oy fi` tlrgucl jts bguishd ge rhbgr`, tlh

Xijth` Rtfths Fttgrihy egr tlh Bhitrfd @jstrjbt ge Bfdjegrijf, lhrhoy ejdhs jts _hpdy ji

Ruppgrt ge tlh Cgvhriahit‚s Agtjgi tg Bgaphd fi` Gppgsjtjgi tg Fppdh Jib.‚s Agtjgi

tg Ufbfth tljs Bgurt‚s Ehorufry 65, ?>65 Gr`hr Bgaphddjic Fppdh Pg Fssjst Fchits Ji

Jts Rhfrbl.

Pljs _hpdy fi` Gppgsjtjgi js ofsh` upgi tlh fttfblh` ahagrfi`ua ge pgjits fi`

futlgrjtjhs, tlh bgiburrhitdy ejdh` `hbdfrftjgis ge Eh`hrfd Ourhfu ge Jivhstjcftjgi

!"#$ &'()*+,*---(-*./ >6+?,$20 (85 3 N'F-58


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(—EOJ‑) Phblijbfd @jrhbtgr ge tlh Bryptgdgcjb fi` Hdhbtrgijb Fifdysjs Xijt Rtfbhy

^hrjig, EOJ Ruphrvjsgry Rphbjfd Fchit Blrjstgplhr ^dulfr, fi` Fssjstfit Xijth` Rtfths

Fttgrihy Prfby Sjdmjsgi, wjtl fttfblh` hxljojts, tlh ejdhs fi` rhbgr`s ji tljs bfsh, fi`

subl eurtlhr hvj`hibh fi` frcuahit fs tljs Bgurt afy phrajt.

@fth`; Afrbl 6>, ?>65 _hsphbteuddy suoajtth`,

HJDHHI A. @HBMH_Xijth` Rtfths Fttgrihy

^FP_JBJF F. @GIFLXHFssjstfit Xijth` Rtfths FttgrihyBljhe, Iftjgifd Rhburjty @jvjsjgi

P_FBZ D. SJDMJRGIFssjstfit Xijth` Rtfths Fttgrihy

Fttgrihys egr FppdjbfitXIJPH@ RPFPHR GE FAH_JBF

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PFODH GE BGIPHIPR

@HRB_J^PJGI ^FCH

PFODH GE FXPLG_JPJHR ............................................................................................. jj

J. JIP_G@XBPJGI ................................................................................................... 6

JJ. F_CXAHIP ........................................................................................................... 2

F. Plh Fdd Srjts Fbt Js fi Jithcrfd ^frt ge Gur Kustjbh Rystha ........................ 2

O. Plrgucl tlh Fdd Srjts Fbt, Bgicrhss Lfs Hapgwhrh` tlh Bgurt tg@hbj`h tlh Efbt-Rphbjejb Aftthr Ohegrh Jt .................................................... 5

6. Pljs Bfsh Aust Oh @hbj`h` gi Jts Efbts ............................................ 5

?. Bgicrhssjgifd Jifbtjgi @ghs Igt ̂ rhbdu`h fi FSF Gr`hr ..............

B. Plh Gr`hr Js ̂ rgphr Xi`hr Ihw Zgrm Phdhplgih fi` tlh FSF ............... 6?

6. Fppdh Js Bdgshdy Bgiihbth` tg tlh Xi`hrdyjic Bgitrgvhrsy ........... 62

?. Plh Our`hi ^dfbh` gi Fppdh Js Igt Xiùh fi` Xirhfsgifodh ....... 63

f.

Srjtjic Bg`h Js Igt f ^hr Rh Xiùh Our`hi ......................... 6<

Fppdh‚s ^rgeehrh` Hstjafth ge Hapdgyhh Pjah @ghs Igt o.Hstfodjsl fi Xiùh Our`hi .................................................... ?6

b.

Japjicjic gi Fppdh‚s Afrmhtjic ge Jts ^rgùbts fsRhfrbl-Sfrrfit-^rgge Js Igt fi Xiùh Our`hi .................... ??

Fppdh‚s Rphbudftjgi tlft Pljr` ^frtjhs Bgud` Oh Lfrah``.ji tlh Euturh je Jt Bgapdjhs Sjtl tlh Gr`hr @ghs IgtHstfodjsl fi Xiùh Our`hi gi Fppdh .................................... ?2

Buaudftjvh Euturh Bgapdjfibh Bgsts Rlgud` Igt Ohh.Bgisj`hrh` fi` Frh, Ji Fiy Hvhit, Bgaphisfodh ................. ?3

2. Fppdh‚s Fssjstfibh Js Ihbhssfry ...................................................... ?


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PFODH GE FXPLG_JPJHR

@HRB_J^PJGI ^FCH

Bfshs

Fa. Bguibjd gi H`ub. v. E.B.B.,

086 E.2` ??5 (@.B. Bjr. ?>>5) ................................................................................ 66

Fppdjbftjgi ge Xijth` Rtfths,

56> E.?` 660< (2` Bjr. 6:3:) ................................................................................. 6:

Ofmhr v. Bfrr ,

25: X.R. 6 Slhft.) 86 (6>3) .................................................................................. 6>

Blhihy v. X.R. @jst. Bgurt ,

80? X.R. 253 (?>>0)................................................................................................ 62

Bgapfiy v. Xijth` Rtfths,

20: E.2` 662? (:tl Bjr. ?>>2) ................................................................................ 66

Bguity ge Rfbrfahitg v. Dhwjs,

8?2 X.R.


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PFODH GE FXPLG_JPJHR (BGIPJIXH@)

@HRB_J^PJGI ^FCH

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200 E.2` >2) .................................................................................. 22

E.P.B. v. @hfi Egg`s Bg.,

26 (@.B. Bjr. ?>66) .............................................................................. 22

Cgizfdhz v. Cggcdh,

?20 E._.@. 530 (I.@. Bfd. ?>>5) ........................................................................... 6: Lfjc v. Fchh,

082 X.R. ? (6:>2 SD ??>826>8 (@. A`. ?>>2) ........................................................................ 60

Ji rh Gr`hr Futlgrjzjic tlh Xsh ge f ^hi _hcjsthr ,

82< E.?` :85 (?` Bjr. 6:35) ..................................................................................... 8

Ji rh Xi`hr Rhfd ,

30: E.2` ?35 (0tl Bjr. ?>60) .................................................................................. ??

Ji rh \\\ Jib.,

?>60 SD 886>60) ...................................................................... 62

Kfbgos v. Bdfrm Bty. Rbl. @jst.,

8?5 E.2` 06: (:tl Bjr. ?>> (6:5>).................................................................................................. 2

Ajbljcfi Ohdd Phd. Bg. v. Xijth` Rtfths,

858 E.?` 2


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Aurply v. Sfthrergit Bgaa‚i ge Ihw Zgrm Lfrogr ,

23< X.R. 8? (6:50).................................................................................................. 26

^hiisydvfijf Ourhfu ge Bgrrhbtjgi v. X.R. Afrslfds Rhrv.,

030 X.R. 20 (6:

^dua Brhhm Duaohr Bg. v. Luttgi,

5>< E.?` 6?

^rjbh v. Kglistgi,

220 X.R. ?55 (6:0 _fjdwfy Afjd Fssi. v. Bgrsj,

2?5 X.R.

_jdhy v. Bfdjegrijf,

620 R. Bt. ?032 (?>60) .................................................................................... 6, 3, 26

_uasehd` v. Egrua egr Fbf`. & Jistjtutjgifd _jclts, Jib.,

803 X.R. 03 (?>>5)...................................................................................... 26, 22, 20

Rjaagis v. Xijth` Rtfths,

2:> X.R. 233 (6:5 (@.B. Bjr. ?>>>) ................................................................................ 6>

Fppdjbftjgi ge tlh Xijth` Rtfths egr _hdjhe ,

0?3 E.?` 52: (:tl Bjr. 6:3>) .................................................................................. 66

Xijth` Rtfths v. Ofdsys,

8?0 X.R. 555 (6::


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Xijth` Rtfths v. Ourr ,

?8 E. Bfs. 2< (B.B. Uf. 63) ................................................................................ ?>

Xijth` Rtfths v. Brfet ,

828 X.R. ?30 (?>>?).............................................................................................. 2 E. Rupp. ?` 6666 (I.@. Bfd. ?>>?) .................................................................. 2?

Xijth` Rtfths v. Erjbgsu,

6?) ............................................................. 60, ?>Xijth` Rtfths v. Lfdd ,

8


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Sfsljictgi v. Cdubmsohrc ,

8?6 X.R. 3>? (6::3)................................................................................................ 28

Shst Ujrcjijf O`. ge H`. v. Ofrihtth,

26: X.R. 5?0 (6:02)................................................................................................ 26

[jvgtgesmy hx rhd. [jvgtgesmy v. Bdjitgi,

62? R. Bt. 60?6 (?>6?) .......................................................................................... 3, <

[urblhr v. Rtfiegr` @fjdy,

025 X.R. 803 (6:3

?< X.R.B. § 6?:6 ............................................................................................................... 6>

?< X.R.B. § 6586 ................................................................................................................. 2

?< X.R.B. §§ ??06-88........................................................................................................ 6>

03 X.R.B. § 6>>? ......................................................................................................... 66, 6?

03 X.R.B. § 6>>8 ............................................................................................................... 6?

0< X.RB. § 6562f .............................................................................................................. 6>

^uo. D. -332, bl. 505, 5? Rtft. :00 (Kuih ?8, 6:0 E.B.B. _b`. 60:>8) ..................................... 6?

L._. _hp. Ig. 2>


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AHAG_FI@XA GE ^GJIPR FI@ FXPLG_JPJHR

J.

JIP_G@XBPJGI

Fs Fppdh Jib. bgibh`hs ji jts Gppgsjtjgi, jt js euddy bfpfodh ge bgapdyjic wjtl tlh

Bgurt‚s Gr`hr. Oy Fppdh‚s gwi rhbmgijic, tlh bgrpgrftjgi‐wljbl crgsshs lui`rh`s ge

ojddjgis ge `gddfrs f yhfr‐wgud` ihh` tg sht fsj`h fs ehw fs sjx ge jts 6>>,>>> hapdgyhhs

egr phrlfps fs djttdh fs twg whhms. Pljs our`hi, wljbl js igt uirhfsgifodh, js tlh ̀ jrhbt

rhsudt ge Fppdh‚s `hdjohrfth afrmhtjic `hbjsjgi tg hicjihhr jts prgùbts sg tlft tlh

cgvhriahit bfiigt shfrbl tlha, hvhi wjtl f wfrrfit. Plus, tlh dfweud wfrrfit ji tljs

bfsh‐jssuh` oy f ihutrfd afcjstrfth upgi f eji`jic ge prgofodh bfush, pursufit tg tlh

prgbhùrh odhssh` oy tlh Ruprhah Bgurt kust twg yhfrs fcg ji _jdhy v. Bfdjegrijf, 620 R.Bt. ?032 (?>60)‐wjdd oh erustrfth` uidhss Fppdh bgapdjhs wjtl tlh Gr`hr. Ji pfssjic

tlh Fdd Srjts Fbt, Bgicrhss cfvh bgurts f ahfis ge hisurjic tlft tlhjr dfweud wfrrfits

whrh igt tlwfrth` oy tljr` pfrtjhs djmh Fppdh.

Plh Bgurt‚s Gr`hr js ag`hst. Jt fppdjhs tg f sjicdh j^lgih, fi` jt fddgws Fppdh tg

`hbj`h tlh dhfst our`hisgah ahfis ge bgapdyjic. Fs Fppdh whdd migws, tlh Gr̀ hr `ghs

igt bgaphd jt tg uidgbm gtlhr j^lgihs gr tg cjvh tlh cgvhriahit f uijvhrsfd —afsthr mhy‑

gr —ofbm `ggr.‑ Jt js f ifrrgw, tfrchth` gr`hr tlft wjdd prgùbh f ifrrgw, tfrchth` pjhbh

ge sgetwfrh bfpfodh ge ruiijic gi kust gih j^lgih, ji tlh shburjty ge Fppdh‚s bgrpgrfth

lhf`qufrthrs. Plft j^lgih ohdgics tg tlh Bguity ge Rfi Ohrifr`jig, wljbl lfs

bgishith` tg jts ohjic shfrblh`. Plh plgih wfs ush` oy tlh igw-`hf` thrrgrjst Ryh`

_jzwfi Efrggm, wlg fdsg bgishith` tg jts ohjic shfrblh` fs pfrt ge ljs hapdgyahit

fcrhhahit wjtl tlh Bguity. Ji slgrt, tlh Gr`hr jivf`hs ig gih‚s prjvfby fi` rfjshs ig

Egurtl Fahiàhit bgibhris.

Plh cgvhriahit fi` tlh bgaauijty ihh` tg migw wlft js gi tlh thrrgrjst‚s plgih,

fi` tlh cgvhriahit ihh`s Fppdh‚s fssjstfibh tg eji` gut. Egr tlft rhfsgi, tlh Bgurt

prgphrdy gr`hrh` Fppdh tg `jsfodh tlh wfrrfit-prgge ofrrjhrs jt `hsjcih`. Jisthf` ge

bgapdyjic, Fppdh fttfbmh` tlh Fdd Srjts Fbt fs frblfjb, tlh Bgurt‚s Gr`hr fs dhf`jic tg f

—pgdjbh stfth,‑ fi` tlh EOJ‚s jivhstjcftjgi fs slg``y, wljdh hxtgddjic jtshde fs tlh prjafry

!"#$ &'()*+,*---(-*./ >6+?,$20 (85 3 N'F(-F


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cufr`jfi ge Fahrjbfis‚ prjvfby. (Rhh Sjdmjsgi @hbd. Hx. 6.) Fppdh‚s rlhtgrjb js igt

gidy efdsh, out fdsg bgrrgsjvh ge tlh vhry jistjtutjgis tlft frh ohst fodh tg sfehcufr` gur

djohrty fi` gur rjclts; tlh bgurts, tlh Egurtl Fahiàhit, dgicstfi`jic prhbh`hit fi`

vhihrfodh dfws, fi` tlh `hagbrftjbfddy hdhbth` orfiblhs ge cgvhriahit.

Bgicrhss jithi`h` tlh Fdd Srjts Fbt tg edhxjody ahht —ihw prgodhas‑ djmh tlgsh

`hvjsh` oy Fppdh. Fs tlh Ruprhah Bgurt lhd`, tlh Fbt suppdjhs f ofsjs egr f bgurt tg

gr`hr f tljr`-pfrty bgrpgrftjgi tg fssjst ji cftlhrjic hvj`hibh. Fs tlh Ijitl Bjrbujt lhd`,

tlft prhbh`hit phrajts f bgurt tg gr`hr f bgrpgrftjgi tg prgcrfa f bgaputhr, hvhi je tlh

bgrpgrftjgi gokhbts tlft `gjic sg wjdd bgst jt agihy, `jvhrt jts thblijbjfis, fi` fiigy jts

bustgahrs. Plft bgitrgddjic prhbh`hit fi` tlh Fdd Srjts Fbt‐igt Fppdh‚s thbligdgcjbfdejft‐slgud` `hthrajih wlhtlhr Efrggm‚s j^lgih wjdd oh shfrblh`.

Fppdh fi` jts fajbj try tg fdfra tljs Bgurt wjtl jssuhs ge ihtwgrm shburjty,

hibryptjgi, ofbm `ggrs, fi` prjvfby, jivgmjic dfrchr `hofths ohegrh Bgicrhss fi` ji tlh

ihws ah`jf. Plft js f `jvhrsjgi. Fppdh `hsphrfthdy wfits‐`hsphrfthdy ihh`s ‐tljs

bfsh igt tg oh —fogut gih jsgdfth` j^lgih.‑ Out tlhrh js prgofodh bfush tg ohdjhvh tlhrh

js hvj`hibh ge f thrrgrjst fttfbm gi tlft plgih, fi` gur dhcfd systha cjvhs tljs Bgurt tlh

futlgrjty tg shh tlft jt bfi oh shfrblh` pursufit tg f dfweud wfrrfit. Fi` ui`hr tlh

bgaphddjic bjrbuastfibhs lhrh, tlh Bgurt slgud` hxhrbjsh tlft futlgrjty, hvhi je Fppdh

wgud` rftlhr jts prgùbts oh wfrrfit-prgge.

Pljs bfsh‐djmh tlh tlrhh-efbtgr Ruprhah Bgurt thst gi wljbl jt aust oh `hbj`h`‐

js fogut sphbjejb efbts, igt orgf` chihrfdjtjhs. Lhrh, Fppdh `hdjohrfthdy rfjsh`

thbligdgcjbfd ofrrjhrs tlft igw stfi` ohtwhhi f dfweud wfrrfit fi` fi j^lgih bgitfjijic

hvj`hibh rhdfth` tg tlh thrrgrjst afss aur`hr ge 60 Fahrjbfis. Fppdh fdgih bfi rhagvh

tlgsh ofrrjhrs sg tlft tlh EOJ bfi shfrbl tlh plgih, fi` jt bfi `g sg wjtlgut uiùh

our`hi. Xi`hr tlgsh sphbjejb bjrbuastfibhs, Fppdh bfi oh bgaphddh` tg cjvh fj`. Plft

js igt dfwdhss tyrfiiy. _ftlhr, jt js gr`hrh` djohrty vji`jbftjic tlh rudh ge dfw. Pljs

Bgurt bfi, fi` slgud`, stfi` oy tlh Gr`hr. Fppdh bfi, fi` slgud`, bgapdy wjtl jt.

!"#$ &'()*+,*---(-*./ >6+?,$20 (85 3 N'F(-=


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JJ.

F_CXAHIP

F.

Plh Fdd Srjts Fbt Js fi Jithcrfd ^frt ge Gur Kustjbh Rystha

Ji ogtl jts Gppgsjtjgi fi` jts puodjb stfthahits, Fppdh shhms tg blfrfbthrjzh tlh

Fdd Srjts Fbt (—FSF‑ gr —Fbt‑), bg`jejh` ft ?< X.R.B. § 6586, fs fi gosburh dfw

`rh`ch` up oy tlh cgvhriahit tg fbljhvh uiprhbh`hith` pgwhr. Plft prhajsh js efdsh.

Plh Fbt js f vjtfd pfrt ge gur dhcfd systha tlft js rhcudfrdy jivgmh` ji f vfrjhty ge

bgithxts. Bgicrhss jithi`h` egr tlh Fbt tg oh orgf` fi` edhxjodh, bfpfodh ge rjsjic tg

ahht ihw gostfbdhs tg tlh bgurts‚ dfweud hxhrbjsh ge kurjs j̀btjgi. Plh Fbt js igt f

ku`jbjfd usurpftjgi ge bgicrhssjgifd pgwhr, out rftlhr fi hxfapdh ge Bgicrhss‚s rhdjfibh

upgi tlh bgurts‚ sgui` `jsbrhtjgi fi` bdgsh efajdjfrjty wjtl sphbjejb efbts tg hisurh tlft kustjbh js `gih.

Plh FSF js ji`hh` vhihrfodh. Jt wfs hifbth` oy tlh Ejrst Bgicrhss ft —tlh vhry

ohcjiijic ge tljs Iftjgi‑ fs pfrt ge tlh Ku`jbjfry Fbt ge 63, 568 (6:5>). Plh Fbt bg`jejh` ofsjb ku`jbjfd pgwhrs brjtjbfd tg

kustjbh fi` tlh dhcfd systha, subl fs tlh pgwhr tg jssuh wrjts ge lfohfs bgrpus fi`

afi`faus. Djmh gtlhr egui`ftjgifd dfws, jt wfs erfah` igt ji f lyphrthblijbfd wfy tg

f``rhss tlh pfssjic ihh`s ge 63


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]PQlh wrjt aust oh fcrhhfodh tg tlh usfchs fi` prjibjpdhs ge —dfw,‑ f thrawljbl js uidjajth` oy tlh bgaagi dfw gr tlh Hicdjsl dfw. Fi` sjibh —dfw‑js igt f stftjb bgibhpt, out hxpfi`s fi` `hvhdgps fs ihw prgodhas frjsh, wh`g igt ohdjhvh tlft tlh egras ge ]wrjtsQ futlgrjzh` oy ]tlh FSFQ frh gidytlgsh rhbgcijzh` ji tljs bguitry ji 63


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Ji `hbj`jic Ihw Zgrm Phdhplgih, tlh Ruprhah Bgurt `jrhbtdy bgiergith` fi`

hxprhssdy rhkhbth` tlh pgdjby frcuahits Fppdh rfjshs igw. Djmh Fppdh, tlh thdhplgih

bgapfiy frcuh`; tlft Bgicrhss lf` igt cjvhi bgurts tlh pgwhr tg jssuh subl fi gr`hr ji

jts prjgr dhcjsdftjgi= tlft tlh FSF bgud` igt oh rhf` sg orgf`dy= tlft jt wfs egr Bgicrhss

tg `hbj`h wlhtlhr tg prgvj`h subl futlgrjty= fi` tlft rhdyjic gi tlh FSF wfs f

`fichrgus sthp `gwi f sdjpphry sdgph hi`jic ji frojtrfry pgdjbh pgwhrs. Rhh Ji rh Gr`hr

Futlgrjzjic tlh Xsh ge f ^hi _hcjsthr , 82< E.?` :85, :5?-52 (?` Bjr. 6:35) (rhvhrsh`)=

Ihw Zgrm Phdhplgih, 020 X.R. ft 63: (Rthvhis, K., `jsshitjic). Plh Bgurt `jsajssh`

tlhsh frcuahits ji djclt ge ^rjbh. Rhh Ihw Zgrm Phdhplgih, 020 X.R. ft 632-38 & i.?2

(afk. gp.). Ji tlh egrty yhfrs sjibh tlft ̀ hbjsjgi, jt lfs ohbgah bdhfr tlft tlh Bgurt wfsbgrrhbt ohbfush tlgsh ehfrs lfvh prgvh` uiegui`h`.

Plh Ruprhah Bgurt‚s fpprgfbl tg tlh FSF `ghs igt brhfth fi uidjajth` sgurbh ge

ku`jbjfd pgwhr, fs Fppdh bgithi`s. Plh Fbt js shde-djajtjic ohbfush jt bfi gidy oh

jivgmh` ji fj` ge f bgurt‚s kurjs`jbtjgi. Lhrh, tlft kurjs`jbtjgi rhsts gi f dfweud wfrrfit,

jssuh` oy f ihutrfd afcjstrfth pursufit tg _udh 06. Fi` Ihw Zgrm Phdhplgih prgvj`hs f

eurtlhr sfehcufr`, igt tlrgucl orjclt-djih rudhs out rftlhr tlrgucl tlrhh efbtgrs bgurts

aust bgisj`hr ohegrh hxhrbjsjic tlhjr `jsbrhtjgi; (6) lgw efr rhagvh` f pfrty js erga tlh

jivhstjcftjvh ihh`= (?) lgw uirhfsgifodh f our`hi wgud` oh pdfbh` gi tlft pfrty= fi` (2)

lgw ihbhssfry tlh pfrty‚s fssjstfibh js tg tlh cgvhriahit. Pljs tlrhh-efbtgr fifdysjs

rhsphbts Bgicrhss‚s afi`fth tlft tlh Fbt oh edhxjodh fi` f`fptfodh, wljdh hdjajiftjic tlh

bgibhri tlft rfi`ga bjtjzhis wjdd oh egrbjody `hputjzh`.

Phbligdgcy js bgistfitdy f`vfibjic, out tlhsh f`vfibhs lfvh ihvhr rhqujrh` tlh

FSF tg rhtrhft. Pg tlh bgitrfry, fs tlh Ruprhah Bgurt af`h bdhfr ji Lfdsthf` fi`

^rjbh, tlh Fbt aust crgw fi` `hvhdgp tg mhhp pfbh wjtl —wlfthvhr blfichs ajclt tfmh

pdfbh.‑ Bgurts ush` tlft —bgaagi shish‑ ji fppdyjic tlh Fbt tg prgcrfaajic fi`

hdhbtrgijb `ftf ji tlh trfp-fi`-trfbh bgithxt. Rhh Ajbljcfi Ohdd Phd. Bg. v. Xijth` Rtfths,

858 E.?` 2


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ku`jbjfddy japgi`hrfodh quhstjgi egroj̀ `hi oy shpfrftjgi ge pgwhrs; bgurts rhsgdvh subl

quhstjgis rhcudfrdy, fs ji Ihw Zgrm Phdhplgih fi` Ji rh Fppdjbftjgi ge Xijth` Rtfths egr

fi Gr`hr Futlgrjzjic fi Ji-^rgcrhss Prfbh ge Sjrh Bgaab‚is gvhr Phd. Efbjdjtjhs

(— Aguitfji Ohdd ‑), 565 E.?` 66??, 66?5-?: (:tl Bjr. 6:). Igr aust bgurts edhh erga

bfshs jivgdvjic pgdjby fi` prjvfby bgisj`hrftjgis rhdfth` tg shfrbljic safrtplgihs.

Dhss tlfi twg yhfrs fcg, tlh Ruprhah Bgurt bgiergith` kust subl jssuhs ji _jdhy v.

Bfdjegrijf. Plh Bgurt, fethr bfrheuddy bgisj`hrjic safrtplgihs‚ thbligdgcy fi` tlhjr

rgdh ji sgbjhty, lhd` tlft fi —fpprgprjfth ofdfibh‑ ohtwhhi prjvfby bgibhris fi`

jivhstjcftjvh ihh`s wfs strubm oy tlh cgvhriahit‚s gotfjijic f shfrbl wfrrfit. 620 R.

Bt. ft ?02 (6:). (Gpp. 6:.)

Efr erga rheusjic tg `hbj`h f bfsh ohbfush ge tlh pgdjby japdjbftjgis ohegrh jt, tlh

Ruprhah Bgurt hxpdfjih` tlft tlh —crfvh rjsms‑ fi` —pfrf`h ge lgrrjodhs‑ bgikurh` up oy

tlh phtjtjgihr fi` ljs fajbj ihh`h` tg oh prhshith` tg Bgicrhss, wljdh tlh Bgurt wgud`

`hbj`h tlh bfsh jisthf` oy fppdyjic tlh orgf` thras Bgicrhss ush` ji 6:2> ^fthit Fbt.

J`. ft 265-66?). Jt fppdjhs igt ji hvhry bfsh rfjsjic pgdjby bgisj`hrftjgis out gidy ji bfshs tlft

rfjsh igtljic out pgdjby bgisj`hrftjgis, bfshs wlhrh tlhrh js —f dfbm ge ku`jbjfddy

!"#$ &'()*+,*---(-*./ >6+?,$20 (85 3 N'F(-B


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`jsbgvhrfodh fi` afifchfodh stfi`fr`s egr rhsgdvjic‑ tlh jssuh.6 Ofmhr v. Bfrr , 25:

X.R. 6?).

Xitjd vhry rhbhitdy, tlhrh wfs wj`hsprhf` fcrhhahit tlft tlh FSF sueejbh` ji tljs

frhf. Fs Fppdh jtshde lfs fbmigwdh`ch`, —jt shhah` tlft tljs lf` ohhi sgahwlft shttdh`

vjhws fi` shttdh` futlgrjty erga audtjpdh ku`chs.‑ (Lfiif @hbd. Hx. @@ ft 85.) Ji`hh`,

Fppdh lfs bgibh`h` tlft tlh rhbhit `hbjsjgi ge f Afcjstrfth Ku`ch ji tlh Hfsthri @jstrjbt

ge Ihw Zgrm —afrm]h`Q tlh ejrst tjah f ku`ch lfs quhstjgih` tlh futlgrjty ge tlh Fdd

Srjts Fbt tg crfit suppdhahitfd gr`hrs tg fbbgapfiy . . . wfrrfits‑ tg shfrbl j^lgihs.

6 F bfsh bfi fdsg oh jrrhsgduodh ji tlh rfrh hvhit tlft —tlhrh js f thxtufddy`hagistrfodh bgistjtutjgifd bgaajtahit ge tlh jssuh tg f bggr`jifth pgdjtjbfd`hpfrtahit.‑ [jvgtgesmy, 62? R. Bt. ft 60?3. Out ig subl bgaajtahit hxjsts lhrh. Plhjssufibh ge wrjts js f trf`jtjgifd pfrt ge tlh bgurts‚ futlgrjty. Rhh Lfdsthf` , ?2 X.R. ft56-5?. Plh FSF hxjsts tg eurtlhr f bgurt‚s kurjs`jbtjgi. Bgicrhss lfs ji`jsputfodycjvhi tljs Bgurt kurjs`jbtjgi tg jssuh shfrbl wfrrfits tlrgucl _udh 06(o), fi` pgwhr tgjssuh wrjts ji eurtlhrfibh ge tlgsh wfrrfits tlrgucl tlh FSF.

!"#$ &'()*+,*---(-*./ >6+?,$20 (85 3 N'F(-5


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(Sjdmjsgi @hbd. Hx. 65 ft 2= shh Hxljojt F tg Fppdh‚s Igtjbh ge Ruppdhahitfd Futlgrjty

(—Ihw Zgrm Gr`hr‑).) Plus, tlhrh js‐ft f ajijaua‐fi —hqufddy thifodh jiehrhib]hQ‑

tlft —hxjstjic dhcjsdftjgi fdrhf`y jibgrpgrfth`‑ tlh pgwhr tg gr`hr Fppdh tg fssjst ji

hxhbutjic shfrbl wfrrfits. Brfet , 828 X.R. ft ? (6:55), f bjrbujt bgurt `jssgdvh` fi EPB rhstrfjijic gr`hr gi tlh crgui` tlft, ji twg`jeehrhit Bgicrhsshs, —ojdds spgisgrh` oy tlh sfj` Bgaajssjgi whrh jitrg`ubh`, wljbl

ojdds je hifbth` jitg dfw wgud` lfvh bgiehrrh` upgi tlh Bgaajssjgi subl futlgrjty fs jt

js ftthaptjic tg hxhrbjsh ji tlh bfsh igw ohegrh tljs bgurt.‑ Plh Ruprhah Bgurt

rhvhrsh`, rhfeejrajic twg mhy prjibjpdhs; (6) bgicrhssjgifd jifbtjgi, pfst gr euturh, js

uijistrubtjvh= fi` (?) ohbfush tlh FSF brhfths pgwhr foshit bgicrhssjgifd dhcjsdftjgi,

tlhrh js ig ihh` egr Bgicrhss tg sphbjejbfddy bgiehr jt. —Bgicrhss ihjtlhr hifbth` igr

rhkhbth` tlhsh prgpgsfds= jt sjapdy `j` igt fbt gi tlha. Hvhi je jt lf`, tlh dhcjsdftjgi fs

prgpgsh` wgud` lfvh lf` ig feehbt wlfthvhr gi tlh pgwhr tlft Bgicrhss crfith` tlh

bgurts oy tlh Fdd Srjts Fbt. Sh bfiigt jiehr erga tlh efbt tlft Bgicrhss tggm ig fbtjgi

ft fdd . . . fi jithit tg bjrbuasbrjoh trf`jtjgifd ku`jbjfd rhah`jhs.‑ J`. ft 5>:. Plft

lgd`jic wfs hblgh` ji Ihw Zgrm Phdhplgih, wljbl af`h bdhfr tlft tlh FSF hapgwhrs

f bgurt tg fbt —uidhss fpprgprjfthdy bgiejih` oy Bgicrhss.‑ 020 X.R. ft 63?-32.?

? Ji f rhbhit fi` ejrst-ge-jts-mji` rudjic, tlh Ihw Zgrm Gr`hr‐wjtlgut f``rhssjic @hfi Egg`s ‐lhd` tlft jithrprhtjic tlh FSF tg hapgwhr bgurts foshit sphbjejbbgicrhssjgifd futlgrjzftjgi wgud` vjgdfth shpfrftjgi-ge-pgwhrs prjibjpdhs oy ohstgwjicdhcjsdftjvh euibtjgis gi tlh bgurts. (Ihw Zgrm Gr`hr ?6-2>.) Plh cgvhriahit lfssguclt rhvjhw erga tlh `jstrjbt bgurt gvhrshhjic tlft aftthr, fi` tlh gr`hr lfs ig prhbh`hitjfd vfduh lhrh. Agrhgvhr, jts rhfsgijic sueehrs erga eftfd edfws. Ejrst, tljsfrcuahit wfs hxprhssdy rhkhbth` ji Lfdsthf` , ?2 X.R. ft 56-5? (stftjic tlft Bgicrhss‚sblhbm gi fousjvh wrjts oy eh`hrfd bgurts js egr jt tg —bgrrhbt tlh hvjd oy agrh sphbjejbdhcjsdftjgi‑ rftlhr tlfi lfvjic Bgicrhss sphbjejbfddy futlgrjzh hfbl hxhrbjsh ge tlhbgurt‚s futlgrjty), fi` wfs rfjsh` oy tlh `jsshit ji Ihw Zgrm Phdhplgih, ji 020 X.R. ft

(eggtigth bgit‚` gi ihxt pfch)

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Ji slgrt, tlh FSF `ghs igt rhqujrh fiy f``jtjgifd dhcjsdftjgi tg hapgwhr tlh

bgurts. _ftlhr, fs @hfi Egg`s fi` Ihw Zgrm Phdhplgih lhd`, tlh bgurts rhtfji tlh

edhxjodh pgwhr ohstgwh` oy Bgicrhss tlrgucl tlh FSF uidhss Bgicrhss hxprhssdy tfmhs

jt fwfy. Fs hxpdfjih` ohdgw, Bgicrhss lfs igt hifbth` dhcjsdftjgi tlft sphbjejbfddy

bgiejihs tlh bgurts‚ pgwhr lhrh. Jts sjdhibh sfys igtljic.

2. BFDHF @ghs Igt Egroj` tlh Gr`hr

Bgitrfry tg Fppdh‚s bdfjas (Gpp. 65-6:), BFDHF `j` igt `hprjvh tljs Bgurt ge jts

pgwhr tg jssuh tlh Gr`hr. Bgicrhss‚s jithit ji pfssjic BFDHF wfs igt tg whfmhi

hxjstjic ku`jbjfd pgwhrs ui`hr tlh FSF, out tg —prhshrvh tlh stftus qug‑ rhcfr`jic tlh

dfweud jithrbhptjgi ge trfisajssjgis. X.R. Phdhbga Fss‚i v. E.B.B., ??3 E.2` 08>, 088(@.B. Bjr. ?>>>). Plh stftuth `ghs igt f``rhss tlh pfrtjbudfr jssuh ohegrh tljs Bgurt.

Fs hxpdfjih` fogvh, tlh FSF —js bgitrgddjic‑ uidhss —f stftuth sphbjejbfddy

f``rhsshs tlh pfrtjbudfr jssuh ft lfi`.‑ ^hiisydvfijf Ourhfu ge Bgrrhbtjgi v. X.R.

Afrslfds Rhrv., 030 X.R. 20, 02 (6:


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higucl egr gtlhr dfws tg orusl up fcfjist sjajdfr jssuhs. _ftlhr, Bgicrhss aust dhcjsdfth

sg —jitrjbfthdy‑ fs tg dhfvh —ig cfp tg ejdd.‑ Plh Bgapfiy v. Xijth` Rtfths, 20: E.2`

662?, 6608 i.?5 (:tl Bjr. ?>>2). F rfrh jistfibh ge f bgurt eji`jic subl phrvfsjvh

dhcjsdftjgi js Fppdjbftjgi ge tlh Xijth` Rtfths egr _hdjhe , 0?3 E.?` 52: (:tl Bjr. 6:3>), ji

wljbl tlh Ijitl Bjrbujt lhd` tlft Pjtdh JJJ gbbupjh` tlh ejhd` ge jithrbhpth` wjrh

bgaauijbftjgis fi` prhbdu`h` ush ge tlh FSF tg bgaphd f thdhplgih bgapfiy‚s

fssjstfibh. Out ogtl Bgicrhss fi` tlh Ruprhah Bgurt bgibdu`h` tlft tlh Ijitl Bjrbujt‚s

`hbjsjgi wfs wrgic. Rhh Ihw Zgrm Phdhplgih, 020 X.R. ft 63< i.?8. Agrhgvhr, tlh

Ruprhah Bgurt lhd` tlft Pjtdh JJJ lf` ig heehbt gi tlh hxhrbjsh ge tlh FSF ji tlh

f`kfbhit frhf ge phi rhcjsthrs, j`. ft 655, rhkhbtjic tlh `jsshit‚s frcuahits tg tlhbgitrfry, j`. ft 63: i.6 (Rthvhis, K., `jsshitjic).

BFDHF, pfssh` ji 6::0, `ghs igt —ahtjbudgusdy,‑ —jitrjbfthdy,‑ gr —sphbjejbfddy‑

f``rhss wlhi f bgurt afy gr`hr f safrtplgih afiuefbturhr tg rhagvh ofrrjhrs tg

fbbhssjic stgrh` `ftf gi f pfrtjbudfr safrtplgih. _ftlhr, jt cgvhris wlft sthps

thdhbgaauijbftjgis bfrrjhrs jivgdvh` ji trfisajssjgi fi` swjtbljic aust tfmh ji

f`vfibh ge bgurt gr`hrs tg hisurh tlhjr systhas bfi jsgdfth jiegraftjgi tg fddgw egr tlh

rhfd-tjah jithrbhptjgi ge ihtwgrm bgaauijbftjgis. 03 X.R.B. § 6>>?(f)(6)-(0)= shh Fa.

Bguibjd gi H`ub. v. E.B.B., 086 E.2` ??5, ??3-?< (@.B. Bjr. ?>>5). Fs tlh Ijitl Bjrbujt

lfs rhbgcijzh`, rhcudftjgi ji f `jstjibt frhf ge dfw slgud` igt —burtfjd tlh cgvhriahit‚s

pgwhrs ji `gahstjb dfw hiegrbhahit‑ ui`hr tlh FSF. Xijth` Rtfths v. Mgygahkjfi,

:3> E.?` 825, 80? (:tl Bjr. 6::?) (hi ofib). BFDHF tlus `ghs igt bgiejih tlh Bgurt‚s

pgwhr ui`hr tlh FSF lhrh.

Fppdh pgjits tg f shbtjgi ji BFDHF stftjic tlft —tljs suoblfpthr `ghs igt

futlgrjzh fiy dfw hiegrbhahit fchiby . . . tg rhqujrh fiy sphbjejb `hsjci ge hqujpahit,

efbjdjtjhs, shrvjbhs, ehfturhs, gr systha bgiejcurftjgis tg oh f`gpth` oy fiy prgvj`hr ge f

wjrh gr hdhbtrgijb bgaauijbftjgi shrvjbh, fiy afiuefbturhr ge thdhbgaauijbftjgis

hqujpahit, gr fiy prgvj`hr ge thdhbgaauijbftjgis suppgrt shrvjbhs.‑ (Gpp. 65)= 03

X.R.B. § 6>>?(o)(6)(F), (O). Bgicrhss‚s wgr`jic lhrh js bdhfr fi` `hdjohrfth. Plh

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prgvjsjgi `ghs igt `hstrgy fiy hxjstjic futlgrjty‐gr hvhi sphfm tg bgurts‚ pgwhr ft fdd.

Igr `ghs tlh prgvjsjgi lfvh fiy heehbt gutsj`h ge BFDHF jtshde; jt djajts gidy tlh

futlgrjty cjvhi tg —dfw hiegrbhahit fchib]jhsQ‑ oy —tljs suoblfpthr.‑ Plh purpgsh ge

tlh prgvjsjgi js igt tg japdjh`dy `hprjvh tlh bgurts ge pgwhr ui`hr tlh FSF, out tg

bdfrjey tlft tlh prhbh`jic suoshbtjgi ge BFDHF, 03 X.R.B. § 6>>?(f), `ghs igt phrajt

dfw hiegrbhahit tg `jbtfth tlh —sphbjejb `hsjci‑ ge tlh djsth` jthas.

Pg fppdy tlft djajtftjgi tg tlh Bgurt‚s Gr`hr wgud` `hey ogtl tlh stftutgry

dficufch fi` Ruprhah Bgurt prhbh`hit egr egur rhfsgis; (6) tlh Gr`hr rhsts igt gi

BFDHF, out gi tlh FSF= (?) tlh Gr`hr js fi hxhrbjsh ge ku`jbjfd, igt fchiby futlgrjty=

(2) tlh Gr`hr `ghs igt `jbtfth —fiy sphbjejb `hsjci‑= fi` (0) tlh Gr`hr js igt `jrhbth` ftfi jtha gr shrvjbh prgvj`hr djsth` ji § 6>>?(o)(6)(F), (O). 2 Fbbgr`jicdy, tljs djajtftjgi

wjtlji BFDHF `ghs igt rhstrjbt tlh Bgurt‚s futlgrjty ui`hr tlh FSF, dht fdgih `jbtfth

tlh rhsudt ji tljs bfsh.

B. Plh Gr`hr Js ^rgphr Xi`hr Ihw Zgrm Phdhplgih fi` tlh FSF

Pljs Bgurt lf` futlgrjty tg jssuh tlh Gr`hr pursufit tg tlh FSF, fi` Fppdh lfs

`hagistrfth` ig `jsbrhtjgifry rhfsgi tg wjtl`rfw jt. Fs Fppdh rhbgcijzhs, tljs Bgurt

aust bgisj`hr tlrhh hqujtfodh efbtgrs; (6) lgw —efr rhagvh`‑ Fppdh js —erga tlh

ui`hrdyjic bgitrgvhrsy‑= (?) lgw —uirhfsgifodh ]fQ our`hi‑ tlh Gr`hr wgud` pdfbh gi

Fppdh= fi` (2) lgw —ihbhssfry‑ jts fssjstfibh js tg shfrbljic Efrggm‚s j^lgih.0 Rhh Ihw

2 Sjtl rhcfr` tg tlh `hvhdgpahit fi` bgitrgd ge jGR, Fppdh js igt f prgvj`hr gewjrh gr hdhbtrgijb bgaauijbftjgi shrvjbhs out f sgetwfrh `hvhdgphr fi` djbhisgr. SljdhFppdh afy oh f prgvj`hr ge hdhbtrgijb bgaauijbftjgi shrvjbhs ji jts bfpfbjty fs prgvj`hrge EfbhPjah fi` jAhssfch, tlh Bgurt‚s gr`hr `ghs igt ohfr ft fdd upgi tlh gphrftjgi getlgsh prgcrfas gi Efrggm‚s j^lgih, dht fdgih chihrfddy. Rhh Ji tlh Aftthr ge Bgaab‚is Fssjstfibh egr Dfw Hiegrbhahit Fbt & Orgf`ofi` Fbbhss & Rhrvs. ?> E.B.B. _b`.60:>8) (rhbgcijzjic tlft fi hitjty bgud` prgvj`h audtjpdh mji`s geshrvjbhs, fi` lgd`jic tlft tlh BFDHF fifdysjs aust oh phregrah` gi ji`jvj`ufdbgapgihits, igt tlh hitjty fs f wlgdh). Igr js Fppdh fi —hqujpahit afiuefbturhr‑ fstlft thra js ush` ji BFDHF. Ji BFDHF, tlft thra rhehrs tg f —afiuefbturhr]Q ge ]Qthdhbgaauijbftjgis trfisajssjgis fi` swjtbljic hqujpahit,‑ shh 03 X.R.B. § 6>>8‐ bfrrjhr-dhvhd hqujpahit, igt hi`-ushr plgihs.

0 Plh Ihw Zgrm Gr`hr wrgicdy pgsjth` tlft tlhrh whrh fbtufddy twg tlrhh-pfrtthsts; tlh Ihw Zgrm Phdhplgih thst `jsbussh` lhrh, fi` f stftutgry gih ofsh` gi tlhFSF‚s thxt. Plh Ihw Zgrm Gr`hr bjth` ji suppgrt ge jts stftutgry thst gidy bfshs wljbl

(eggtigth bgit‚` gi ihxt pfch)

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Zgrm Phdhplgih, 020 X.R. ft 63?-38. Pljs thst fpprgprjfthdy cuj`hs f bgurt‚s `jsbrhtjgi

tg hisurh tlft tlh Fbt `ghs igt dhf` `gwi tlh sdjpphry sdgph Fppdh fi` fajbj jafcjih.

Lhrh, tlh efbtgrs suppgrt tlh Bgurt‚s Gr`hr.

6.

Fppdh Js Bdgshdy Bgiihbth` tg tlh Xi`hrdyjic Bgitrgvhrsy

Fppdh js igt sg efr rhagvh` erga tlh ui`hrdyjic bgitrgvhrsy tlft jt slgud` oh

hxbush` erga fssjstjic ji tlh hxhbutjgi ge tlh shfrbl wfrrfit. Ji Ihw Zgrm Phdhplgih,

tlh plgih bgapfiy wfs sueejbjhitdy bdgsh tg tlh bgitrgvhrsy ohbfush tlh brjajifds ush`

jts plgih djihs. Rhh 020 X.R. ft 630. Plh Bgurt `j` igt rhqujrh tlft tlh plgih bgapfiy

migw brjajifds whrh usjic jts plgih djihs, gr tlft jt oh jivgdvh` ji tlh brjah. Rhh j`.

Lhrh, fs f ihutrfd afcjstrfth egui`, tlhrh js prgofodh bfush tg ohdjhvh tlft Efrggm‚sj^lgih bgitfjis hvj`hibh rhdfth` tg ljs brjahs. Plft fdgih wgud` oh sueejbjhit prgxjajty

ui`hr tlh FSF fi` Ihw Zgrm Phdhplgih, hvhi je Fppdh `j` igt fdsg gwi fi` bgitrgd tlh

sgetwfrh gi Efrggm‚s j^lgih.

Fppdh ftthapts tg `jstjicujsl jtshde erga Ihw Zgrm Phdhplgih fi` bgapfijhs tlft

lfvh ohhi bgaphddh` tg prgvj`h thblijbfd fssjstfibh oy bdfjajic tlft (6) jt js —uidjmh f

thdhbgaauijbftjgis agigpgdy‑ fi` (?) jt lfs —ahrhdy . . . pdfbh` f cgg` jitg tlh strhfa

ge bgaahrbh,‑ fs je Fppdh surrhi`hrs bgitrgd gvhr jts j^lgihs upgi shddjic tlha. (Gpp.

?6.) Plhsh `jstjibtjgis efjd gi ogtl tlh efbts fi` tlh dfw.

Pg ohcji wjtl, bgurts lfvh fdrhf`y jssuh` FSF gr`hrs tg —afiuefbturhr]sQ ]subl

fs FppdhQ tg ftthapt tg uidgbm . . . bhddplgih]sQ sg tlft . . . wfrrfit]sQ afy oh hxhbuth`.‑

Rhh, h.c., Ji rh \\\ Jib., ?>60 SD 886>60)= Xijth` Rtfths v.

Odfmh, Ig. 62-B_->80, HBE Ig. ?>3 ft 8 (R.@. Ed. Kudy 60, ?>60). Plhsh gr`hrs slgw

tlhrh js ig orjclt-djih rudh tlft f tljr` pfrty aust oh f puodjb utjdjty tg efdd wjtlji tlh

prh`fth Ihw Zgrm Phdhplgih. (Ihw Zgrm Gr`hr ft 66.) Ji efbt, tlh Ihw Zgrm Phdhplgih thst wfs ahfit fs f sphbjejb fppdjbftjgi ge tlh chihrfd FSF stfi`fr`s, suppdfitjic fiy prhvjgus stftutgry thsts. Plh Ruprhah Bgurt lfs frtjbudfth` f sjajdfr bgithxt-sphbjejbtlrhh-efbtgr thst egr tlh wrjt ge afi`faus wljbl suppdfits fiy ihh` tg brhfth f stftutgrythst. Rhh Blhihy v. X.R. @jst. Bgurt , 80? X.R. 253, 2->0). Plh Ihw ZgrmGr`hr‚s fpprgfbl `jsrhcfr`s igt kust Ihw Zgrm Phdhplgih, out fdsg Lfdsthf` ‚sjithrprhtftjgi ge —usfchs fi` prjibjpdhs ge dfw.‑

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Fbt‚s rhfbl. Rg `g gtlhr bfshs. Rhh, h.c., Ihw Zgrm Phdhplgih, 020 X.R. ft 630

(bgddhbtjic hxfapdhs ge ji`jvjùfds bgaphddh` vjf tlh FSF)= Xijth` Rtfths v. Lfdd , 82 SD ??>826>8, ft *2 (@. A`. ?>>2) (dfi`dgr`)= Xijth` Rtfths v. Erjbgsu, 6?) (ji`jvjùfd). _hcfr`dhss, Fppdh‚s sjzh, thbligdgcy,

fi` uojqujty afmh jt fmji tg tlh bgapfijhs ji Ihw Zgrm Phdhplgih fi` Aguitfji Ohdd .

Agrhgvhr, Fppdh afjitfjis f bgitjiuh` bgiihbtjgi tg jts plgihs whdd ohygi` tlhjr

sfdh, fi` lfs `hdjohrfthdy `hvhdgph` jts plgihs sg tlft Fppdh fdgih lgd`s tlh ahfis egr

bgurts‚ shfrbl wfrrfits tg oh bfrrjh` gut. Fs Fppdh‚s ousjihss ag`hd fi` jts

rhprhshitftjgis tg jts jivhstgrs fi` bustgahrs afmh bdhfr, Fppdh jithitjgifddy fi` egrbgaahrbjfd f`vfitfch rhtfjis hxbdusjvh bgitrgd gvhr tlh sgetwfrh tlft bfi oh ush` gi

j^lgihs, cjvjic jt agigpgdy-djmh bgitrgd gvhr tlh ahfis ge `jstrjoutjic sgetwfrh tg tlh

plgihs. Fs `htfjdh` ohdgw, Fppdh `ghs sg oy; (6) ejrady bgitrgddjic j^lgihs‚ gphrftjic

systhas fi` ejrst-pfrty sgetwfrh= (?) bfrheuddy afifcjic fi` vhttjic tljr`-pfrty sgetwfrh

ohegrh futlhitjbftjic jt egr ush gi j^lgihs= fi` (2) bgitjiufddy rhbhjvjic jiegraftjgi

erga `hvjbhs ruiijic jts djbhish` sgetwfrh fi` jts prgprjhtfry shrvjbhs, fi` rhtfjijic

bgitjiuh` fbbhss tg `ftf erga tlgsh `hvjbhs fogut lgw jts bustgahrs frh usjic tlha.

Lfvjic hstfodjslh` suzhrfjity gvhr jts ushrs‚ plgihs‐fi` bgitrgd gvhr tlh prhbjsh

ehfturhs ge tlh plgihs ihbhssfry egr uidgbmjic tlha‐Fppdh bfiigt igw prhthi` tg oh f

oystfi`hr, wftbljic tljs jivhstjcftjgi erga fefr.

Ejrst, Fppdh `hvhdgps jts gwi gphrftjic systha, fi` —js uijquh ji tlft jt `hsjcis

fi` `hvhdgps ihfrdy tlh hitjrh sgdutjgi egr jts prgùbts, jibdu`jic tlh lfr`wfrh,

gphrftjic systha, iuahrgus sgetwfrh fppdjbftjgis fi` rhdfth` shrvjbhs.‑ (Sjdmjsgi @hbd.

Hx. ? ft < (Fppdh 6>-M) (haplfshs f``h`).) Fppdh‚s —ousjihss strfthcy dhvhrfchs jts

uijquh fojdjty tg `hsjci fi` `hvhdgp jts gwi gphrftjic systhas, lfr`wfrh, fppdjbftjgi

sgetwfrh fi` shrvjbhs.‑ ( J`. ft 6.) —Plh tjclt jithcrftjgi ge lfr`wfrh fi` sgetwfrh gi

jGR `hvjbhs hisurhs tlft hfbl bgapgihit ge tlh systha js trusth`, fi` vfdj`fths tlh

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systha fs f wlgdh.‑ (Lfiif @hbd. Hx. M ft 8 (`hsbrjojic lgw hfbl sthp js fifdyzh` fi`

vhtth` —]eQrga jijtjfd oggt-up tg jGR sgetwfrh up`fths tg tljr`-pfrty fpps‑).)

Rhbgi`, fi` pjvgtfddy, Fppdh‚s `hvjbhs wjdd igt rui sgetwfrh tlft js igt

hdhbtrgijbfddy —sjcih`‑ oy Fppdh. ( J`. ft 5 (—gidy Fppdh-sjcih` bg`h bfi oh jistfddh` gi

f `hvjbh‑)= Lfiif @hbd. Hx. @@ ft 50 (—Sh fcrhh wjtl tlh cgvhriahit tlft tlh systha

rhqujrhs Fppdh futlhitjbftjgi.‑).) Plrgucl jts hxbdusjvh bgitrgd ge jts hdhbtrgijb

sjcifturh, Fppdh bfrheuddy afifchs fi` vhts ogtl tlh sgetwfrh up`fths fi` fdd tljr`-pfrty

prgcrfas (—fpps‑) tlft bfi oh ush` gi jts `hvjbhs. Pljs mhhps Fppdh bdgsh tg jts plgihs

dgic fethr tlhy frh sgd̀ . Fs sht egrtl ji jts djbhisjic fcrhhahit, Fppdh wjdd‐je fddgwh`

oy tlh ushr‐phrjg`jbfddy blhbm wjtl jts `hvjbhs tg shi` sjcih` up`fths, fi` wjdd—futgaftjbfddy `gwidgf` fi` jistfdd ]tlhaQ gitg ]tlhQ ̀ hvjbh]sQ.‑ (Sjdmjsgi @hbd. Hx. 2

ft µ ?(l).) Fppdh fdsg phrajts gidy twg mji`s ge fpps tg oh dgf`h` gitg jGR `hvjbhs

tlrgucl Fppdh‚s Fpp Rtgrh; tlgsh —`hvhdgph` . . . oy Fppdh‑ fi` tlgsh —`hvhdgph` . . .

oy f tljr` pfrty `hvhdgphr.‑ (Sjdmjsgi @hbd. Hx. 0 ft 68.) Fppdh hxhrbjshs pgwhr gvhr

ogtl, ohbfush tlhy aust oh sjcih` oy Fppdh. (Lfiif @hbd. Hx. M ft 6 ft 6 (—Ohegrh ygur fpp bfi jithcrfth fpp shrvjbhs, oh jistfddh` gi f `hvjbh,

gr oh suoajtth` tg tlh Fpp Rtgrh, jt aust oh sjcih` wjtl f bhrtjejbfth jssuh` oy Fppdh.‑).)

Pljr`, Fppdh afjitfjis f bgiihbtjgi wjtl jts plgihs fethr sfdh oy bgitjiujic tg

rhbhjvh jiegraftjgi erga tlh `hvjbhs fi` bgitjiujic tg fbbhss `ftf fogut lgw jts

bustgahrs frh usjic tlhjr plgihs. Ji`hh`, Fppdh rhqujrhs jts ushrs tg bgishit tg Fppdh‚s

bgitjiuh` ush ge `ftf; —Slhi ygu ush ygur `hvjbh, ygur plgih iuaohr fi` bhrtfji

uijquh j`hitjejhrs egr ygur jGR @hvjbh frh shit tg Fppdh ji gr`hr tg fddgw gtlhrs tg rhfbl

ygu oy ygur plgih iuaohr wlhi usjic vfrjgus bgaauijbftjgi ehfturhs ge tlh jGR

Rgetwfrh, subl fs jAhssfch fi` EfbhPjah. . . . Gtlhr jGR Rgetwfrh ehfturhs afy rhqujrh

jiegraftjgi erga ygur jGR @hvjbh.‑ (Sjdmjsgi @hbd. Hx. 2 ft µ 0.) Fppdh sjajdfrdy

hxphbts jts bustgahrs tg bgishit tg jts bgitjiufd agijtgrjic ge jiegraftjgi ji gr`hr tg cht

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fi` ush bhrtfji fpps fi` shrvjbhs.8 Fppdh‚s bgiihbtjgi tg jts j^lgihs js igt fostrfbt; ft f

ajijaua, Fppdh wfs bgaauijbftjic wjtl Efrggm‚s j^lgih fs dfth fs Gbtgohr ?>68,

wlhi jt dfst ofbmh` up sgah ge tlh plgih‚s `ftf gi jts jBdgu` shrvhr. (^dulfr @hbd. µ


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Plh Our`hi ^dfbh` gi Fppdh Js Igt Xiùh fi` Xirhfsgifodh

Ji shhmjic tg fvgj` bgapdjfibh wjtl tljs Bgurt‚s Gr`hr, Fppdh aust slgw tlft tlh

our`hi pdfbh` upgi jt js uiùh, uirhfsgifodh, fi` igibgaphisfodh. Rhh Aguitfji Ohdd ,

565 E.?` ft 66??, 662? (—Fpphddfits `j` igt slgw tlft tlh trfbh . . . sjcijejbfitdy

jibrhfsh` tlh pgssjojdjty ge f afdeuibtjgi . . . . Igr `j` fpphddfits prgvh tlft tlh

bgaphisftjgi prgvj`h` egr ji tlh Gr`hr wfs ji fiy wfy jif`hqufth.‑)= be. Xijth` Rtfths

v. _. Hithrprjshs, Jib., 0:< X.R. ?:?, 2>6 (6::6) (—Bgishquhitdy, f crfi` kury suopghif

jssuh` tlrgucl igrafd blfiihds js prhsuah` tg oh rhfsgifodh, fi` tlh our`hi ge slgwjic

uirhfsgifodhihss aust oh gi tlh rhbjpjhit wlg shhms tg fvgj` bgapdjfibh.‑). Fppdh lfs

slgwi igih ge tlgsh tljics. Ihjtlhr bg`jic sgetwfrh, igr efbjic sphbudftjvh ousjihssbgibhris, igr prgvj`jic pgssjodh euturh bgapdjfibh pgshs fi uiùh our`hi egr Fppdh.

Fppdh js gih ge tlh rjblhst fi` agst thbl-sfvvy bgapfijhs ji tlh wgrd`, fi` jt js

agrh tlfi fodh tg bgapdy wjtl tlh FSF gr`hr. Ji`hh`, jt bgibh`hs jt bfi ̀ g sg wjtl

rhdftjvhdy djttdh heegrt. Hvhi tljs ag`hst our`hi js dfrchdy f rhsudt ge Fppdh‚s gwi

`hbjsjgi tg `hsjci fi` afrmht f ihfrdy wfrrfit-prgge plgih. Ji hvfduftjic wlhtlhr tlh

our`hi gi Fppdh js uiùh, tljs Bgurt bfi fi` slgud` rhbgcijzh tlh eui`fahitfd

japgrtfibh tlft fbbhss tg hvj`hibh pdfys ji tlh Fahrjbfi systha ge kustjbh. Cjvhi —gur

ljstgrjb bgaajtahit tg tlh rudh ge dfw‑ fi` —gur vjhw tlft tlh twgegd` fja (ge brjajifd

kustjbh) js tlft cujdt slfdd igt hsbfph gr jiigbhibh sueehr,‑ tlh Ruprhah Bgurt lfs

rhbgcijzh` tlft —]tQlh ihh` tg `hvhdgp fdd rhdhvfit efbts ji tlh f`vhrsfry systha js ogtl

eui`fahitfd fi` bgaprhlhisjvh.‑ Xijth` Rtfths v. Ijxgi, 06< X.R. 5:

(6:30). Plh Bgurt eurtlhr hxpdfjih` tlft —]tQlh hi`s ge brjajifd kustjbh wgud` oh

`hehfth` je ku`cahits whrh tg oh egui`h` gi f pfrtjfd gr sphbudftjvh prhshitftjgi ge tlh

efbts. Plh vhry jithcrjty ge tlh ku`jbjfd systha fi` puodjb bgiej`hibh ji tlh systha

`hphi` gi eudd `jsbdgsurh ge fdd tlh efbts.‑ J`. ft 3>:. Fppdh‚s pgsjtjgi tlft jt bfiigt oh

rhqujrh` tg fssjst wjtl tlh hxhbutjgi ge f wfrrfit egr gih ge jts plgihs edjhs ji tlh efbh ge

tlhsh prjibjpdhs fi` tljs trf`jtjgi.

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f.

Srjtjic Bg`h Js Igt f ^hr Rh Xi`uh Our`hi

Fppdh‚s prjafry frcuahit rhcfr`jic ui`uh our`hi fpphfrs tg oh tlft jt slgud` igt

oh rhqujrh` tg wrjth fiy faguit ge bg`h tg fssjst tlh cgvhriahit. Fppdh jisjsts tlft —ig

bgurt lfs hvhr lhd` tlft tlh FSF phrajts tlh cgvhriahit tg bgisbrjpt f prjvfth

bgapfiy tg oujd` sgetwfrh egr jt.‑ (Gpp. 26.) Ji`hh`, Fppdh prgbdfjas tlft ig bgapfiy

lfs hvhr ohhi fsmh` vjf tlh Fbt tg wrjth hvhi —sgah faguit ge bg`h tg cftlhr

jiegraftjgi.‑ (Gpp. ?3.) Pljs bdfja js efdsh. Agrh tlfi 28 yhfrs fcg, ji Aguitfji

Ohdd ‐f bfsh oji`jic lhrh out uiahitjgih` ji tlh rhbhit Ihw Zgrm Gr`hr‐tlh Ijitl

Bjrbujt bgiergith` fi` rhkhbth` hxfbtdy tlft frcuahit. Plhrh, fs lhrh, fpphddfit af`h

—]fQ crhft `hfd‑ ge tlh our`hi ge bg`jic, 565 E.?` ft 66?5, out tlh Bjrbujt `haurrh`. Jtrhbgcijzh` tlft tlh FSF gr`hr ft jssuh wgud` ihh` tg oh —fbbgapdjslh` oy

prgcrfaajic f bgitrgd bgaputhr tg “trfp‚ jibgajic bfdds tg tlh `hsjcifth` thdhplgih

iuaohr. Bgaputhrs tlft rguth tlh jibgajic bfdds erga tlh hxblfich ji wljbl tlhy

grjcjifth]`Q erga tlh `jfdjic thdhplgih ]whrhQ prgcrfaah` . Ji tljs bfsh twhdvh

bgaputhrs whrh prgcrfaah` , jibdu`jic tlgsh ji tlh ^lghijx ahtrgpgdjtfi frhf.‑ J`. ft

66?3 (haplfshs f``h`). Eurtlhr, tljs f``jtjgifd prgcrfaajic bfush` tlh plgih

bgapfiy‚s bgaputhrs tg gphrfth aubl dhss heejbjhitdy. J`. Ihvhrtlhdhss, tlh Bjrbujt

lhd` tlft tlh dgwhr bgurt —lf` tlh pgwhr tg bgaphd ]tlh bgrpgrftjgiQ tg phregra‑ tlh

prgcrfaajic ohbfush —]tQlh prjibjpdhs fiiguibh` ji Ihw Zgrm Phdhplgih . . . bgaphd

tlh sfah rhsudt lhrh.‑ J`. ft 66?. Plh bgapfiy fdsg bgapdfjih` tlft tlh FSF gr`hr af`h jt ohfr —tlh

hitjrh rhspgisjojdjty egr tlh shfrbl.‑ J`. ft 66?:. Jt eurtlhr jisjsth` tlft tlh rhqujrhahit

tg rhprgcrfa jts bgaputhrs —(6) rhsudth` ji f shrjgus `rfji upgi hxjstjic phrsgiihd fi`

hqujpahit= fi` (?) jibrhfsh` tlh djmhdjlgg` ge systha afdeuibtjgis wljdh ft tlh sfah

tjah japfjrjic tlh bgapfiy‚s fojdjty tg bgrrhbt subl prgodhas.‑ J`. ft 662?. Jt jisjsth`

tlft tlh gr`hr wgud` `hprjvh jt ge —jrrhpdfbhfodh shrvjbhs prgvj`h` oy mhy phrsgiihd fi`

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]bfushQ tlh dgss ge ush ge vfrjgus japgrtfit pjhbhs ge hqujpahit.‑ (Sjdmjsgi @hbd. Hx. 5

ft ?0-?8.) Plh Bjrbujt wfs uiphrsuf`h`. —]JQt fpphfrs tg tljs bgurt tg afmh djttdh

`jeehrhibh wlhtlhr . . . bgapfiy thblijbjfis fbtjic ft tlh ohlhst ge eh`hrfd geejbjfds‑ frh

rhqujrh` tg hisurh tlft —f bgaputhr js prgcrfaah` tg `hthbt hdhbtrgijb japudshs wljbl,

wlhi `hbg`h` ]oy tlh sgetwfrhQ, prgvj`h f djst ge thdhplgih iuaohrs.‑ J`.3

Agrhgvhr, Aguitfji Ohdd wfs igt hvhi tlh ejrst bfsh tg uplgd` fi FSF gr`hr

bgaphddjic bgaputhr prgcrfaajic. Plh Pljr` Bjrbujt `j` tlh sfah ji Ji _h Fppdjbftjgi

ge tlh Xijth` Rtfths, 56> E.?` 660. Plh Bjrbujt rhkhbth` tlhsh

bgapdfjits ohbfush, fagic gtlhr tljics, tlh bgrpgrftjgi‚s rheusfd tg lhdp wgud`

gtlhrwjsh shrvh —tg erustrfth tlh hxhbutjgi ge tlh bgurts‚ wfrrfits fi` tg gostrubt

brjajifd jivhstjcftjgis.‑ J`. ft 6688. Plus, tlhrh js igtljic igvhd gr phr sh uiùdy

our`hisgah fogut rhqujrjic Fppdh tg wrjth bg`h.

3 Rjajdfrdy, ji tlh bgithxt ge f agtjgi tg bgaphd Cggcdh, Jib. tg prgùbh rhbgr`s pursufit tg f bjvjd suopghif, f `jstrjbt bgurt lhd` tlft —brhft]jicQ ihw bg`h tg egraft fi`hxtrfbt quhry fi` X_D `ftf erga afiy bgaputhr ofims, ji tgtfd rhqujrjic up tg hjclteudd tjah `fys ge hicjihhrjic tjah‑ wfs f our`hi tlft bgud` oh gvhrbgah tlrguclbgaphisftjgi. Cgizfdhz v. Cggcdh, ?20 E._.@. 530, 5>5). Fdtlgucltlh uiùh-our`hi fifdysjs ui`hr Eh`hrfd _udhs ge Bjvjd ^rgbhùrh ?5 fi` 08 `jeehrs ergatlh fifdysjs ui`hr tlh FSF, jt js jistrubtjvh tlft ji f bjvjd dfwsujt‐wlhrh japgrtfibh gehvj`hibh cftlhrjic js bhrtfjidy dhss bgaphddjic tlfi ji f brjajifd jivhstjcftjgi ge fthrrgrjst fbt‐f `jstrjbt bgurt bgaphddh` f prjvfth bgapfiy tg brhfth bg`h. —Jt js “govjgusfi` uifrcufodh‚ tlft ig cgvhriahitfd jithrhst js agrh bgaphddjic tlfi tlh shburjty getlh Iftjgi.‑ Lfjc v. Fchh, 082 X.R. ?, 2>3 (6:


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Bgitrfry tg Fppdh‚s frcuahit, tlh Gr`hr `ghs igt rhqujrh jt tg —prgvj`h `hbryptjgi

shrvjbhs‑ tg tlh cgvhriahit. (Gpp. 60.) Out tlft wgud` igt oh igvhd, hjtlhr. Ji`hh`, ig

dhss fi futlgrjty tlfi Bljhe Kustjbh Afrslfdd lhd` tlft Ffrgi Ourr‚s bdhrm bgud` oh

egrbh` tg `hbjplhr f bg`h` dhtthr ge Ourr‚s, prgvj`h` tlft `gjic sg wgud` igt jibrjajifth

tlh bdhrm. Rhh Xijth` Rtfths v. Ourr , ?8 E. Bfs. 2 (B.B. Uf. 63). Gr, tg tfmh f

agrh rhbhit hxfapdh, tlh bgurt ji Erjbgsu, < E.?` 6?


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Fppdh‚s ^rgeehrh` Hstjafth ge Hapdgyhh Pjah @ghs Igt o. Hstfodjsl fi Xiùh Our`hi

Fppdh fsshrts tlft jt wgud` tfmh sjx tg thi hapdgyhhs twg tg egur whhms tg `hvhdgp

ihw bg`h ji gr`hr tg bfrry gut tlh Bgurt‚s Gr`hr. (Gpp. 62= Ihuhisblwfi`hr @hbd.

µµ ??-?8.) Hvhi tfmjic Fppdh ft jts wgr`, tljs js igt fi uiùh our`hi, hsphbjfddy cjvhi

Fppdh‚s vfst rhsgurbhs fi` tlh cgvhriahit‚s wjddjicihss tg eji` rhfsgifodh

bgaprgajshs fi` prgvj`h rhfsgifodh rhjaourshahit.

Fppdh js f Egrtuih 8 bgrpgrftjgi wjtl trhahi`gus pgwhr fi` ahfis; jt lfs agrh

tlfi 6>>,>>> eudd-tjah-hqujvfdhit hapdgyhhs fi` lf` fi fiiufd jibgah ge gvhr $?>>

ojddjgi `gddfrs ji ejsbfd yhfr ?>68‐agrh tlfi tlh gphrftjic ou`cht egr Bfdjegrijf.(Bgapfrh Sjdmjsgi @hbd. Hx. ? ft :, ?0, 06 (Fppdh 6>-M), wjtl Hx. 3 (EZ ?>68-65

ou`cht).) Ji`hh`, Fppdh‚s rhvhiuhs hxbhh` tlh igajifd C@^s ge twg tljr`s ge tlh

wgrd`‚s iftjgis. Pg oujd` tlh gr`hrh` sgetwfrh, ig agrh tlfi thi hapdgyhhs wgud` oh

rhqujrh` tg wgrm egr ig agrh tlfi egur whhms, phrlfps fs djttdh fs twg whhms. Kust fs ji

Aguitfji Ohdd ‐wlhrh tlh bgapfiy bgapdfjih` jt wgud` dgsh —jrrhpdfbhfodh shrvjbhs

prgvj`h` oy mhy phrsgiihd‑ (Sjdmjsgi @hbd. Hx. 5 ft ?0-?8)‐tlh our`hi egr Fppdh lhrh

js igt uirhfsgifodh. Agrhgvhr, tlh cgvhriahit lfs geehrh` tg bgaphisfth Fppdh egr

subl bgsts tlft tljs Bgurt `hthrajihs lfvh ohhi fbtufddy jiburrh` fi` frh rhfsgifody

ihbhssfry egr jts heegrts. Rhh Ihw Zgrm Phdhplgih Bg., 020 X.R. ft 638 (FSF gr`hr igt

uiùdy our`hisgah ji pfrt ohbfush jt prgvj`h` egr rhjaourshahit egr tlh bgapfiy‚s

heegrts)= Aguitfji Ohdd , 565 E.?` ft 662? (sfah).

Plh cgvhriahit lfs fdwfys ohhi wjddjic tg wgrm wjtl Fppdh tg ftthapt tg rhùbh

fiy our`hi ge prgvj`jic fbbhss tg tlh hvj`hibh gi Efrggm‚s j^lgih. Rhh Aguitfji Ohdd ,

565 E.?` ft 66?0 (igtjic pfrtjhs‚ bgddfogrftjgi tg rhùbh phrbhjvh` our`his). Ohegrh

shhmjic tlh Gr`hr, tlh cgvhriahit rhquhsth` vgduitfry thblijbfd fssjstfibh erga Fppdh,

fi` prgvj`h` tlh `htfjds ge jts prgpgsfd. (Rupp. ^dulfr @hbd. µ 6?.) Fppdh rheush` tg

`jsbuss tlh prgpgsfd‚s ehfsjojdjty fi` jisthf` `jrhbth` tlh EOJ tg ahtlg`s ge fbbhss tlft

tlh EOJ lf` fdrhf`y trjh` wjtlgut subbhss. (Bgapfrh Ihuhisblwfi`hr @hbd. µµ 80-56,

!"#$ &'()*+,*---(-*./ >6+?,$20 (85 3 N'F(FF


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wjtl Rupp. ^dulfr @hbd. µ 6?.) Plh cgvhriahit turih` tg tlh Bgurt gidy fs f dfst rhsgrt

fi` sguclt rhdjhe gi ifrrgw crgui`s ahfit tg rhùbh pgssjodh our`his gi Fppdh. Plh

Gr`hr fddgws Fppdh edhxjojdjty ji lgw tg fssjst tlh EOJ. (Gr`hr µ 0.) Plh cgvhriahit

rhafjis wjddjic tg shhm f ag`jejbftjgi ge tlh Gr`hr, je Fppdh bfi prgpgsh f dhss

our`hisgah gr agrh fcrhhfodh wfy egr tlh EOJ tg fbbhss Efrggm‚s j^lgih.: Ji bgitrfst,

Fppdh afmhs djttdh heegrt tg hxpdfji wljbl pfrts ge tlh bgurt‚s gr`hr frh our`hisgah, fi`

ji wlft wfys. Igr `ghs Fppdh prgpgsh ehfsjodh fdthriftjvhs tlft jt wgud` eji` dhss

our`hisgah.6> _ftlhr, rhdyjic gi jts hxbdusjvh migwdh`ch ge jts sgetwfrh, Fppdh sjapdy

fsshrts f sjicdh, bgapdjbfth` prgbhss, wjtlgut fiy eurtlhr hdfogrftjgi.

Ji sua, Fppdh lfs efjdh` tg slgw tlft tlh gidy bgibrhth our`hi jt bfi j`hitjey‐frhdftjvhdy dgw faguit ge thblijbfd dfogr‐js uiùh, uirhfsgifodh, fi` igibgaphisfodh.

b. Japjicjic gi Fppdh‚s Afrmhtjic ge Jts ^rgùbts fs Rhfrbl-

Sfrrfit-^rgge Js Igt fi Xiùh Our`hi

Fppdh ihxt bdfjas tlft bgapdyjic wjtl shfrbl wfrrfits wjdd ui`hrajih tlh

puodjb‚s trust ji tlh shburjty ge tlh bgapfiy‚s prgùbts fi` shrvjbhs‐f rhegraudftjgi ge

jts bgibhri, rfjsh` ji tlh Hfsthri @jstrjbt ge Ihw Zgrm, tlft bgapdjfibh wjdd tfrijsl jts

orfi`. Pljs js tlh sfah frcuahit af`h oy tlh bgrpgrftjgis fi` rhkhbth` oy tlh bgurts ji

Ihw Zgrm Phdhplgih fi` Aguitfji Ohdd , 565 E.?` ft 66?


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bgud` igt bgitjiuh tg gphrfth je tlh puodjb phrbhjvh` tlh bgapfiy fs fi hxthisjgi ge dfw

hiegrbhahit. (Sjdmjsgi @hbd. Hx. 5 ft 2?-22.) Plgsh frcuahits `j` igt phrsuf`h tlgsh

bgurts tlhi, fi` tlhy slgud` igt phrsuf`h tljs Bgurt igw. Be. Xijv. ge ^hiisydvfijf v.

H.H.G.B., 0:2 X.R. 6


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j^lgihs. (Gpp. 6-?, ?


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Hvhi je —brjajifds, thrrgrjsts, fi` lfbmhrs‑ sgahlgw jiejdtrfth` Fppdh fi` stgdh

tlh sgetwfrh ihbhssfry tg uidgbm Efrggm‚s j^lgih (Gpp. ?8), tlh gidy tljic tlft sgetwfrh

bgud` oh ush` tg `g js uidgbm Efrggm‚s j^lgih. (^hrjig @hbd. µµ 5.f, 6= Lfiif @hbd. Hx. M ft 5.) —F``jic tlhHBJ@ “phrsgifdjzhs‚ tlh futlgrjzftjgi egr tlh rhquhstjic `hvjbh.‑ ( J` .) Fppdh lfs

`hsjcih` jts plgihs sg tlft hvhry gphrftjic systha aust pfjr wjtl tlh plgih‚s HBJ@.

(^hrjig @hbd. µµ 6


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bgud` igt ‐bgaphd Fppdh tg egddgw gr `jsrhcfr` tlh dfws ge egrhjci bguitrjhs. Plh

prhssurh ge egrhjci dfw gi Fppdh edgws erga jts `hbjsjgi tg `g ousjihss ji egrhjci

bguitrjhs, igt erga tlh Gr`hr. Fppdh succhsts tlft, fs f prfbtjbfd aftthr, jt wjdd bhfsh tg

rhsjst egrhjci cgvhriahits‚ heegrts tg gotfji jiegraftjgi gi j^lgih ushrs je tljs Bgurt

rudhs fcfjist jt. Jt geehrs ig hvj`hibh egr tljs prgpgsjtjgi, fi` tlh hvj`hibh ji tlh puodjb

rhbgr` rfjshs quhstjgis wlhtlhr jt js hvhi rhsjstjic egrhjci cgvhriahits igw. Egr

hxfapdh, fbbgr`jic tg Fppdh‚s gwi `ftf, Bljif `hafi`h` jiegraftjgi erga Fppdh

rhcfr`jic gvhr 0,>>> j^lgihs ji tlh ejrst lfde ge ?>68, fi` Fppdh prgùbh` `ftf 30% ge

tlh tjah. (Sjdmjsgi @hbd. Hx. < ft 2.) Fppdh fpphfrs tg lfvh af`h sphbjfd

fbbgaag`ftjgis ji Bljif fs whdd; egr hxfapdh, agvjic Bljihsh ushr `ftf tg Bljihshcgvhriahit shrvhrs, fi` jistfddjic f `jeehrhit SjEj prgtgbgd egr Bljihsh j^lgihs. (Rhh

Sjdmjsgi @hbd. Hx. : (rhpgrtjic tlft ji Fucust ?>60, Fppdh agvh` Bljihsh ushrs‚

jBdgu` `ftf gitg stfth-gwih` shrvhrs)= Hx. 6> (rhpgrtjic tlft Fppdh prgùbh` f ag`jejh`

j^lgih egr sfdh ji afjidfi` Bljif tlft ush` f —SF^J‑ SjEj stfi`fr` fs rhqujrh` oy tlh

Bljihsh cgvhriahit)= Hx. 66 (rhpgrtjic Fppdh wfs tlh ejrst Shsthri bgapfiy tg lfvh jts

prgùbts ush SF^J fi` —]tQlus, ]FppdhQ js prhsuafody slfrjic bgiej`hitjfd jiegraftjgi

wjtl tlh ]BljihshQ cgvhriahit‑).) Rubl fbbgaag`ftjgis prgvj`h Fppdh wjtl fbbhss tg

f luch, fi` crgwjic, afrmht. (Sjdmjsgi @hbd. Hx. 6?.) Pljs Bgurt‚s Gr`hr blfichs

ihjtlhr tlh bfrrgts igr tlh stjbms tlft egrhjci cgvhriahits bfi ush gi Fppdh. Plus, jt

`ghs igt egddgw tlft je Fahrjbf egrcghs Fppdh‚s fssjstfibh ji tljs thrrgrjsa jivhstjcftjgi,

Fppdh wjdd rheush tg bgapdy wjtl tlh `hafi`s ge egrhjci cgvhriahits. Igr `ghs jt

egddgw tlft je tlh Bgurt stfi`s oy jts Gr`hr, Fppdh aust yjhd` tg egrhjci `hafi`s, af`h

ji `jeehrhit bjrbuastfibhs wjtlgut tlh sfehcufr`s ge Fahrjbfi dfw.

Dfweud prgbhss ji Fahrjbf bfiigt oh bgiejih` oy pgthitjfd dfwdhss gpprhssjgi

hdshwlhrh ahrhdy ohbfush f bgrpgrftjgi blggshs tg afiuefbturh fi` afrmht jts prgùbts

cdgofddy, wjtlgut rhcfr` tg jts lgst bguitrjhs‚ dhcfd rhcjahs. Fppdh j`hitjejhs ig bfsh

lgd`jic tlft subl f —our`hi‑ js bgcijzfodh ui`hr tlh FSF. Plh bgibhris Fppdh rfjshs

!"#$ &'()*+,*---(-*./ >6+?,$20 (85 3 N'F(FO


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frh uiprgvhi, fi` ji fiy hvhit wgud` igt oh fi uirhfsgifodh our`hi gi Fppdh brhfth`

oy tlh Gr`hr, out fi jihvjtfodh bgishquhibh ge Fppdh‚s gwi ousjihss `hbjsjgis.

Buaudftjvh Euturh Bgapdjfibh Bgsts Rlgud` Igt Ohh.Bgisj`hrh` fi` Frh, Ji Fiy Hvhit, Bgaphisfodh

Ihxt, Fppdh frcuhs tlft tlh Gr`hr js uiùdy our`hisgah ohbfush, je jt bgapdjhs

lhrh, jt js djmhdy tg efbh gtlhr FSF gr`hrs ji tlh euturh. Oy fbbuaudftjic jts

lypgtlhtjbfd euturh our`his, Fppdh succhsts tlft ohbfush sg aubl brjajifd hvj`hibh js

lj``hi gi jts wfrrfit-prgge j^lgihs, jt slgud` igt oh bgaphddh` tg fssjst ji cftlhrjic

hvj`hibh rhdfth` tg tlh thrrgrjst fttfbm ji Rfi Ohrifr j̀ig. (Gpp. ?5.) Fppdh js wrgic.

Pg ohcji wjtl, Fppdh lfs j`hitjejh` ig prhbh`hit egr bgisj`hrjic pgssjodh prgsphbtjvh our`his fs f ofsjs egr wjtllgd`jic f ifrrgw FSF gr`hr igw. Ihjtlhr tlh

Ruprhah Bgurt ji Ihw Zgrm Phdhplgih igr tlh Ijitl Bjrbujt ji Aguitfji Ohdd

bgisj`hrh` prgsphbtjvh buaudftjvh bgsts, hvhi tlgucl —jt ]wfsQ pdfji, cjvhi tlh

Bgapfiy‚s pgdjby ge rheusjic tg rhi`hr vgduitfry fssjstfibh ji jistfddjic phi rhcjsthrs

fi` tlh Cgvhriahit‚s `hthrajiftjgi tg bgitjiuh tg utjdjzh tlha, tlft tlh Bgapfiy wjdd

oh suokhbth` tg sjajdfr gr`hrs ji tlh euturh.‑ Ihw Zgrm Phdhplgih, 020 X.R. ft 658 i.5.

Jisthf`, tlgsh bgurts dggmh` gidy ft tlh bgsts fssgbjfth` wjtl tlh pfrtjbudfr gr`hr. J`. ft

630= Aguitfji Ohdd , 565 E.?` ft 6622. Pljs egddgws dgcjbfddy erga tlh ji`jvjùfdjzh`,

efbt-jithisjvh ifturh ge tlh FSF jiqujry. Fppdh‚s euturh bgsts‐wljbl bfi oh

bgaphisfth` ji euturh bfshs‐frh ahrh cuhsswgrm, hsphbjfddy sjibh, wjtlgut migwjic

tlh efbts, tlhrh js ig wfy tg prh`jbt lgw tlh bgurts ji lypgtlhtjbfd euturh bfshs wjdd

whjcl tlh tlrhh Ihw Zgrm Phdhplgih efbtgrs.62

Agrhgvhr, Fppdh lfs prgvhi jtshde agrh tlfi fodh tg bgapdy wjtl f dfrch vgduah

ge dfw-hiegrbhahit rhquhsts. Fppdh lfs f `h`jbfth` thfa egr `gjic sg (Gddh @hbd. µ ?),

fi` jt lfs puodjslh` cuj`hdjihs gi lgw dhcfd prgbhss wjdd oh lfi`dh` (Sjdmjsgi @hbd. Hx.

62 Fppdh js rhpgrth`dy fdrhf`y wgrmjic tg rh-`hsjci tlh j^lgih tg prhbdu`hbgapdjfibh wjtl fiy sjajdfr euturh bgurt gr`hrs, wljbl js figtlhr rhfsgi tg quhstjgi jtsbdfjah` buaudftjvh bgsts fi` jts fsshrtjgi tlft bg`jic js fi uiùh our`hi egr tlhbgapfiy. (Sjdmjsgi @hbd. Hx. 60.)

!"#$ &'()*+,*---(-*./ >6+?,$20 (85 3 N'F(FB


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62). Ji tlh ejrst lfde ge ?>68 fdgih, Fppdh lfi d̀h` ?3,>>> —`hvjbh rhquhsts‑‐gethi

bgvhrjic audtjpdh `hvjbhs‐fi` prgvj`h` `ftf fpprgxjafthdy 5>% ge tlh tjah.

(Sjdmjsgi @hbd. Hx. < ft 2-0.) Je Fppdh bfi prgvj`h `ftf erga tlgusfi`s ge j^lgihs fi`

Fppdh ushrs tg Bljif fi` gtlhr bguitrjhs, jt bfi bgapdy wjtl tlh FSF ji Fahrjbf. ( J`.)

Pljs js igt sphbudftjgi ohbfush, ji efbt, Fppdh bgapdjh` egr yhfrs wjtl Fahrjbfi bgurt

gr`hrs tg hxtrfbt `ftf erga pfssbg`h-dgbmh` j^lgihs, `h`jbftjic jierfstrubturh fi`

phrsgiihd ji gr`hr tg `g sg. (Sjdmjsgi @hbd. Hx. 60 ft ?-2= j`. Hx. 65 ft 2 i.2= Lfiif

@hbd. Hx. @@ ft 85.) Jt ihvhr gokhbth` gr sguclt bgaphisftjgi. (Bgapfrh Gddh @hbd.

µ 62, wjtl Lfiif @hbd. Hx. @@ 8< (—]SQh‚vh ihvhr rhqujrh` bgaphisftjgi.‑).) Fppdh

bfi lfi`dh, fi` lfs lfi`dh`, tljs our`hi.60

Ji sua, tlh gidy bgibrhth, bgcijzfodh our`his Fppdh bfi j`hitjey frh rhfsgifodh,

igt ui`uh, fi` tlh rhafjijic our`his frh sphbudftjvh fi` uirhbgcijzh` oy prhbh`hit.

2. Fppdh‚s Fssjstfibh Js Ihbhssfry

Sjtlgut Fppdh‚s fssjstfibh, tlh cgvhriahit bfiigt bfrry gut tlh shfrbl ge

Efrggm‚s j^lgih futlgrjzh` oy tlh shfrbl wfrrfit. Fppdh lfs hisurh` tlft jts fssjstfibh

js ihbhssfry oy rhqujrjic jts hdhbtrgijb sjcifturh tg rui fiy prgcrfa gi tlh j^lgih.

Hvhi je tlh Bgurt gr`hrh` Fppdh tg prgvj`h tlh cgvhriahit wjtl Fppdh‚s bryptgcrfpljb

mhys fi` sgurbh bg`h, Fppdh jtshde lfs japdjh` tlft tlh cgvhriahit bgud` igt `jsfodh tlh

rhqujsjth ehfturhs ohbfush jt —wgud` lfvh jisueejbjhit migwdh`ch ge Fppdh‚s sgetwfrh fi`

`hsjci prgtgbgds tg oh heehbtjvh.‑ (Ihuhisblwfi`hr @hbd. µ ?2.)

60 Fppdh fdsg bgapdfjis ge lfvjic —tg thstjey fogut tljs ofbm `ggr fs f cgvhriahitwjtihsshs ft trjfd.‑ (Gpp. ?5). —Plh cjvjic ge thstjagiy fi` tlh ftthi`fibh upgi bgurtgr crfi` kury ji gr`hr tg thstjey frh puodjb `utjhs wljbl hvhry phrsgi wjtlji tlh kurjs`jbtjgi ge tlh cgvhriahit js ogui` tg phregra upgi ohjic prgphrdy suaagih`.‑ Odfjr v. Xijth` Rtfths, ?8> X.R. ?3:, ?


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_ftlhr tlfi fbmigwdh`ch tljs pgjit, Fppdh jisthf` odfahs tlh Rfi Ohrifr`jig

Bguity @hpfrtahit ge ̂ uodjb Lhfdtl fi` tlh EOJ. Fppdh frcuhs tlft tlh EOJ bgud` lfvh

cfjih` fbbhss tg sgah ge tlh jiegraftjgi vjf f egrbh` ofbmup tg Efrggm‚s jBdgu`

fbbguit, out sjibh tlh EOJ blfich` tlh jBdgu` pfsswgr` tg cfji qujbm fbbhss tg wlft

wfs stgrh` ji prhvjgus ofbmups ji tlh jaah`jfth fethraftl ge tlh Rfi Ohrifr`jig

slggtjic, tljs pftl wfs odgbmh`. (Gpp. 66.) Plft js ogtl uitruh fi` jrrhdhvfit.

Egr shvhrfd rhfsgis, f egrbh` jBdgu` ofbmup wgud` igt lfvh ohhi subbhsseud hvhi

je tlh pfsswgr` lf` rhafjih` uiblfich`. Efrggm‚s j^lgih wfs egui` pgwhrh` gee.

(Rupp. ^dulfr @hbd. µ ?.) Ruoshquhit thstjic lfs rhvhfdh` tlft gibh pgwhrh` gee, fi

j^lgih wjdd igt ofbm jtshde up tg fi jBdgu` fbbguit uidhss fi` uitjd jt lfs ohhi uidgbmh`ft dhfst gibh oy ush ge tlh pfssbg`h. (^hrjig @hbd. µµ 5.`, 23-2:.) Agrhgvhr, tlh

hvj`hibh gi Efrggm‚s jBdgu` fbbguit succhsts tlft lh lf` fdrhf`y blfich` ljs jBdgu`

pfsswgr` ljashde gi Gbtgohr ??, ?>68‐slgrtdy fethr tlh dfst ofbmup‐fi` tlft tlh futg-

ofbmup ehfturh wfs `jsfodh`. (^dulfr @hbd. µ .) Out tlft `ftf rhafjis gi tlh

j^lgih. Plus, hvhi wjtl f eudd sht ge ofbmups, tlh cgvhriahit stjdd wgud` lfvh ihh`h` tg

shfrbl tlh plgih jtshde ji gr`hr tg dhfvh ig stgih uiturih` ji tljs japgrtfit jivhstjcftjgi.

Agst japgrtfitdy, hvhi fssuajic bguithrefbtufddy tlft sgahtljic bgud` lfvh ohhi

rhbgvhrh` tlrgucl f egrbh` jBdgu` ofbmup, tlhrh lfvh ohhi ig ofbmups sjibh Gbtgohr 6:,

!"#$ &'()*+,*---(-*./ >6+?,$20 (85 3 N'F(=-


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?>68, fi` Fppdh bgibh`hs tlhrh js ig wfy tg egrbh f ofbmup igw. Plus, tlh gidy wfy tg

rhbgvhr fiy suoshquhit `ftf‐wlhtlhr suokhbt tg ofbmup gr gtlhrwjsh‐js tg uidgbm

Efrggm‚s j^lgih. Fi` egr tlh EOJ tg ̀ g tlft, Fppdh aust rhagvh tlh ofrrjhrs jt put gi

tlft plgih.

Fppdh jisjsts tlft ui`hr Ihw Zgrm Phdhplgih, tlh cgvhriahit aust slgw —tlhrh js

ig bgibhjvfodh wfy‑ tg shfrbl Efrggm‚s j^lgih wjtlgut Fppdh‚s fssjstfibh, fi`

bgithi`s tlft tlh cgvhriahit lfs igt ogrih tljs our`hi. (Gpp. 2>)= 020 X.R. ft 630.

Fppdh‚s qugtjic ge Ihw Zgrm Phdhplgih dfbms bgithxt. Plhrh, tlh EOJ bgud` jistfdd tlh

phi rhcjsthr gi jts gwi‐kust igt ji fi —jibgispjbugus‑ dgbftjgi. J`. ft 656. Agrhgvhr,

tlhrh js ig ji`jbftjgi tlft tlh EOJ ejrst hidjsth` tlh hitjrh eh`hrfd cgvhriahit ji shfrbl gejivhstjcftjvh fdthriftjvhs. J`. ft 638 (—Plh EOJ . . . wfs uifodh tg eji` f dgbftjgi wlhrh jt

bgud` jistfdd jts gwi phi rhcjsthrs wjtlgut tjppjic gee tlh tfrchts ge tlh jivhstjcftjgi.‑

(haplfsjs f``h`)). Plh orgf`hr rhfsgijic ge Ihw Zgrm Phdhplgih eurtlhr rheuths fi

fosgduth ihbhssjty stfi`fr`; tlh Bgurt hxprhssdy rhdjh` upgi tlh —ihbhssfry gr

fpprgprjfth‑ dficufch ji tlh Fdd Srjts Fbt. J`. ft 63?-30. _hcfr`dhss, hvhi je fosgduth

ihbhssjty whrh rhqujrh`, tlh ui`jsputh` hvj`hibh js tlft tlh EOJ bfiigt uidgbm Efrggm‚s

plgih wjtlgut Fppdh‚s fssjstfibh. (Sjdmjsgi @hbd. Hx. 65 ft ?-2= ^dulfr @hbd. µ :.)

* * *

Plh —`hejijth fi` bgibrhth‑ efbts ge tljs bfsh‐fs gppgsh` tg tlh —lypgtlhtjbfd gr

fostrfbt‑ euturh sbhifrjgs bgikurh` up oy Fppdh, shh Bgrsj, 2?5 X.R. ft :2‐fapdy

suppgrt tlh Bgurt‚s Gr`hr. Fppdh `hdjohrfthdy hstfodjslh` f shburjty pfrf`jca tlft mhhps

Fppdh jitjafthdy bgiihbth` tg jts j^lgihs. Pljs sfah pfrf`jca afmhs Fppdh‚s

fssjstfibh ihbhssfry egr hxhbutjic tlh dfweud wfrrfit tg shfrbl Efrggm‚s j^lgih. Rubl

fssjstfibh japgshs f our`hi tlft js igt uirhfsgifodh, pfrtjbudfrdy egr f bgapfiy ge

Fppdh‚s whfdtl, sjzh, fi` thblijbfd prgwhss. Plh Gr`hr `ghs ig agrh tlfi rhqujrh Fppdh

tg uimigt sgah ge tlh tficdh jt lfs af`h, sg tlft tlh bgurt-futlgrjzh` jivhstjcftjgi jitg

Efrggm‚s j^lgih bfi prgbhh`.

!"#$ &'()*+,*---(-*./ >6+?,$20 (85 3 N'F(=(


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Plh Gr`hr @ghs Igt Japdjbfth, Dht Fdgih Ujgdfth, tlh Ejrst fi` EjetlFahiàhits

Fppdh ohcjis jts Gppgsjtjgi oy jisjstjic tlft tlh jssuhs ji tljs bfsh slgud` oh dhet

tg Bgicrhss (Gpp. :), fi` hi`s oy jisjstjic tlft tlh Bgistjtutjgi tfmhs tlgsh jssuhs gee

tlh tfodh (Gpp. 2?-20). Igt sg. Plh Gr`hr js bgistjtutjgifd, igtwjtlstfi`jic Fppdh‚s

fsshrtjgi ge bgrpgrfth sphhbl rjclts fi` Dgblihr -hrf suostfitjvh ùh prgbhss.68

6.

Jibj`hitfddy _hqujrjic f Bgrpgrftjgi tg F`` Euibtjgifd Rgurbh Bg`htg f Bgaahrbjfd ^rgùbt @ghs Igt Ujgdfth tlh Ejrst Fahiàhit

Fppdh fsshrts tlft euibtjgifd sgurbh bg`h ji f bgrpgrftjgi‚s bgaahrbjfd prgùbt js

bgrh prgthbth` sphhbl, subl tlft fsmjic jt tg ag`jey tlft sgetwfrh gi gih `hvjbh‐tg

phrajt tlh hxhbutjgi ge f dfweud wfrrfit‐js bgaphddh` sphhbl ji vjgdftjgi ge tlh EjrstFahiàhit. Pljs bdfja —trjvjfdjzhs tlh erhh`ga prgthbth` ji Ofrihtth fi` Sggdhy.‑65

Rhh _uasehd` v. Egrua egr Fbf`. & Jistjtutjgifd _jclts, Jib., 803 X.R. 03, 5? (?>>5).

Ohegrh rhfbljic tlh sphbjejbs ge Fppdh‚s bdfja, jt js japgrtfit tg stfrt wjtl f

tlrhslgd` goshrvftjgi; tlh —hsshitjfd gphrftjgis‑ ge tlh Fahrjbfi dhcfd systha rhst upgi

phgpdh sgahtjahs lfvjic tg sfy tljics tlft tlhy wgud` rftlhr igt sfy‐subl fs wlhi f

wjtihss js suopghifh` fi` swgri tg sphfm tlh wlgdh trutl fi` igtljic out tlh trutl.

Shst Ujrcjijf O`. ge H`. v. Ofrihtth, 26: X.R. 5?0, 508 (6:02) (Aurply, K., bgiburrjic)

(bgaphddh` sphhbl `gbtrjih jifppdjbfodh tg —hsshitjfd gphrftjgis ge cgvhriahit‑ subl

—fs ji tlh bfsh ge bgapudsjgi tg cjvh hvj`hibh ji bgurt‑)= shh fdsg Aurply v. Sfthrergit

68 Plh shfrbl ge f safrtplgih `ghs japdjbfth tlh Egurtl Fahiàhit, shh _jdhy,620 R. Bt. ft ?0 X.R. 233, 2


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Bgaa‚i ge Ihw Zgrm Lfrogr , 23< X.R. 8?, :2-:0 (6:50) (—Fagic tlh ihbhssfry fi`

agst japgrtfit ge tlh pgwhrs ge . . . tlh Eh`hrfd Cgvhriahit tg fssurh tlh heehbtjvh

euibtjgijic ge cgvhriahit ji fi gr`hrh` sgbjhty js tlh orgf` pgwhr tg bgaphd rhsj`hits

tg thstjey ji bgurt gr ohegrh crfi` kurjhs gr fchibjhs.‑), forgcfth` gi gtlhr crgui`s oy

Xijth` Rtfths v. Ofdsys, 8?0 X.R. 555 (6::6) (rhbgcijzjic

tlft sgurbh bg`h‚s —euibtjgifd bfpfojdjty js igt sphhbl wjtlji tlh ahfijic ge tlh Ejrst

Fahiàhit‑). —]PQlft ]prgcrfaajicQ gbburs ft sgah dhvhd tlrgucl hxprhssjgi `ghs igt

hdhvfth fdd subl bgiùbt tg tlh ljclhst dhvhds ge Ejrst Fahiàhit prgthbtjgi. @gjic sg

wgud` turi bhiturjhs ge gur dfw fi` dhcfd trf`jtjgi gi jts lhf`, hvjsbhrftjic tlh bfrheuddy

brfeth` ofdfibh ohtwhhi erhh sphhbl fi` phrajssjodh cgvhriahit rhcudftjgi.‑ Xijth`

Rtfths v. Hdbga Dt`., ?>2 E. Rupp. ?` 6666, 66?>?).

Pg tlh hxthit Fppdh‚s sgetwfrh jibdu`hs hxprhssjvh hdhahits‐subl fs vfrjfodh

ifahs fi` bgaahits‐tlh Gr`hr phrajts Fppdh tg hxprhss wlfthvhr jt wfits, sg dgic fs

tlh sgetwfrh euibtjgis. Be. Mfri v. Xijth` Rtfths @hpfrtahit ge Rtfth, :?8 E. Rupp. 6, :-

6> (@[email protected]. 6::5) (fssuajic, wjtlgut `hbj`jic, tlft sgurbh bg`h wfs sphhbl ohbfush jt

lf` Hicdjsl bgaahits jithrsphrsh`). Ji`hh`, tlh Gr`hr‚s —orgf` rhqujrhahits‑ `g —igt

!"#$ &'()*+,*---(-*./ >6+?,$20 (85 3 N'F(==


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`jbtfth fiy sphbjejb ahssfch,‑ out dhfvh jt gphi tg Fppdh tg `hbj`h lgw tg `hvhdgp tlh

bg`h. Rhh Hivtd. @he. Btr., Jib. v. X.R. H.^.F., 200 E.2` 2).

Fi` hvhi fssuajic, frcuhi`g, tlft tlh Gr`hr bgaphds sphhbl-djmh prgcrfaajic, tlhrh

js ig fu`jhibh; Fppdh‚s bg`h wjdd oh `hvhdgph` ji tlh utagst shbrhby fi` wjdd ihvhr oh

shhi gutsj`h tlh bgrpgrftjgi. Be. Eudd Ufduh F`vjsgrs, DDB v. R.H.B., 522 E.2` 66>6,

66>: (@.B. Bjr. ?>66) (—bgistjtutjgifd bgibhris‑ wjtl bgaphddh` puodjb sphhbl frh

igt trjcchrh` wlhi cgvhriahit bgaajssjgi —js ]tlhQ gidy fu`jhibh‑)= Xijth` Rtfths v.

Rji`hd , 82 E.2`


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bgiùbt wjtl sphhbl hxpdfjijic jt.‑ J`. ft 55. ^rhsuafody, Fppdh wjdd rhspgi` tlft je jt

ag`jejhs Efrggm‚s j^lgih tg fddgw tlh cgvhriahit fbbhss tg tlh plgih, jt —bgud` oh

vjhwh` fs shi`jic tlh ahssfch tlft ]jtQ shh]sQ igtljic wrgic wjtl ]subl fbbhssQ, wlhi

]jtQ `g]hsQ.‑ J`. ft 50-58. Out tlh Ruprhah Bgurt `hrj`h` tlft frcuahit ji _uasehd` ,

hxpdfjijic tlft —]iQgtljic fogut rhbrujtjic succhsts tlft dfw sblggds fcrhh wjtl fiy

sphhbl oy rhbrujthrs, fi` igtljic ji tlh Rgdgagi Fahiàhit rhstrjbts wlft tlh dfw

sblggds afy sfy fogut tlh ajdjtfry‚s pgdjbjhs.‑ J`. ft 58. Rg tgg lhrh. Fi` kust fs ji

_uasehd` , tlh puodjb —bfi fpprhbjfth tlh `jeehrhibh ohtwhhi sphhbl ]FppdhQ spgisgrs‑

fi` bg`h Fppdh `hvhdgps —ohbfush ]jt jsQ dhcfddy rhqujrh` tg `g sg.‑ J`. Jt js hxtrhahdy

uidjmhdy tlft fiygih bgud` ui`hrstfi` Fppdh tg oh hxprhssjic f ahssfch ge lgstjdjty tg—`ftf shburjty fi` tlh prjvfby ge bjtjzhis‑ (Gpp. 22), —cjvhi ogtl tlh ifturh ge ]Fppdh‚sQ

fbtjvjty fi` tlh efbtufd bgithxt fi` hivjrgiahit ji wljbl jt wfs ui`hrtfmhi.‑ Kfbgos v.

Bdfrm Bty. Rbl. @jst., 8?5 E.2` 06:, 02< (:tl Bjr. ?>>< X.R.

558, 3>> (6:3?) (rhbgcijzjic tlft —tlh jivhstjcftjgi ge f brjah‑ fi` —shburjic tlh

sfehty‑ ge bjtjzhis frh —eui`fahitfd‑ jithrhsts egr Ejrst Fahiàhit purpgshs). Fs sht

egrtl fogvh, tlh EOJ bfiigt shfrbl Efrggm‚s j^lgih wjtlgut Fppdh‚s fssjstfibh, fi`

Fppdh lfs geehrh` ig dhss sphhbl-our`hisgah afiihr egr prgvj`jic tlft fssjstfibh.

Egr fdd ge tlhsh rhfsgis, Fppdh‚s Ejrst Fahiàhit bdfja aust efjd.

?. Plhrh Js Ig @uh ^rgbhss _jclt Igt tg @hvhdgp Rgurbh Bg`h

Fppdh dfstdy fsshrts tlft tlh Gr`hr vjgdfths jts Ejetl Fahiàhit rjclt tg ùh

prgbhss. Fppdh js burrhitdy fvfjdjic jtshde ge tlh bgisj`hrfodh prgbhss gur dhcfd systha

prgvj`hs, fi` jt js du`jbrgus tg `hsbrjoh tlh cgvhriahit‚s fbtjgis lhrh fs —frojtrfry.‑

!"#$ &'()*+,*---(-*./ >6+?,$20 (85 3 N'F(=&


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(Gpp. 20)= shh Bguity ge Rfbrfahitg v. Dhwjs, 8?2 X.R.


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HJDHHI A. @HBMH_Xijth` Rtfths Fttgrihy^FP_JBJF F. @GIFLXHFssjstfit Xijth` Rtfths FttgrihyBljhe, Iftjgifd Rhburjty @jvjsjgiP_FBZ D. SJDMJRGI (Bfdjegrijf Ofr Ig. 6 Xijth` Rtfths Bgurtlgush26? Igrtl Rprjic RtrhhtDgs Fichdhs, Bfdjegrijf :>>6?Phdhplgih; (?62) >Efbsjajdh; (?62) >, BFDJEG_IJFDJBHIRH ^DFPH #8MC@?>2

H@ Ig. BA 65-6> (R^)

@HBDF_FPJGI GE P_FBZ D.SJDMJRGI JI RX^^G_P GECGUH_IAHIP‚R _H^DZ JI RX^^G_PGE AGPJGI PG BGA^HD FI@G^^GRJPJGI PG F^^DH JIB.‚RAGPJGI PG UFBFPH G_@H_=H\LJOJPR 6-65

Lhfrjic @fth; Afrbl ??, ?>65Lhfrjic Pjah; 6;>> p.a.Dgbftjgi; Bgurtrgga ge tlh

Lgi. Rlhrj ^ya

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@HBDF_FPJGI GE P_FBZ D. SJDMJRGI

J, Prfby D. Sjdmjsgi, `hbdfrh fs egddgws;

6.

J fa fi Fssjstfit Xijth` Rtfths Fttgrihy ji tlh Xijth` Rtfths Fttgrihy‚s

Geejbh egr tlh Bhitrfd @jstrjbt ge Bfdjegrijf. J fa gih ge tlh fttgrihys wlg rhprhshit tlh

cgvhriahit ji tlh jistfit aftthr.

?.

Fttfblh` lhrhtg fs Hxljojt 6 frh truh fi` bgrrhbt bgpjhs ge tlh frtjbdh

Fppdh‚s Dfwyhr; Je Sh Dgsh, Jt Sjdd Dhf` tg f “̂ gdjbh Rtfth,‚ oy @fvj` Cgd`afi fi`

Dfurjh Rhcfdd, puodjslh` gi Ehorufry ?5, ?>65, fvfjdfodh ft lttp;//agihy.bii.bga/

?>65/>?/?5/thbligdgcy/th`-gdsgi-fppdh/ji`hx.ltad, fi` prjith` gi Afrbl :, ?>65= fi`

tlh frtjbdh Pja Bggm; EOJ Js Fsmjic Fppdh tg Brhfth “Rgetwfrh Hqujvfdhit ge Bfibhr ,‚ oyAjmhy Bfapohdd, puodjslh` gi Ehorufry ?0, ?>65, fvfjdfodh ft

lttp;//fppdhjisj`hr.bga/frtjbdhs/65/>?/?0/tja-bggm-eoj-js-fsmjic-fppdh-tg-brhfth-

sgetwfrh-hqujvfdhit-ge-bfibhr, fi` prjith` gi Afrbl :, ?>65.

2. Fttfblh` lhrhtg fs Hxljojt ? js f truh fi` bgrrhbt bgpy ge X.R. Rhb. fi`

Hxbl. Bgaa‚i Egra 6>-M Fiiufd _hpgrt egr Fppdh Jib. (ejdh` gi Gbt. ?68),

fvfjdfodh ft lttp;//jivhstgr.fppdh.bga/shbejdjic.bea7ejdjicJ@166:26?8-68-

285286&BJM12?>6:2.

0.

Fttfblh` lhrhtg fs Hxljojt 2 js f truh fi` bgrrhbt bgpy ge tlh Hicdjsl

Dficufch pgrtjgis ge tlh Fppdh Jib. (—Fppdh‑) `gbuahit jGR :.> Rgetwfrh Djbhish

Fcrhhahit egr j^lgih, j^f`, fi` j^g` Pgubl, fvfjdfodh ft

lttp;//jafchs.fppdh.bga/dhcfd/sdf/`gbs/jGR:.p`e, fi` prjith` gi Afrbl 8, ?>65.

8. Fttfblh` lhrhtg fs Hxljojt 0 js f truh fi` bgrrhbt bgpy ge Fppdh `gbuahit

Phras fi` Bgi`jtjgis, fvfjdfodh ft lttp;//www.fppdh.bga/dhcfd/jithriht-

shrvjbhs/jtuihs/us/thras.ltad, fi` prjith` gi Afrbl 8, ?>65.

5. Fttfblh` lhrhtg fs Hxljojt 8 js f truh fi` bgrrhbt bgpy ge tlh Jithriht

frbljvh stgrh` vhrsjgi ge Fppdh‚s stfthahit Gur Bgaajtahit Pg Bustgahr ^rjvfby

@ghsi‚t Rtgp Ohbfush Ge F Cgvhriahit Jiegraftjgi _hquhst (Afrbl 26, ?>68),

!"#$ &'()*+,*---(-*./ >6+?,$20 (85*( 3 O'7(=N


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fvfjdfodh ft lttp;//who.frbljvh.grc/who/?>68>226>>83/lttp;/www.fppdh.bga/

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Apple vs. DOJ: Reply to motion (March 10, 2016)

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