Apple Flowering and Fruit Quality

PowerPoint Presentation

Matthew Whiting Washington State UniversityAPPLE FLOWERING &FRUIT QUALITY

Flowering & quality:Broad topicGenotypeEnvironmentManagement

InitiationPollinationFruit quality

Floral initiation to fruit harvest

Floral initiationFirst step in processes of flowering and fruit developmentEvolutionary mechanism through which plant distributes seed

Manipulated by growers for profitSequence of eventsWhen, where, why

Floral initiationFlower initials formed within buds Summer and FallA 15-month process

Buds either vegetative or mixed

Floral initiationFloral buds typically borne on spurs2-year-old and older wood

Lateral buds on current season shootCultivar-dependent

Terminal buds on shoots

Initiation of floweringTransformation of vegetative apex to reproductive apex

Can occur on same tree at widely varying timesNot triggered by specific temp or daylength

Initiation of floweringKey factors interfering:

Hormonal balanceAvailability of nutrients (CH2O in particular)Interaction of theseOthers..

Floral initiation

Scanning Electron MicroscopyFoster et al., 2003Annals of Bot. 92:199-206

V: Narrow, flat V: Broad, flatR: Domed

Foster et al., 2003Annals of Bot. 92:199-206

FM floral meristemB bracttFM terminal FMS sepal

Factors affecting floweringFruit loadHeavy cropping will inhibit FBICreates biennial/alternate bearingExcessive crop on year leads to light crop off yearEffect is localHalf trees can be on or offEffect may be more localized spur only

Thought to be GAs produced in seeded fruit + nutritional

Factors affecting floweringLight

Uniform flowering in UFO system

Factors affecting floweringGenotype

Both cultivar and rootstock have great effectGrowth regulatorsGAs inhibit FBI (GA3 and GA7)Cytokinins promote FBI

PruningHigh vigor = lower FBISummer pruning can improve FBI (ca. 12 lvs)

Dormant hedgingSetting the box to be followed with summer pruning

Dormant cutmade firstSummer cutsummer cut(see next floral bud)Summer cut

Mechanical pruning in summer (10-12 lvs)

Dormant cutSummer cutFloral bud

Floral initiationCritical first step to productivity

Controlled by developmental processes, endogenous and exogenous factors

May be manipulated for profitGoal: consistent, balanced floral initiation

Fruit set/fertilizationPollinationMediated by Apis mellifera

Pollenizers + pollinators

Fertilization5 locules10 ovulesSeed set

Pollenizer + pollinator modelApple requires cross-pollinationGametophytic incompatibilityKnow your S-alleles and bloom timing...

Fruit setTrees produce 10-15x more flowers than desirable fruit number/tree

Cell division reduced if too many fruit = small fruit

Critical to adjust fruit numbers earlyBenefits fruit size, current seasonBenefits bloom, subsequent season

Insufficient density/distributionLack of overlapping bloomDistribution of pollen born virusesHarboring pests/diseases

No bloom overlapPollenizersChallenges with P+P model:

Colony collapse disorderIncreasing costVariable colony performanceDistribution & densityVariable environmental conditions

PollinatorsChallenges with P+P model:

Proposed solution:Collect pollenSuspend pollenApply pollen via sprayer

No pollenizers nor pollinators

Precision pollinationTieton/ Gisela 5: 8 years old trained to UFO

Future pollination system?

Fruit quality variability

Fruit Value/Consumer AppealGenetic PotentialIdeal managementNumber of FruitConventional managementThe ultimate goal:

Three key questions:

By how much does fruit quality vary?What are sources of this variability?How can variability be reduced/improved?

2/23/17Template F-circles dk grey29

3rd leaf Fuji 0.8 x 3 m

Defoliated treesMapped fruit positionMapped wood

15 yr old Fuji2.5 x 4 m

1. By how much does quality vary?Fruit soluble solids (obrix)

2-fold variability - 10 to 20 brix

Fruit weight (grams)

1. By how much does quality vary?>4-fold variability - 90 to 400 g

Fruit color (% red)1. By how much does quality vary?

Tremendous variability - 0 to 100%

Relationship with fruit position?

Fruit position vs. quality

3D canopy models

DefoliateMap fruit positionAnalyze each fruitCreate 3D quality maps

Fruit size and color

3rd leaf Fuji

29 fruitNo clear positional effects

Fruit size and color

15-yr old Fuji

384 fruit

Defoliation to improve harvest efficiency & fruit quality

Harvest efficiency +25%100% colour

Causes of variability?

Which flower has the greatest quality potential?

TreatmentFruit weight (g)Firmness (lb)Soluble solids (%)Hand-thinned control230 a17.5 a12.0 aThinned to KING flower203 b17.3 a10.7 bThinned to SIDE flower230 a17.5 a10.6 b

Table 1. Effect of hand-thinning every cluster throughout entire trees to either the king or a side flower on fruit quality attributes of Buckeye Gala. Thinning treatments are compared to normal commercial practice (hand-thinned control).

Quality potential similar for king & side flowers

Timing of flowering on fruit quality

Last-opening flowers appear to have lower quality potential

[email protected]: WSUStoneFruitPhysiology

brix0.0344827586000.00613496930000.0184049080.0344827586000.162576687100.047619047600.39877300610.03448275860.16666666670.17647058820.28527607360.20689655170.28571428570.41176470590.09815950920.37931034480.35714285710.25490196080.01533742330.2758620690.07142857140.1372549020.01533742330.03448275860.04761904760.0196078431000.0238095238000000

tree1tree2tree3bigtree

weight000.04761904760.01960784310.01226993870.0689655172000.03987730060.06896551720.02380952380.01960784310.10736196320.13793103450.07142857140.1372549020.20245398770.13793103450.09523809520.17647058820.23926380370.24137931030.26190476190.4313725490.19325153370.03448275860.21428571430.1372549020.11656441720.03448275860.14285714290.01960784310.06441717790.13793103450.09523809520.05882352940.02147239260.06896551720.047619047600.00306748470.03448275860000.034482758600

big treetree1tree2tree3

firmness0.0030581040000.0061162080000.079510703400.06976744190.03846153850.56880733940.06666666670.18604651160.23076923080.30275229360.40.34883720930.55769230770.02752293580.26666666670.20930232560.09615384620.0061162080.16666666670.11627906980.03846153850.0061162080.033333333300.019230769200.03333333330.023255814000.03333333330.04651162790.01923076920000


color0000.19018404910000.09202453990000.0368098160000.070552147200.023809523800.11042944790.03448275860.023809523800.16257668710.10344827590.07142857140.03921568630.08282208590.13793103450.04761904760.31372549020.09202453990.20689655170.16666666670.23529411760.09815950920.37931034480.23809523810.21568627450.04294478530.13793103450.42857142860.19607843140.0214723926

tree1tree2tree3BigTree

Sheet1WaterApple ID% RedCoreStarchDateWeightDiameterHeight(ClosestSunburnFirmnessFirmnessFirmnessRatingRating(g)(mm)(mm)10%)(0-5)(1) (lb)(2) (lb)mean(1-5)(1-6)BrixEARLY HARVESTWeightDiameterFirmnessBrix9/26/0813G174.373.369.940222.018.520.31214.510BinFrequencypercentTREE1224.59/26/0817A142.467.461.820017.217.617.41114.0111000TREE2228.49/26/0842A123.768.052.490122.620.621.61213.7121110.0285714286TREE3208.09/26/0814B138.868.457.250118.519.519.01116.6131200BIGTREE218.59/26/0814A131.766.559.890119.018.418.71214.0141350.14285714299/26/0817B159.470.566.550019.919.019.51213.31514210.69/26/0838A195.478.568.980124.019.521.81113.1161540.11428571439/26/0840A152.772.962.170021.323.522.41112.9171630.08571428579/26/0813C207.380.369.670116.719.918.31112.3181710.02857142869/26/0826B255.286.773.360122.119.520.81114.21918009/26/084A196.680.562.770221.822.422.11113.12019009/26/0826A227.483.671.560122.522.222.41114.02120009/26/088E236.083.172.450020.622.621.61213.12221009/26/088D234.380.469.370122.020.221.11215.922009/26/0813F201.276.266.150020.121.720.91113.5More09/26/08O18B230.784.371.940016.620.018.31113.8359/26/08OB132.365.360.870127.122.524.81115.39/26/0831A258.784.073.470218.521.019.81114.89/26/088A185.976.562.070119.721.620.71312.99/26/084D225.579.668.550126.920.523.71113.59/26/0813B286.993.276.280019.317.718.51213.49/26/0813E162.385.871.190119.620.820.21113.29/26/0813A270.385.871.190118.518.818.71112.79/26/0836A200.975.469.580224.220.922.61113.19/26/0814C181.361.374.8100120.019.019.51113.59/26/0814D139.466.265.8100020.520.120.31114.09/26/08OB184.979.662.680027.122.524.81115.39/26/0813D252.383.370.560424.016.620.31113.29/26/0813H200.977.866.550023.121.422.31113.29/26/088C207.378.669.090220.519.620.11213.19/26/0818A235.483.567.450218.817.618.21110.39/26/084B148.169.162.830227.224.826.01213.79/26/084C229.680.468.0100019.019.719.41112.99/26/088F165.473.162.650020.018.619.31113.99/26/088B216.079.770.240120.520.020.31114.6TREE1BinFrequencypercent10/21/0812A227.777.470.8100018.617.618.14416.0BinFrequencypercent80BinFrequencypercent10BinFrequencypercent000010/21/0815A392.894.883.990015.921.118.51214.11010.0344827586110BinFrequency12100010100010/21/0832A154.770.457.890020.523.021.81117.11100140800014120020200010/21/0813-5A109.061.854.950024.523.023.81515.71210.034482758617011020.068965517216140030300010/21/0811-1A203.275.967.060022.021.521.81214.4130020014020.0689655172181620.066666666740400010/21/0813-4A122.462.458.1800>28>2828.01615.51410.034482758623017040.13793103452018120.4505010.034482758610/21/08OA324.089.978.180016.516.516.51214.51560.206896551726020040.1379310345222080.2666666667606030.103448275910/21/0823B294.086.872.280015.516.616.11216.216110.379310344829023070.2413793103242250.1666666667707040.137931034510/21/0822A306.689.374.190016.416.616.51215.81780.27586206932026010.0344827586262410.0333333333808060.206896551710/21/085A225.482.266.770019.517.618.61416.31810.034482758635029010.0344827586282610.03333333339090110.379310344810/21/0822B221.681.068.290020.017.218.61216.1190038032040.1379310345302810.033333333310010040.137931034510/21/0823A304.989.975.060017.618.418.03215.9200041035020.06896551723000More010/21/0817A195.079.358.570016.519.217.91214.8210038010.0344827586More02910/21/0821A140.969.058.390018.722.520.62114.6220041010.03448275863010/21/086A332.492.080.090015.618.717.21213.8More010/21/0813A165.771.961.070020.722.421.61215.22910/21/0830A184.472.363.990018.517.017.82115.710/21/0813-6A182.075.067.790018.019.218.61216.810/21/0817B229.978.872.7100020.016.918.51215.710/21/0834A114.962.055.8100014.920.017.51215.42910/21/0835A226.179.767.5100018.017.517.82311.410/21/08OB83.256.849.360024.8>2824.81616.510/21/0827A260.284.071.690014.515.915.21214.210/21/08131A303.688.279.280015.015.515.3139.110/21/085B191.078.769.090017.517.217.41316.810/21/0831A229.379.474.690019.517.018.31116.110/21/0811A161.670.462.970019.621.820.71215.910/21/0826A373.393.480.080017.514.616.11115.610/21/0811B251.381.568.280016.716.016.41216.6Mean224.578.467.882.10.018.318.518.41.32.415.2TREE2BinFrequencypercent10/22/087-2A293.088.277.080016.013.915.01113.1BinFrequencypercentBinFrequencypercentBinFrequencyPercent00010/22/087-4A197.978.970.880019.217.218.21115.210008020.04761904761000100010/22/0822B255.484.967.590016.815.816.32115.01100110001200200010/22/087-5A236.082.667.690016.216.916.61115.1120014010.02380952381430.0697674419300010/22/0828-3A136.966.758.260026.622.924.81614.61320.047619047617030.07142857141680.18604651164010.023809523810/22/0828B219.283.168.8100020.017.218.61114.61470.166666666720040.095238095218150.34883720935010.023809523810/22/087A279.587.877.1100015.115.215.21113.415120.2857142857230110.26190476192090.20930232566030.071428571410/22/0820A279.087.576.3100015.813.614.73415.316150.357142857126090.21428571432250.11627906987020.047619047610/22/087B240.484.168.290018.017.918.01414.61730.071428571429060.142857142924008070.166666666710/22/0826B239.279.973.640017.917.617.83315.31820.047619047632040.09523809522610.02325581490100.238095238110/22/0828D216.876.870.2100022.118.820.51315.71910.023809523835020.04761904762820.0465116279100180.428571428610/22/0822C241.886.369.080017.718.518.13213.42000380003000More010/22/0828-5A202.882.163.990018.616.917.81315.9210041000More04210/22/0828C166.476.760.7100019.017.318.21215.922004310/22/0828A212.181.265.970016.417.416.91315.2More010/22/0822A287.191.272.980014.416.815.62114.14210/22/087C182.771.770.5100020.918.919.93214.410/22/0825B228.482.771.7100019.517.118.31614.710/22/0832A313.090.778.8100016.516.116.33412.810/22/0819A196.675.166.890018.122.220.22314.04210/22/0825A206.281.268.790016.918.517.71315.410/22/0831A295.589.075.9100018.217.317.81313.810/22/0840A329.290.650.5100016.416.216.32314.610/22/0828-2A218.980.969.7100016.116.416.31314.810/22/0839A202.079.163.0100017.919.618.81213.110/22/0844A249.986.068.5100017.415.416.41315.810/22/0823-1A341.389.679.190014.215.014.61315.510/22/087-8A200.578.865.450022.118.320.21616.010/22/080B219.681.769.1100016.716.916.81415.010/22/0816A279.689.172.4100016.115.816.01414.610/22/0822D182.175.164.770021.021.221.11615.510/22/080A243.185.176.0100515.316.315.81315.910/22/0826A235.384.570.690019.716.818.31316.310/22/0823A270.285.777.390015.112.914.01412.710/22/0823-2A149.667.966.780021.718.520.11315.210/22/0825C213.677.268.380017.117.917.51416.310/22/080C168.378.659.590014.315.414.93317.910/22/0832B273.884.879.0100015.111.113.13313.810/22/0841A252.778.267.1100021.215.418.32418.310/22/087-4A295.486.866.680012.014.013.01517.910/22/0823B63.246.439.960526.727.026.91614.910/22/0823-3A79.350.444.860027.027.027.01616.3Mean228.480.668.187.40.218.217.417.81.53.215.0TREE310/23/083A223.576.465.390015.516.015.81214.2BinFrequencypercent8010.0196078431BinFrequencyPercentBinFrequencypercent10/23/088B228.380.969.770018.017.517.81216.3100011000100000010/23/082-1B267.887.170.690015.515.515.51213.3110014010.01960784311200100010/23/0817-1A222.982.271.2100015.816.516.21214.7120017070.1372549021420.0384615385200010/23/082-3A233.382.367.9100018.017.017.51214.4130020090.176470588216120.2307692308300010/23/082-C206.078.566.560017.117.617.41313.11490.1764705882230220.43137254918290.5576923077400010/23/082E160.873.261.880018.014.016.01114.715210.411764705926070.1372549022050.0961538462500010/23/0819B201.476.765.880018.118.118.11215.116130.254901960829010.01960784312220.03846153856020.039215686310/23/0827-2A225.078.669.090016.218.017.11115.51770.13725490232030.05882352942410.019230769270160.313725490210/23/0819C209.379.062.470017.020.518.81214.91810.019607843135000260080120.235294117610/23/082-4A193.075.266.990017.425.021.21414.61900380002810.019230769290110.215686274510/23/0817A175.374.060.180019.416.017.71114.82000410003000100100.196078431410/23/083B191.576.063.570016.017.616.81214.32100More0More010/23/081D207.777.269.070020.018.519.31314.32200525110/23/080B155.770.957.390018.515.517.01115.6More010/23/080A168.875.560.370019.517.518.51216.15110/23/0831A310.683.676.1100016.517.016.81214.710/23/0832A300.887.872.7100017.516.016.81214.210/23/081C291.388.475.080020.214.617.41214.45110/23/0818C166.973.264.680017.017.017.01214.110/23/0823-1A151.370.262.670017.516.517.01314.410/23/088A149.986.563.270018.518.618.61216.110/23/087B188.976.563.270014.516.615.61213.210/23/0827A244.484.768.390015.916.616.31315.110/23/087A202.875.767.870015.916.516.21313.910/23/082A225.383.966.070015.514.615.11214.810/23/0818A193.076.861.460016.015.615.81414.010/23/0817C197.874.964.580217.116.016.61216.710/23/080C148.368.262.3100014.014.014.01214.810/23/0811A218.983.267.480015.916.516.21214.210/23/0819A223.283.065.290014.716.015.41213.710/23/082B229.552.370.970017.518.017.81215.710/23/0814A230.080.669.990017.617.517.61214.910/23/082-D189.176.365.490015.018.016.51213.810/23/082-1A240.883.769.270015.514.515.01215.710/23/0833A228.878.171.2100016.514.615.61215.710/23/0823-2A222.581.672.9100017.617.417.51216.110/23/0823C235.479.770.6100014.415.014.71214.610/23/0818B255.882.270.470016.517.517.02215.710/23/0811B224.680.665.270217.515.616.62215.210/23/0827B203.477.667.480019.214.216.71516.010/23/0818-1A237.181.865.090015.516.916.22216.210/23/0823B205.374.066.870013.517.515.52314.010/23/08no mark208.376.767.990123.221.522.41516.510/23/0822A203.476.867.7100015.416.015.71315.610/23/0824A184.075.164.780014.513.514.01215.310/23/0811-3A113.565.055.280022.519.020.81114.310/23/081A75.652.949.570027.027.027.01616.010/23/0817B174.176.362.780018.616.617.61117.210/23/081B221.579.964.6100018.018.018.01113.610/23/0823A241.878.571.880018.817.017.92114.4Mean208.077.566.282.20.117.317.017.11.12.314.9BinFrequencypercentBinFrequencypercentBinFrequencypercent0620.19018404911010.00305810410300.0920245399BIG 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Apple Flowering and Fruit Quality

Science

Transcript of Apple Flowering and Fruit Quality