Appendixes

Appendix A: Czech founding myths Appendix BI: Czechoslovak ministers 1918–38 Appendix BII: Czechoslovak governments 1918–38 Appendix CI: Biographical data on central politicians Appendix CII: Biographical data on scholars and textbook authors Appendix D: Basic economic data

1. Unemployment by region 1925–36 (percentages) 2. Unemployment by region 1922–38 (seasonal variations) 3. Average unemployment 1921–38 4. Average daily wages 1921–36 (Kč) 5. Price index 1919–38 (figure) 6. Agricultural holdings according to size, 1921 and 1930 7. Foreign trade 1924–29

Appendix E: State budget and financial statement/accounts 1919–37 Appendix F: Social composition of the Revolutionary Parliament Appendix G: Deputies from Slovakia 1918–38 Appendix H: Election results, nationality and religion in Slovakia

Appendix A Czech founding myths

Czech founding myths, relating how the Czechs came to their present habitat and how they chose their first ruler, appeared in written form for the first time in the Czech Chronicle (Chronica Boemorum) of Kosmas (ca. 1045–1125). He was first canon, later dean at the St. Vitus chapter of Prague. Perhaps the best-known story is the legend of Forefather Czech (Praotec Čech). In Josef Pešek's Matka vlast (1923) the legend is retold thus:

"As the story goes, the Slavs were brought to our lands over three rivers in the distant past by an elderly man whose name was Czech. At the time, our lands were covered with dense forest void of human habitation, where the bees were buzzing, birds were singing, horses were whinnying and the sounds of countless other animals could be heard. In the clean and healthy Czech waters fish was playing. And also the climate pleased the newcomers.

Standing on the soil of our land, Forefather Czech cast a searching glance over mountains and valleys. The journey stopped at the foot of the mountain Říp [north of Prague], where he looked around, and 'Grand-dad' whom his people had carried with them on their shoulders, blissfully set foot on the ground. When he later was standing on the peak of the mountain with his companions, looking at the area again and again, he is said to have declared to the others:

'Oh friends, who have come with me on this long and tiring journey, set up camp and sacrifice to your forefathers; by their miraculous help you have reached the homeland that was long since predetermined for you by destiny. Look, here is the land I promised you.1 Now consider carefully what name you will give this beautiful land." And they answered "Czech" in the next heartbeat: "How can we better name it? After our father, Čech, let the land be named Čechy!' 2 And their elderly leader, moved by the words of his friends, blissfully kissed the earth. Stand-ing, he raised his hand to the sky and said: 'Be greeted, land that has been given to us! Keep us healthy, save us from misfortunes, and multiply our stock in every generation to come!' "3

To this compelling story, the author adds the comment that the time of Forefather Czech was a happy "Golden Age", and therefore his death was received with grief among his people.

1 According to Otto Urban, Forefather Czech spoke of the promised land as "a land under no-one's sway, full of birds and

animals, flowing over with sweet honey and milk." See Urban: České a slovenské dějiny do roku 1918 (1991:16). 2 Čechy is the Czech name for Bohemia. 3 Josef Pešek: Matka vlast (1923:19–20). My copy, which I obtained in an antique bookstore in Prague, is stamped Šestá

obecná škola pro chlapce na Kr. Vinohradech (the sixth primary school for boys in Královské Vinohrady), today a part of Prague.

Another set of legends, originally told by Kosmas and elaborated by Václav Hanka and others in the false mediaeval manuscripts, describe how the Přemysl dynasty acquired the Czech throne. These are the legends of Krok and his daughters, the ruling of Libuše, and the choice of Libuše. This story is told in the following way:

"While Forefather Czech was still alive, there was a man called Krok living in that part of the country. He was highly respected for his wisdom, so much that people came to see him from far and near, and not only people of his own stock, but also the neighbors. Because of this Krok was elected as judge and ruler of the whole nation after the death of Forefather Czech. He chose as his place of residence a castle that he had built on the high cliff over the right bank of the river Vltava. The castle was named Vyšehrad. Krok had three daughters, Kazi, Tetka and Libuše. Each of them excelled in something. [...] Libuše, the youngest of the sisters, is said to have had a sharper mind and a kinder heart than the other two. She was noble-minded, lovable, friendly towards everyone, simply a flower of her generation of women. [!] Moreover, she had the gift of prophecy. As a 'fortune teller' she could fly on a magic horse through the night and return before dawn to her place of residence. Because she was also accomplished in law and customs, she was chosen as ruler of her people after the death of her father Krok.

Libuše ruled wisely and justly. Then two brothers, who were engaged in a quarrel over a piece of land, appeared before her court. She received them in her residence at Vyšehrad. Upon listening to their complaints, she pronounced her judgment. But one of the brothers was not satisfied with her ruling that they should come to their senses. He flew into a rage and [...] shouted: 'Oh, an injustice unbearable to man! A quarrelsome and cunning woman judges us men. And nevertheless, it is known, that women have long hair but short brains! It would be better for a man to die than to tolerate the rule of a woman! It is our shame only that we have a woman to rule us, who so obviously wrongs us through her rulings! Oh, shame on us!'

Everybody present stiffened at his words. The cheeks of the princess blushed. Hiding the hurt caused by the man's thoughtless words, she smiled painfully and announced: 'If that is how it is, then so be it! A woman I am and as a woman I behave. You think less of me, because I do not rule with an iron rod. And because you esteem me so little, you live without awe. I realize now that you need a stricter ruler than a woman can be. So also doves have sometimes dismissed the whitish buzzard and chosen the predatory hawk as their leader, the same way you now dismiss me!' Libuše was aware that the Czechs had a sincere wish to be ruled by a prince. Therefore she called a meeting of her people the day after. […] 'If your minds are made up, I will let you know the name of your future prince.' Those present nodded assent. Libuše stood and pointed to the north:

'Look, behind those mountains flows a small river flows called Bílina. On its bank lies a village, where the Stadice clan lives. Close to that village is a field, 12 ells long and 12 ells wide. There your prince is ploughing with two brindled oxen; one has got a white ribbon on his head, the other is white from the forehead to the back, that color is also on its hind legs. If you want to set out on a journey to fetch your prince, bring with you a robe that befits a prince. Give that ploughman the message from the nation and me: tell him that you take him

as your prince and I take him as my husband. The name of that man is Přemysl, which means the one who thinks things over. His offspring will rule the whole country for a hundred years and more!'4

After that a delegation was chosen to journey in search of Přemysl. [They did not know which way to go, so Libuše gave them her horse; it would lead them safely straight to the village and back. And they went over mountains, through valleys and forests, before they finally came to the village, and found Přemysl just as Libuše had told them. After greeting him], the delegation gave him the message from Libuše. Right away they asked him to leave his work, dress in the princely robe, sit up on the horse and come back with them. Přemysl stopped the oxen, dropping his cleaning rod of hazel wood to the ground. Unharnessing the oxen from the plough, he told them: 'Go back where you came from!' And they did. While he spoke, three large branches, packed with leaves and nuts grew out of the rod. Seeing this, the delegation was thunderstruck. Přemysl then invited them for breakfast. He turned the plough over, and placed mouldy bread and a piece of cheese on it [...]

Noticing their bewilderment, their host explained: 'That means', he said, 'that from my stock many will stem, but one will rule over many.' To their question why he chose the ploughshare of iron as table, Přemysl told them: 'That ironclad table means that such will my rule be. Respect iron also in the future! In times of peace plough the earth with it, in times of war defend yourselves with it against your enemies. And only insofar that your descendants dine at such a table, will they be able to defend their freedom! It is a pity that your ruler was in such a hurry! If she could have awaited fate patiently and not sent for me so early, I would have finished ploughing up the field and there would always be enough bread in our land. Since I have had to leave my work unfinished, the land will often suffer from hunger.' [...]

Not forgetting his social standing, he brought with him his bast shoes and the bundle he had used to carry bread to the fields. The delegation asked him perplexedly why he brought with him a peasant's shoes and bundle. And Přemysl obligingly told them: 'I will tuck them both away for the future, so that our descendants will know where they came from, so that they will always live in awe and modesty, and not treat people that have been entrusted to them by God unfairly out of pride, for we are equally virtuous by nature.' As he finished speaking, he jumped on the horse, [...] and they set off for his new home. Before they knew it, they were standing in front of the gates of Vyšehrad, where Princess Libuše and her followers waited for the bridegroom. [...] The marriage of Libuše was celebrated for hours on end in the light of campfires and torches to the ring of happy song, laughter, shouts and dancing."5

There are several aspects of these legends that are interesting. First, there is the parallel between the legend of the Forefather Czech and the Biblical story of Moses, who led his people through the desert to the Promised Land. The notion of a land promised to the Czechs implies that they had every right to settle there. The style of the legend is also Biblical in tone. 4 The Czech verb přemýšlet means to reflect over (something). 5 Josef Pešek: Matka vlast (1923:22–26).

Second, it is interesting to note how the Czech lands are presented as void of human habitation prior to the arrival of the Czechs. This was a recurrent motif also in the Czech revival. It served a specific purpose: to emphasize how the Czechs came first. A corollary is that the Czechs belonged there, whereas the Germans were intruders and colonizers. Finally, through the story of Forefather Czech, the Czechs are presented as peaceful settlers, not aggressive conquerors of a land that was already inhabited.

As for the legends about Libuše and Přemysl, these are Přemyslid founding myths, which probably at the time served to legitimize Přemyslid rule. The "miraculous" elements of the story originally served to emphasize the elevated position of the ruler, and the same goes for the seemingly humble peasant origins of the Přemyslids. In ruling circles of the Middle Ages, ploughing was a symbol of charisma and of the extraordinary power of kings, according to Vladimír Karbusický.6 Incidentally, the story about how the Czech ruling dynasty came to power, not by way of conquest, but through election came to fit the Czech self-conception as an inherently democratic nation well. Likewise, the "humble" peasant origins of the Czech ruling house took on a different meaning when the Czechs started to see the peasant as the bearer of nationhood in the course of the national revival. Together these legends fit the picture of the Czechs as a democratic, peaceful and pious people who are more interested in working the land than in warfare and conquest.

The style of the legends, even those that are genuinely medieval, cannot be attributed to Kosmas. The way they are retold by Pešek in Matka vlast, they are almost certainly based on a version by the Czech Romantic writer Alois Jirásek (1851-1930).

6 See Karbusický: Báje, mýty, dějiny (1995:163). In this book he places the old Czech legends into a European context.

Appendix BI Czechoslovak ministers 1918–38

Total Govt Name: Department Period Duration Total Other positions years months MP 1918-26, 15 15

1 Beneš, Edvard Dr. ČS

foreign affairs Prime Minister

14.11.1918 - 18.12.1935 26.9.1921 - 7.10.1922

17 years 1 year

17 0 and 1929-35, President 1935 - 1938

12 1 1 1 2 7

Šrámek, Jan Dr. ČSL

railways health post and telegraphsocial affairs unification

26.9.1921 - 7.10.1922 7.10.1922 - 9.12.1925 9.12.1925 - 18.3.1926 12.10.1926 - 7.12.1929 7.12.1929 - 22.9.1938

1 yr. 1 m. 3 yr. 2 m. 3 months 3 yr. 2 m. 8 yr. 9 m.

16 5 chairman 1919-38, MP 1918-39

11 2 1 2 6 3 1

Hodža, Milan Dr. (S) Agr.

unification education agriculture Prime Minister foreign affairs

6.12.1919 - 25.5.1920 12.10.1926 - 15.1.1927 12.10.1926 - 20.11.1929 7.10.1922 - 18.3.1926 29.10.1932 - 9.11.1935 5.11.1935 - 22.9.1938 18.12.1935 - 29.11.1936

5 months 3 months 3 yr. 1 m. 3 yr. 5 m. 3 yr. 2 y. 10 m.11 m.

12 10 MP 1918-38, vice chairman of the Agrarian party 1922-38

10 2 1 7 1 1

Franke, Emil Dr. ČS

railways supply post and telegraph finance education

8.7.1919 - 25.5.1920 20.7.1925- 9.12.1925 7.10.1922 - 9.12.1925 18.2.1924 - 9.12.1925 7.12.1929 - 23.1.1936 17.-28.3.36/ 21.7.-2.10.37 23.1.1936 - 22.9.1938

11 m. 4 months 3 y. 2 m. 1 y. 10 m.6 yr. 1 m. 3 months 2 yr. 8 m.

11 10 vice chairman of the National Socialist Party 1918-38, MP 1918-39

9 2 3 4

Spina, Franz Dr. (G) BL

public works health without portfolio

12.10.1926 - 7.12.1929 7.12.1929 - 4.6.1935 4.6.1935 - 23.3.1938

3 yr. 2 m. 5 yr. 6 m. 2 yr. 9 m.

11 9 MP 1920-38

9 1 7 1

Bechyně, Rudolf ČSD

education railways supply

7.10.1922 - 3.10.1924 9.12.1925 - 18.3.1926 29.10.1932 - 22.9.1938 7.12.1929 - 29.10.1932

2 years 3 months 5 y. 11 m.2 y. 10 m.

11 0 MP 1918-38

5 4 2

Udržal, František Agr.

defense Prime Minister

26.9.1921 - 9.12.1925 12.10. 1926 - 16.9.1929 1.2.1929 - 29.10.1932

4 yr. 2 m. 2 y. 11 m.3 yr. 9 m.

10 10 MP 1918-37

9 1 1 2 5

Dérer, Ivan Dr. (S) ČSD

Slovakia unification education justice

25.5.1920 - 15.9.1920 26.9.1921 - 7.10.1922 5.1.1926 - 18.3.1926 7.12.1929 - 14.2.1934 14.2.1934 - 22.9.1938

4 months 1 yr. 2 months 4 yr. 2 m. 4 yr. 7 m.

10 3 MP 1918-39, chairman of the Slovak branch

7 6 1

Dostálek, Jan Ing. ČSL

public works commerce

7.12.1929 - 14.2.1934 4.6.1935 - 22.9.1938 14.2.1934 - 4.6.1935

4 yr. 2 m 3 yr. 3 m. 1 yr. 4 m.

8 9 MP 1925-39

7 2 1 4

Czech, Ludwig Dr. (G) DSA

social affairs public works health

7.12.1929 - 14.2.1934 14.2.1934 - 4.6.1935 4.6.1935 - 11.4.1938

4 yr. 2 m 1 yr. 4 m. 2 y. 10 m.

8 4 chairman 1923-38, MP 1920-38

7 2 5 2

Černý, Jan * (without party)

Prime Minister interior supply

15.9.1920 - 26.9.1921 18.3.1926 - 12.10.1926 15.9.1920 - 7.10.1922 12.10.1926 - 7.12.1929 29.10.1932 - 14.2.1934 12.10.1926 - 7.12.1929

1 year 7 months 2 years 3 yr. 2 m. 1 yr. 6 m. 3 yr. 2 m.

7 3 President of Moravia 1920-39

6 3 3

Švehla, Antonín Dr. Agr.

interior Prime Minister

14.11.1918 - 15.9.1920 7.10.1922 - 18.3.1926 12.10.1926 - 1.2.1929

1 y. 10 m.3 yr. 5 m. 2 yr. 3 m.

6 6 chairman 1909-33 MP 1918-33

4 1 3

Malypetr, Jan Agr.

interior Prime Minister

7.10.1922 - 9.12.1925 29.10.1932 - 5.11.1935

3 yr. 2 m. 3 years

6 2 MP 1918-39

3 1 2

Bradáč, Bohumír Agr.

agriculture defense

7.12.1929 - 29.10.1932 29.10.1932 - 4.6.1935

2 y. 11 m.2 yr. 7 m.

5 6 MP 1918-35

4 2 2

Meissner, Alfréd Dr. ČSD

justice social affairs

7.12.1929 - 14.2.1934 14.2.1934 - 4.6.1935

4 yr. 2 m 1 yr. 4 m.

5 6 MP 1918-39

6 2 4

Najman, Josef Václav ČSŽ

railways commerce

12.10.1926 -27.10.1929 4.6.1935 - 4.12.1937

3 years 2 yr. 6 m.

5 6 MP 1920-37 chairm. 1930-37

3 3 Novák, Ladislav Ing. ČND

commerce 26.9.1921 - 9.12.1925 28.4.1928 - 27.10.1929

4 yr. 2 m. 1 yr. 4 m.

5 6 MP 1918-35

5 3 2

Habrman, Gustav ČSD

education social affairs

14.11.1918 - 15.9.1920 26.9.1921 - 28.3.1925

1 y. 10 m.3 yr. 6 m.

5 4 MP 1918-32

4 1 2 1

Tučný, Alois ČS

public works post and telegraph health

26.9.1921 - 7.10.1922 7.10.1922 - 18.2.1924 23.1.1936 - 22.9.1938 9.12.1925 - 18.3.1926

1 yr. 1 m. 1 yr. 4 m. 2 yr. 8 m. 3 months

5 4 MP 1918-39

6 6 Engliš, Karel Dr. ČND

finance 25.5.1920 - 21.3.1921 9.12.1925 - 25.11.1928 7.12-1929 - 16.4.1931

10 m. 3 years 1 y. 4 m.

5 2 MP 1920-25

6 6 Trapl, Karel Dr. (without party)

finance 16.4.1931 - 17.3.1936 4 y. 11 m. 4 11

5 5 Černý, Josef Dr. Agr.

interior 14.2.1934 - 22.9.1938 4 yr. 7 m. 4 7 MP 1918-39

3 2 1

Dolanský, Josef Dr. ČSL

justice supply

26.9.1921 - 9.12.1925 9.12.1925 - 18.3.1926

4 yr. 2 m. 3 months

4 5 MP 1918-35

4 4 Kállay, Jozef Dr. (S)(without party)

Slovakia 7 7.10.1922 -15.1.1927 4 yr. 3 m. 4 3

5 1 3 1

Stříbrný, Jiří ČS (to 1926)

post and telegraphrailways defense

14.11.1918 - 8.7.1919 8.7.1919 - 17.9.1919 25.5.1920 - 15.9.1920 7.10.1922 - 20.7.1925 9.12.1925 - 18.3.1926

8 months 2 months 4 months 2 y. 10 m.3 months

4 3 MP 1918-28, 1929-35

2 2 Matoušek, Josef Dr. ČND

commerce 7.12.1929 - 14.2.1934 4 yr. 2 m. 4 2 MP 1919-39

2 2 Srba, Antonín ČSD

post and telegraphsupply public works

26.9.1921 - 7.10.1922 26.9.1921 - 7.10.1922 7.10.1922 - 9.12.1925

1 year 1 year 3 yr. 2 m.

4. 2 MP 1918-39

2 1 1 1

Slávik, Juraj * Dr. (S) Agr.

agriculture unification interior

18.3.1926 - 12.10.1926 18.3.1926 - 12.10.1926 7.12.1929 - 29. 10.1932

7 months 7 months 2 y. 10 m.

3 5 MP 1918-20, 1929-35

3 1 2

Srdínko, Otakar Dr. Agr.

education agriculture

9.12.1925 - 18.3.1926 12.10.1926 - 7.12.1929

3 months 3 yr. 2 m.

3 5 MP 1918-30

2 1 1 1

Markovič, Ivan Dr. (S) ČSD

defense unification education

16.7.1920 15.9.1920 7.10.1922 - 9.12.1925 3.10.1924 - 9.12.1925

2 months 3 yr. 2 m. 1 yr. 2 m.

3 4 MP 1918-25, 1929-39

3 1 1 1

Mlčoch, Rudolf ČSŽ

public works railways commerce

9.12.1925 - 18.3.1926 7.12.1929 - 9.4.1932 13.12.1937 - 22.9.1938

3 months 2 yr. 4 m. 9 months

3 4 MP 1918-39

3 1 2

Viškovský, Karel Dr. Agr.

justice defense

9.12.1925 - 18.3.1926 16.9.1929 - 29.10.1932

3 months 3 yr. 1 m.

3 4 MP 1918-19, 1925-32

7 Kállay resigned when the ľudáks joined the government. The abolishment of his ministry was executed by a commission

(Hodža, Tiso and Gažík), then its jurisdiction was transferred to the provincial administration in Bratislava 28.6.1928.

4 4 Machník, Franti-šek Agr.

defense 4.6.1935 - 22.9.1938 3 yr. 3 m 3 3 MP 1925-39

4 4 Nečas, Jaromír Ing. ČSD

social affairs 4.6.1935 - 22.9.1938 3 yr. 3 m. 3 3 MP 1924-39

3 1 2

Nosek, František Dr. ČSL

interior post and telegraph

9.12.1925 - 18.3.1926 12.10.1926- 27.10.1929

3 months 3 years

3 3 MP 1918-35

2 2 Mayr-Harting, Robert Dr. (G) DCV

justice 12.10.1926 - 7.12.1929 3 yr. 2 m. 3 2 MP 1920-38

5 3 3 1 1

Šrobár, Vavro Dr. (S) Agr.

health Slovakia unification education

14.11.1918 - 15.9.1920 14.11.1918 - 25.5.1920 25.5.1920 -15.9.1920 26.9.1921 - 7.10.1922

1 y. 10 m.1 yr. 6 m. 4 months 1 year

3 2 MP 1918-35

1 1 Bečka, Bohdan Ing. ČND

finance 18.2.1923 - 9.12.1925 2 y. 10 m. 2 10 MP 1918-29

4 1 2 1

Staněk, František Agr.

public works post, telegraph agriculture

14.11.1918 - 8.7.1919 8.7.1919 - 15.9.1920 26.9.1921 - 7.10.1922

8 months 1 yr. 2 m. 1 year

2 10 MP 1918-36

4 4 1

Winter, Lev Dr. ČSD

social affairs unification

14.11.1918 - 15.9.1920 28.3.1925 - 18.3.1926 9.12.1925 - 5.1.1926

1 y. 10 m.1 year 1 month

2 10 MP 1918-35

3 3 Zadina, Josef Dr. Agr.

agriculture 9.11.1935 - 22.9.1938 2 y. 10 m. 2 10 MP 1925-39

2 2 Tiso, Jozef Dr. HSĽS

health 15.1.1927 - 8.10.1929 2 yr. 9 m. 2 9 MP 1925-39

2 2 Krofta, Kamil Dr. (professor in history)

foreign affairs 29.2.1936 - 22.9.1938 2 yr. 7 m. 2 7 diplomat, 1920-7

5 5 Krčmář, Jan * Dr. (professor)

education 18.3.1926 - 12.10.1926 14.2.1934 - 23.1.1936

7 months 1 y. 11 m.

2 6

2 2 Kalfus, Josef Dr. (without party)

finance 28.3.1936 - 21.7.1937 2.10.1937 - 22.9.1938

1 yr. 4 m. 1 year

2 4

2 2 Gažík, Marek Dr. (S) HSĽS

unification 15.1.1927 - 27.2.1929 2 yr. 1 m. 2 1 MP 1920-35

2 2 Peroutka, Franti-šek * Dr.

commerce 18.3.1926 - 28.4.1928 2 yr. 1 m. 2 1

2 2 Mičura, Martin (S) * Dr. ČSL

Slovakia * 15.9.1920 - 7.10.1922 2 years 2 0 MP 1925-39, chairman of Slovak branch 1925-38

3 1 1 1

Vrbenský, Bohu-slav Dr. ČS to 1923, then KSČ

supply public works health

14.11.1918 - 8.7.1919 25.5.1920 - 15.9.1920 26.9.1921 - 7.10.1922

8 months 4 months 1 year

2 0 MP 1918-23

3 3 Klofáč, Václav Jaroslav ČS

defense 14.11.1918 - 25.5.1920 1 y. 10 m. 1 10 MP 1918-39, chairman 1918-38

2 2 Zajiček, Erwin (G) Dr. DCV

without portfolio 2.7.1936 - 24.3.1938 1 yr. 8 m. 1 8 MP 1925-38

2 2 Fatka, Maximilián* Dr.

post and telegraph 15.9.1920 - 26.9.1921 18.3.1926 - 12.10.1926

1 year 7 months

1 7

3 3 Prášek, Karel Agr.

agriculture 14.11.1918- 24.6.1920

1 yr. 7 m. 1 7 MP 1918-25

2 2 Hampl, Antonín ČSD

public works 8.7.1919 - 25.5.1920 1 yr. 2 m. 1 2 MP 1918-39, chairman 1924-38

2 2 Hotowetz, Rudolf * Dr.

commerce 25.5.1920 - 26.9.1921 1 yr. 2 m. 1 2

2 2 Tusar, Vlastimil ČSD

Prime Minister defense

8.7.1919 - 15.9.1920 25.5. - 16.7.1920

1 yr. 2 m. 2 months

1 2 MP 1918-21

1 1 Veselý, František Dr. ČS

justice 8.7.1919 - 15.9.1920 1 yr. 2 m. 1 2 MP 1918-35

1 1 Brdlík, Vladimír* Dr.

agriculture supply

15.9.1920 - 26.9.1921 24.1.1921 - 25.4.1921

1 year 3 months

1 0

1 1 Burger, Václav* Dr. Ing.

railways 15.9.1920 - 26.9.1921 1 year 1 0

1 1 Fajnor, Vladimír * (S) Dr. ČND (Law professor)

unification 15.9.1920 - 26.9.1921 1 year 1 0 president of the supreme court 1930-39

1 1 Gruber, Josef * Dr.

social affairs 15.9.1920 - 26.9.1921 1 year 1 0

1 1 Husák, Otakar* general

defense 15.9.1920 - 26.9.1921 1 year 1 0

1 1 Kovařík, František * Dr.

public works 21.9.1920 - 26.9.1921 1 year 1 0

1 1 Novák, Augustin (without party)

finance 26.9.1921 - 7.10.1922 1 year 1 0

1 1 Popelka, August * Dr.

justice 15.9.1920 - 26.9.1921 1 year 1 0

1 1 Procházka, Ladislav * Dr.

health supply

15.9.1920 - 26.9.1921 25.4.1921 - 26.9.1921

1 year 5 months

1 0

2 2 Rašín, Alois Dr. ČND

finance 14.11.1918 - 8.7.1919 7.10.1922 - 18.2.1923

8 months4 months

1 0 MP 1918-23

1 1 Šusta, Josef * Dr. (professor)

education 15.9.1920 - 26.9.1921 1 year 1 0

2 2 Vlasák, Bohumil Dr.(without party)

finance 25.11.1928 - 7.12.1929 1 year 1 0

1 1 Heidler, Ferdi-nand Dr. ČS

commerce 8.7.1919 - 25.5.1920 11 months

0 11 none

1 1 Sonntág, Kuneš Agr.

finance supply commerce

9.10.1919 - 25.5.1920 1.4.1920 - 25.5.1920 25.5.1920 - 15.9.1920

7 months2 months4 months

0 11 MP 1918-22

1 1 Houdek, Fedor Agr. (S)

supply 8.7.1919 - 1.4.1920 9 months 0 9 MP 1918-20

1 1 1

Štefánek, Anton Dr. Agr. (S)

unification education

8.10.1929 - 7.12.1929 20.2.1929 - 7.12.1929

2 months9 months

0 9 MP 1918-20, 1925-35

1 1 Hruban, Mořic Dr. ČSL

without portfolio 14.11.1918 - 8.7.1919 8 months 0 8 MP 1918-39

1 1 Kramář, Karel Dr. ČND

Prime Minister 14.11.1918 - 8.7.1919

8 months 0 8 MP 1918-37, chairman 1918-35

1 1 Soukup, František Dr. ČSD

justice 14.11.1918 - 8.7.1919 8 months 0 8 MP 1918-39

1 1 Štefánik, Milan R. Dr./general (S)

armed forces 8 14.11.1918 - 8.7.1919 8 months 0 8 none

1 1 Stránský, Adolf Dr. ČND

commerce 14.11.1918 - 8.7.1919

8 months 0 8 MP 1918-25

1 1 Zahradník, Isidor Dr. Agr.

railways 14.11.1918 - 8.7.1919 8 months 0 8 MP 1918-20

1 1 1

Hausmann, Jiří * Dr.

justice supply

18.3.1926 - 12.10.1926 18.3.1926 - 12.10.1926

7 months 0 7

1 1 Labaj, Ľudovít Dr. (S) HSĽS

unification 27.2.1929 - 8.10.1929 7 months 0 7 MP 1920-37

1 1 Říha, Jan * Dr. railways 18.3.1926 - 12.10.1926 7 months 0 7 1 1 Roubík, Václav *

Ing. public works 18.3.1926 - 12.10.1926 7 months 0 7

1 1 Schieszl, Josef * Dr. ČND

social affairs health

18.3.1926 - 12.10.1926 18.3.1926 - 12.10.1926

7 months7 months

0 7 MP 1918-20, chief of presi-dential office from 1920

1 1 Syrový, Jan * general

defense 18.3.1926 - 12.10.1926 7 months 0 7

1 1 Hůla, Josef Ing. (without party)

railways 9.4.1932 - 29.10.1932 6 months 0 6

1 1 Johanis, Václav ČSD

supply 25.5.1920 - 15.9.1920 4 months 0 4 MP 1918-39

1 1 Průša, Leopold * supply 15.9.1920 - 21.1.1921 4 months 0 4 1 1 Dvořáček, Jan

Ing. ČND commerce 9.12.1925 - 18.3.1926 3 months 0 3 MP 1925-26

1 1 Horáček, Cyril Dr. Agr.

finance 8.7.1919 - 9.10.1919 3 months 0 3 MP 1918-25

1 1 Ježek, František ČND/NSj.

without portfolio 19.3.1938 - 10.5.1938 2 months 0 2 MP 1925-39, vice chairman 1933-38

1 1 Hanačík, Vladimír *

finance 21.3.1921 - 26.9.1921 6 months 0 1

Sources: Národní shromáždění republiky československé v prvém desítiletí, (1928), Národní shromáždění republiky československé v druhém desítiletí, (1938), J. Tomeš: Slovník k politickým dějinám Československa 1918-1992 (1994), Ľ. Lipták (ed.): Politické strany na Slovensku 1860-1989, (1992), V. Olivová: Československé dějiny 1914-39, II. (1993), V. Zaděra: Politické strany v národním shromáždění (1930), Barvínek, V.K.: Dvacet let Československa. Politický a hospodářský přehled 1. republiky, (1938).

Index k těsnopiseckým zprávám o schůzích Poslanecké sněmovny Narodního shromáždění republiky československé, I-IV volební období, Praha (1927, 1929, 1935, 1950).

* Members of two care-taker governments, under the premiership of Jan Černý (15.9.1920 - 26.9.1921 and 18.3.1926 - 12.10.1926). In addition to those marked, Edvard Beneš was a member of both these governments, and Jozef Kállay a member of the latter.

8 In the first government, responsibility for the armed forces was divided between Štefánik (military – vojenství) and Klofáč

(national defense – národní obrany). The former never took up position, as he was killed in a plane crash near Bratislava on his way home to Slovakia (4.5.1919).

Appendix BII Czechoslovak governments 1918–38

Govt. no.

Prime minister

Period (from-to)

Names of ministers and resorts (abbreviated)

1 Kramář 14.11.1918 08.07.1919

K. Kramář (PM), E. Beneš (FA), A. Švehla (I), A. Rašín (F), G. Habrman (E), V. Klofáč (D), F. Soukup (J), A Stránský (C), I. Zahradník (R), F. Staněk (PW), K. Prášek (A), L. Winter (SA), V. Šrobár (S, H), J. Stříbrný (PT), B. Vrbenský (Su), M.R. Štefánik (M), M. Hruban (W).

2 Tusar I 08.07.1919 16.07.1920

V. Tusar (PM), (D to 16.7.), E. Beneš (FA), A. Švehla (I), C. Horáček (F to 9.10.) K. Sonntág (F from 9.10.), (Su from 1.4.), G. Habrman (E), V. Klofáč (D), F. Veselý (J), F. Heidler (C), J. Stříbrný (R to 17.9.), E. Franke (R from 17.9.), A. Hampl (PW), K. Prášek (A), L. Winter (SA), V. Šrobár (S, H), F. Staněk (PT), M. Hodža (U from 6.12.), F. Houdek (Su to 1.4.).

3 Tusar II 16.07.1920 15.09.1920

V. Tusar (PM), E. Beneš (FA), A. Švehla (I), K. Engliš (F), G. Habrman (E), I. Markovič (D)(from 16.7.), A. Meissner (J), K. Sonntág (C), (A from 24.6), J. Stříbrný (R), B. Vrbenský (PW), K. Prášek (A to 24.6), L. Winter (SA), V. Šrobár (H, U), F. Staněk (PT), I. Dérer (S), V. Johanis (Su), R. Hotowetz (FT).

4 Černý I 15.09.1920 26.09.1921

J. Černý (PM, I), E. Beneš (FA), K. Engliš (F to 21.3.), V. Hanačík (F from 21.3), J. Šusta (E), O. Husák (D), A. Popelka (J), R. Hotowetz (C), V. Burger (R), F. Kovařík (PW from 21.9.1920), V. Brdlík (A) (Su 24.1.-25.4.), J. Gruber (SA), L. Procházka (H) (Su from 25.4.), M. Fatka (PT), V. Fajnor (U), M. Mičura (S), L. Průsa (Su to 24.1.), R. Hotowetz (FT).

5 Beneš 26.09.1921 07.10.1922

E. Beneš (PM, FA), J. Černý (I), A. Novák (F), V. Šrobár (E), F. Udržal (D), J. Dolanský (J), L. Novák (C, FT), J. Šrámek (R), A. Tučný (PW), F. Staněk (A), G. Habrman (SA), B. Vrbenský (H), A. Srba (PT, Su), I. Dérer (U), M. Mičura (S).

6 Švehla I 07.10.1922 09.12.1925

A. Švehla (PM), E. Beneš (FA), J. Malypetr (I), A. Rašín (F to 18.2.1923), B. Bečka (F from 24.2.1923), R. Bechyně (E to 3.10.1924), F. Udržal (D), J. Dolanský (J), L. Novák (C), J. Stříbrný (R to 20.7.1925), A. Srba (PW), M. Hodža (A), G. Habrman (SA to 28.3.1925), L. Winter (SA from 28.3.1925), J. Šrámek (H), A. Tučný (PT), I. Markovič (U), (E from 3.10.1924), J. Kállay (S), E. Franke (Su), (R from 20.7.1925).

7 Švehla II 09.12.1925 18.03.1926

A. Švehla (PM), E. Beneš (FA), F. Nosek (I), K. Engliš (F), O. Srdínko (E), J. Stříbrný (D), K. Viškovský (J), J. Dvořáček (C), R. Bechyně (R), R. Mlčoch (PW), M. Hodža (A), L. Winter (SA), (U to 5.1,), A. Tučný (H), J. Šrámek (PT), I. Dérer (U from 5.1.), J. Kállay (S), J. Dolanský (Su).

8 Černý II 18.03.1926 12.10.1926

J. Černý (PM, I), E. Beneš (FA), K. Engliš (F), J. Krčmár (E), J. Syrový (D), J. Hausmann (J, Su), F. Peroutka (C), J. Říha (R), V. Roubík (PW), J. Slávik (A, U), J. Schieszl (SA, H), M. Fatka (PT), J. Kállay (S) .

9 Švehla III 12.10. 1926 01.02.1929

A. Švehla (PM), E. Beneš (FA), J. Černý (I, Su), K. Engliš (F to 25.11.1928), B. Vlasák (F from 26.11.1928), M. Hodža (E) (U to 15.1.1927), F. Udržal (D), R. Mayr-Harting (J), L. Novák (C), J.V. Najman (R), F. Spina (PW), O. Srdínko (A), J. Šrámek (SA) (H to 15.1.1927), J. Tiso (H from 15.1.1927), F. Nosek (PT), M. Gažík (U from 15.1.1927), J. Kállay (S to 28.6.1928).

10 Udržal I 01.02.1929 07.12.1929

F. Udržal (PM) (D to 16.9.), E. Beneš (FA), J. Černý (I, Su), B. Vlasák (F), M. Hodža (E to 20.2.), A. Štefánek (E from 20.2.) (U from 8.10), K. Viškovský (D from 16.9.), R. Mayr-Harting (J), L. Novák (C), J.V. Najman (R), F. Spina (PW), O. Srdínko (A), J. Šrámek (SA) (H from 8.10.), J. Tiso (H to 8.10.), F. Nosek (PT), M. Gažík (U to 27.2.), Ľ. Labaj (U 27.2-8.10.).

11 Udržal II 07.12.1929 29.10.1932

F. Udržal (PM), E. Beneš (FA), J. Slávik (I), K. Engliš (F to 16.4.1931), K. Trapl (F from 16.4.1931), I. Dérer (E), K. Viškovský (D), A. Meissner (J), J. Matoušek (C), R. Mlčoch (R to 9.4.1932), J. Hůla (R from 9.4.1932), J. Dostálek (PW), B. Bradáč (A), L. Czech (SA), F. Spina (H), E. Franke (PT), J. Šrámek (U), R. Bechyně (Su).

12 Malypetr I 29.10.1932 14.02.1934

J. Malypetr (PM), E. Beneš (FA), J. Černý (I, Su), K. Trapl (F), I. Dérer (E), B. Bradáč (D), A. Meissner (J), J. Matoušek (C), R. Bechyně (R), J. Dostálek (PW), M. Hodža (A), L. Czech (SA), F. Spina (H), E. Franke (PT), J. Šrámek (U).

13 Malypetr II 14.02.1934 04.06.1935

J. Malypetr (PM), E. Beneš (FA), Jos. Černý (I), K. Trapl (F), J. Krčmář (E), B. Bradáč (D), I. Dérer (J), J. Dostálek (C), R. Bechyně (R), L. Czech (PW), M. Hodža (A), A. Meissner (SA), F. Spina (H), E. Franke (PT), J. Šrámek (U).

14 Malypetr III

04.06.1935 05.11.1935

J. Malypetr (PM), E. Beneš (FA), Jos. Černý (I), K. Trapl (F), J. Krčmář (E), F. Machník (D), I. Dérer (J), J.V. Najman (C), R. Bechyně (R), J. Dostálek (PW), M. Hodža (A), J. Nečas (SA), L. Czech (H), E. Franke (PT), J. Šrámek (U), F. Spina (W).

15 Hodža I 05.11.1935 18.12.1935

M. Hodža (PM), E. Beneš (FA), Jos. Černý (I), K. Trapl (F), J. Krčmář (E), F. Machník (D), I. Dérer (J), J.V. Najman (C), R. Bechyně (R), J. Dostálek (PW), J. Zadina (A), J. Nečas (SA), L. Czech (H), E. Franke (PT), J. Šrámek (U), F. Spina (W).

16 Hodža II 18.12.1935 21.07.1937

M. Hodža (PM) (FA to 29.2.1936), K. Krofta (FA from 29.2.1936), Jos. Černý (I), K. Trapl (F to 17.3.1936), J. Kalfus (F from 28.3.1936), J. Krčmář (E to 23.1.1936), E. Franke (PT to 23.1.1936) (E from 23.1.1936), F. Machník (D), I. Dérer (J), J.V. Najman (C), R. Bechyně (R), A. Tučný (PT from 23.1.1936), J. Dostálek (PW), J. Zadina (A), J. Nečas (SA), L. Czech (H), J. Šrámek (U), F. Spina (W), E. Zajiček (W from 2.7.1936).

17 Hodža III 21.07.1937 22.09.1938

M. Hodža (PM), K. Krofta (FA), Jos. Černý (I), Kalfus (F from 2.10.), E. Franke (E) (F to 2.10.), F. Machník (D), I. Dérer (J) (H 11.4-10.5), J.V. Najman (C to 4.12.), R. Mlčoch (C from 4.12.), R. Bechyně (R), A. Tučný (PT), J. Dostálek (PW), J. Zadina (A), J. Nečas (SA), L. Czech (H to 11.4), F. Ježek (W 19.3.-10.5.) (H from 10.5), J. Šrámek (U), H. Vavrečka (PR from 16.9. 1938), F. Spina, (W to 24.3.), E. Zajiček (W to 24.3).

Sources: See Appendix B. Abbreviations of resorts: A = Minister of Agriculture C = Minister of Industry and Commerce D = Minister of National Defense E = Minister of Education and Enlightenment F = Minister of Finance FA = Minister of Foreign Affairs FT = Minister of Foreign Trade H = Minister of Health I = Minister of Interior J = Minister of Justice M = Minister of the Armed Forces PW = Minister of Public Works PM = Prime Minister PR = Minister of Propaganda PT = Minister of Post and Telegraph R = Minister of Railways S = Minister Plenipotentiary of Slovakia SA = Minister of Social Affairs Su = Minister of Supply U = Minister of Unification of the legislation W = Minister without portfolio

Appendix CI Biographical data on central politicians

Name Party, profession, positions

Bartošek, Theodor (1877–1954)

ČS, lawyer; deputy 1918–23. Communist after 1925.

Bechyně, Rudolf (1881–1948)

ČSD, journalist, editor; deputy to the Reichsrat 1911–18, deputy 1918–38, minister for 11 years (see appendix B).

Bečko, Ján (1889–1972)

ČSD, worker; deputy from Slovakia 1920–39.

Bella, Metód Matej (1869–1947)

SNS, Protestant priest, Doctor of Laws, deputy of the Hungarian Parliament 1906–10, deputy 1918–19. Official in charge of supply under Šrobár, signatory of the Martin declaration, župan 1918–28.

Beneš, Edvard (1884–1948)

ČS (1923–35), sociologist; co-founder of the state, elected deputy 1919–26 and 1929–35, served as minister of foreign affairs 1918–35, Prime Minister 1921–22, president 1935–38, a leading figure in the Hrad faction. (See also appendix B).

Beran, Rudolf (1887–1954)

Agr., chairman 1933–38, party functionary; deputy 1919–39, chairman of Narodní jednota 1938–39.

Blaho, Pavol (1867–1927)

Agr., publicist, physician; editor of Hlas (1898–1906) member of the Hungarian Parliament 1906–1918, chairman of the Slovak National and Agricultural party 1920–21, deputy 1918–27. Official in charge of Agriculture under Šrobár (minister of Slovakia).

Bobok, Arnold (1876–1924)

HSĽS, theologian, cannon, deputy 1920–24.

Bouček, Václav (1869–1940)

Pokrok., ČS, lawyer, deputy 1918–20. One of the foremost activists of Masaryk's realist party.

Brabec, Jaroslav (1869–1930)

ČND (formerly Old Czech) lawyer, mayor, Doctor of Laws, member of Národní výbor, deputy 1918–20, senator 1920–29.

Bradáč, Bohumír (1881–1935)

Agr., peasant, deputy to the Reichsrat 1911–18, deputy 1918–35, minister of agriculture 1929–32, of defense 1932–35.

Buday, Jozef (1877–1939)

HSĽS, Catholic priest, Doctor and professor of church law at Comenius university 1919–21; deputy 1919–29, senator 1929–39.

Clementis, Vladimír (Vlado) (1902–52)

KSČ, lawyer, publicist; deputy from Slovakia 1935–38.

Name Party, profession, positions

Czech, Ludwig (1870–1942)

DSA, lawyer, chairman 1923–38, deputy 1920–38, minister of social care 1929–34, minister of public works 1934–35, minister of health 1935–38.

Černý, Jan (1874–1959)

Bureaucrat, Prime Minister of the caretaker governments 1920–21 and 1926, minister of interior 1920–22, 1926–29, 1932–34, minister of supply 1926–29, president of Moravia 1928–39.

Černý, Josef (1885–1971)

REP, Doctor of Laws, lawyer, son-in-law of Švehla, deputy 1918–39, minister of interior 1934–38.

Čuřík, Antonín (1884–1953)

ČSL, general secretary of the Christian Workers' Union, deputy 1918–39. Originally a member of ČSL, he formed his own Christian-social party, which cooperated with HSĽS in the 1929 election and then with the Agrarians in 1935.

Dérer, Ivan (1884–1973)

ČSD, lawyer; deputy 1918–39, minister for more than ten years (see appendix B). Official in charge of justice under Šrobár.

Domin, Karel (1882–1953)

NSj., professor of botany and later rector of Charles University; deputy 1935–39.

Drobný, Ján (1881–1948)

HSĽS, judge, Doctor of Laws, president of Slovakia 1928–31.

Dula, Matúš (1846–1926)

SNS–ČND, chairman 1914–21, lawyer, bank manager; deputy 1918–20, senator 1920–25 for the Czechoslovak National Democrats. Among the men of the Martin declaration.

Dvořáček, Jan (1887–1956)

ČND, economist, central in the ministry of commerce 1920–22, then chairman of the economy section in the department of foreign affairs, director of Živnostenská banka 1926–38, then managing director, deputy 1925–26, minister of commerce three months in 1925–26.

Dyk, Viktor (1877–1931)

ČND, renowned poet (very nationally oriented), author, publicist; deputy 1918–25, senator 1925–31.

Engliš, Karel (1888–1961)

ČND, professor of national economy and law, deputy 1920–1925, minister of finance 1920–21, 1925–28, 1929–31.

Fajnor, Vladimír (1875–1952)

ČND, law professor at Comenius University, minister of unification 1920–21, minister of justice 1938, president of the supreme court 1930–39. (Brother of Protestant bishop Dušan F.)

Fišer, Bohumil (1882–??)

Pokrok., gymnasium teacher, owner of publishing house, deputy 1919–20, secretary of the club of senators of the Czechoslovak National Socialist Party from 1924.

Franke, Emil (1880–1939)

ČS, vice chairman 1918–38, deputy 1918–39, minister for almost 12 years (see appendix B).

Name Party, profession, positions

Fritz, Gejza (1880–1957)

HSĽS, lawyer, estate owner, deputy 1925–35, senator 1935–39.

Gažík, Marek (1887–1947)

HSĽS, Doctor of Laws, lawyer; minister of unification of the legislation 1927–29, deputy 1920–35.

Gottwald, Klement (1896–1953)

KSČ, general secretary from 1929; editor, party functionary in Slovakia 1921–26; deputy 1929–38. (Prime Minister 1946–48, first Communist president 1948–53).

Grebáč-Orlov, Ignác (1888–1957)

HSĽS, theologian, writer, editor of Slovák; deputy 1922–35.

Habrman, Gustav (1864–1932)

ČSD, editor, deputy to the Reichsrat 1907–18, member of Národní výbor, minister of education 1918–20, minister of social care 1921–25, deputy 1918–25, senator 1925–32.

Hajn, Antonín (1868–1949)

ČND, publicist, editor; chairman of the radical progressive party 1897–1908, and the state right progressive party 1908–12, deputy 1918–35.

Haken, Josef (1880–1949)

KSČ, chairman 1925–27, co-founder of the party, deputy 1920–29, senator 1929–36.

Halla, Ján (1885–1955)

Agr., Doctor of Laws, educated in Prague and Berlin, lawyer, publicist, employed at the ministry of Slovakia, deputy 1918–20, 1925–29. Member of the Prúdy circle.

Hampl, Antonín (1875–1942)

ČSD, chairman 1924–38, worker; deputy 1918–39, minister of public works 1919–20.

Hanáčík, Vladimír (1861–1954)

Civil servant at the ministry of finance in Vienna, head of finance in Bohemia in 1918, minister of finance 1920–21.

Hancko, Anton (1883–1967)

HSĽS, teacher; deputy 1920–29, senator 1929–39.

Herben, Jan (1857–1936)

ČND, journalist, writer and publicist; deputy 1918–20, senator 1920–25. One of Masaryk's strongest supporters.

Hlinka, Andrej (1864–1938)

HSĽS, chairman (1913–38) and co-founder, Catholic priest; deputy 1918–19, 1920–38.

Hnídek, František (1876–1932)

REP, Doctor of Law, gymnasium teacher, member of the Bohemian Diet 1908–18, deputy 1918–32.

Hodža, Milan (1878–1944)

Agr., vice chairman 1922–38, Ph.D., journalist, editor; member of the Hungarian Parliament, deputy 1918–38, minister for almost 13 years (see appendix B), Prime Minister 1935–38, pre-war Hlasist.

Hodáč, František (1883–1943)

ČND, lawyer, national economist, professor; deputy 1929–35, co-founder of Národní sjednocení 1934.

Name Party, profession, positions

Horák, František (1865–1933)

ČSŽ, chairman 1919–30, factory owner, deputy 1920–33.

Houdek, Fedor (1877–1953)

Agr., businessman, publicist, minister of supply 1919–20, member of Parliament 1918–20, official in charge of defense under Šrobár (minister of Slovakia) 1918–19, pre-war Hlasist, member of Detvan, House-friend of Masaryk (Czech father).

Hrušovský, Igor (1872–1937)

ČS, bank clerk, bank director, employed at the Ministry of Unification of the legislation; deputy from Slovakia 1919–36. Hlasist.

Ivanka, Milan (1876–1950)

ČND, lawyer; member of the Hungarian Parliament 1907–9, deputy 1918–20, 1925–34. Official in charge of Interior under Šrobár (minister of Slovakia).

Jaša, Václav (1886–??).

ČSD, teacher, deputy 1920–25 (legionary representative), 1925–39.

Ježek, František (1890–1969)

ČND–Nsj., vice chairman 1933–38, railway consultant, publicist, deputy 1925–39, minister of without portfolio, then health 1938.

Juriga, Ferdinand (Ferdiš) (1878–1950)

HSĽS, theologian; member of the Hungarian Parliament 1906–18, deputy 1918–29. Excluded 1929, ran for office on his own ballot under the name Juriga's Slovak peoples party, but failed.

Kállay, Jozef (1881–1939)

Member of Agr., chairman of the Slovak branch 1937–38, but always served as "non-political administrator". (Protestant) lawyer, Doctor of Laws, studied in Cluj and Budapest; župan in Liptovsky Sv. Mikuláš 1918–20, head of administration in the Ministry of Slovakia 1920–22, Minister with full powers in Slovakia 1922–27, then public notary in Bratislava, from 1927 director of the regional bank.

Klofáč, Václav Jaroslav (1868–1942)

ČS, chairman 1918–38, journalist, editor; co-founder of the party in 1897, deputy of the Reichsrat 1901–18, vice chairman of the Národní výbor 1918, deputy of the Revolutionary Parliament and minister of defense 1918–20, senator 1920–39.

Kmeťko, Karol (1875–1948)

HSĽS, Catholic (arch)bishop; co-founder of the party, deputy 1918–23.

Kovalík, Ján (1861–1950)

HSĽS, teacher, writer; deputy 1918–20, senator 1920–35.

Kramář, Karel (1860–1937)

ČND, chairman 1918–35, later of Národní sjednocení until his death; Doctor of Laws, economist, publicist, factory owner; deputy to the Reichsrat for the Young Czech party 1891–1915, chairman of the Národní výbor 1918, Prime Minister 1918–19, deputy 1918–37, strong opponent of the Hrad faction, especially of Edvard Beneš.

Name Party, profession, positions

Krčmář, Jan (1877–1950)

Lawyer, professor at Charles university in Prague from 1907, helped codify citizenship rights under the ministry of justice, councilor for the ministers of finance and foreign affairs. Minister of education 1926 and 1934–36. No party affiliation.

Krčméry, Karol (1859–1949)

HSĽS, theologian, linguist, teacher; senator 1925–39.

Krofta, Kamil (1876–1945)

Ph.D., Professor in history, diplomat 1920–27, next-in-command to Beneš in the department of foreign affairs 1927–36, Minister of foreign affairs 1936–38. No party affiliation.

Labaj, Ľudevít (1886–1951)

HSĽS, Doctor of Laws, lawyer; deputy 1920–35, senator 1935–37, minister of unification 1929.

Lukáč, Emil Boleslav (1900–1979)

ČS, Protestant priest, poet, translator; deputy from Slovakia 1936–39.

Líška, Ján (1895–1959)

ČSŽ, general secretary of the commercial and industrial chamber, deputy from Slovakia 1929–39.

Macháček, Pavol (1887–1969)

HSĽS, Catholic priest, writer, editor of Slovák; deputy 1920–31, then left the party (One of Juriga's companions).

Malík, Rudolf (1875–??)

Agr., peasant, deputy 1918–29.

Malypetr, Jan (1873–1947)

Agr., farmer; deputy 1918–39, minister of interior 1922–25, Prime Minister 1932–35.

Markovič, Ivan (1888–1944)

ČSD, lawyer, publicist; secretary of the Czechoslovak National Council in Paris 1918, deputy 1919–25 and 1929–39, minister of defense 1920, minister of unification of the legislation 1922–25. Died in the concentration camp Buchenwald.

Masaryk, Tomáš Garrigue (1850–1937)

Pokrok., Ph.D., University professor, Member of the Realist faction of the Young Czech party, deputy to the Reichsrat 1891–3, 1907–14, the latter period for the Czech Progressive party. Founder of Czechoslovak republic, president 1918–35.

Matoušek, Josef (1876–1945)

ČND, lawyer; deputy 1919–35, senator 1935–39, minister of industry and commerce 1929–34.

Mederly, Karol (1887–1949)

HSĽS, bureaucrat, attorney; deputy 1929–35, senator 1935–39.

Medvecký, Ľudevít (1878–1954)

Agr., lawyer, Doctor of Laws, landowner, deputy 1918–25. Hlasist. Official in charge of Finance under Šrobár (minister of Slovakia).

Name Party, profession, positions

Medvecký, Karol Anton (1875–1937)

SNS, Catholic Priest, Secretary of the Slovak National Council, signatory of the Martin declaration of Oct. 30th, 1918, official in charge of the Catholic church under Šrobár 1918–20, deputy 1918–20.

Meissner, Alfréd (1871–1950)

ČSD, lawyer, Doctor of Laws; deputy 1918–39, minister for five and a half years (see appendix B), among the authors of the Constitution of 1920.

Mičura, Martin (1883–1946)

ČSL, lawyer, president of the supreme court in Bratislava 1931–39; minister of Slovakia 1920–22, deputy 1925–39.

Milota, Albert (1877–1940)

ČS, Doctor of Laws, professor in law, later dean of the Comenius University, senator 1929–39. Czech representing Slovakia.

Mlčoch, Rudolf (1880–1948)

ČSŽ, publicist; deputy 1918–39, minister of public works 1925–26, of railways 1929–32, of commerce 1937–38.

Mojto, František (1885–1971)

HSĽS, teacher; deputy 1929–35.

Myslivec, Václav (1875–1934)

ČSL, editor, cofounder of the Christian Social Party 1894, member of the Reichsrat 1908–11, deputy 1919–29.

Najman, Josef Václav (1882–1937)

ČSŽ, chairman 1930–37, editor; deputy 1920–37.

Nečas, Jaromír (1888–1945)

ČSD, bureaucrat (e.g. at the presidential office 1920–24); deputy 1924–39, minister of social care 1935–38.

Němec, Antonín (1858–1926)

ČSD, chairman to 1924, editor; member of the Reichsrat 1907–18, vice chairman of Národní výbor 1918, deputy 1918–25.

Onderčo, Štefan (1884–1937)

HSĽS, theologian; deputy 1920–37.

Országh, Jozef (1883–1949)

Agr., lawyer, župan 1919–28, vice president of Slovakia (krajina) 1928–31, president of Slovakia 1931–38.

Ostrý, František (1878–??)

ČSŽ, editor, secretary, deputy 1935–39.

Osuský, Štefan (1889–1973)

Diplomat, political writer, emigrated to the US in 1905, sent by the Slovak League to work with Masaryk, Beneš and Štefánik in the exile movement during the war, ambassador thereafter.

Patejdl, Josef (1878–1940)

ČS, lawyer; deputy 1921–39.

Polívka, Vladimír (1893–1938)

ČS, publicist, teacher, deputy 1929–38. Milan R. Štefánik's brother-in-law. Czech by origin, but represented Slovakia.

Name Party, profession, positions

Polyák, Štefan (1882–1946)

HSĽS, estate owner; deputy 1925–35, senator 1935–39

Prokeš, Jan (1873–1935)

ČSD, editor, mayor in Ostrava, Moravia; member of the Reichsrat 1907–1918, deputy 1918–35.

Rašín, Alois (1867–1923)

ČND, lawyer, economist; leading member of the progressive movement, deputy of the Reichsrat (Young Czechs) 1911–18, senten-ced to death 1916, member of Národní výbor 1918, one of the "men of Oct. 28th" – formulated the law founding the Czechoslovak republic. Deputy 1918–23, minister of finance 1918–19 and 1922–23. Assassinated 5.1.1923, died 18.2.1923.

Ravasz, Viktor (1887–1957)

HSĽS, lawyer; deputy 1925–35, senator 1935–39

Rázus, Martin (1888–1937)

SNS, chairman 1929–37, poet, writer, Protestant priest; deputy 1929–37.

Richter, Ferdinand (1885–??)

ČS, juridical advisor, deputy 1929–39.

Sidor, Karol (1901–53)

HSĽS, journalist, editor-in-chief of Slovák 1930–39; deputy 1935–39.

Sivák, Jozef (1886–1959)

HSĽS, editor of Slovák, writer, teacher; deputy 1919–20 and 1925–39.

Sladký, Václav (1879–1940)

ČS, gymnasium teacher, deputy 1918–35, senator 1935–39.

Slavíček, Jan (1875–1959)

ČS, shoemaker, secretary of trade union, member of the Reichsrat from 1911, deputy 1918–35, and 1935–39, the latter period for ČSŽ.

Slávik, Juraj (1890–1969)

Agr., lawyer; deputy 1918–20, 1929–35, minister of agriculture 1926, of interior 1929–32, župan 1922–28 in Orava and Košice, diplomat from 1936.

Sokol, Martin (1901–57)

HSĽS, lawyer; general secretary 1927–38, deputy 1935–39.

Sonntág, Kuneš (1878–1931)

Agr., publicist, vice chairman 1922–31, deputy to the Moravian diet 1913–18, deputy 1918–22, minister of finance 1919–20, of supply 1920, of industry and commerce 1920.

Soukup, František (1871–1940)

ČSD, lawyer, editor; deputy to the Reichsrat 1907–18, secretary of Národní výbor in 1918, one of the "men of Oct. 28th", deputy 1918–20, senator 1920–39, minister of justice 1918–19.

Name Party, profession, positions

Spina, Franz (1868–1938)

BL, professor of language and literature at the German university of Prague, deputy 1920–38, minister of public works 1926–29, minister of health 1929–35, minister without portfolio 1935–38.

Srba, Antonín (1879–1943).

ČSD, journalist, civil servant, deputy 1918–39, minister of post and telegraph and minister of supply 1921–22, minister of public works 1922–25.

Srdínko, Otakar (1875–1930)

Agr., physician, professor at Charles University; deputy 1918–30, minister of education 1925–26, of agriculture 1926–29.

Staněk, František (1867–1936)

REP,. farmer; member of the Reichsrat 1901–18, chairman of Český svaz 1916–18, deputy 1918–36, minister of public works 1918–19, post and telegraph 1919–20, and agriculture 1921–22.

Stašek, Bohumil (1886–1948)

ČSL, Catholic priest, editor; deputy 1925–39.

Stivín, Josef (1879–1941)

ČSD, publicist, poet and translator; deputy 1918–39.

Stodola, Emil (1862–1945)

SNS, Doctor of Laws, chairman 1921–22. Brother of Kornel.

Stodola, Kornel (1866–1946)

REP,. entrepreneur, national economist; deputy 1918–25, senator 1925–39. Brother of Emil. Official in charge of railways and post under Šrobár (minister of Slovakia).

Stojan, Antonín Cyril (1851–1923)

Doctor of theology, Catholic Priest, Moravian metropolitan, arch bishop of Olomouc from 1921, deputy to the Reichsrat 1897–1918 and to the Moravian Diet 1900–18, deputy 1918–20, senator 1920–23.

Stránský, Jaroslav (1884–1973)

ČND 1920–25, ČS from 1930, lawyer, publicist, professor at the Masaryk university; chairman of the National Party of Labor (Národní strana práce) 1925–30, deputy 1918–21 and 1929–38.

Stříbrný, Jiří (1880–1955)

ČS, (until 1926), vice chairman 1920–26, publicist; deputy of the Reichsrat 1911–18, member of Národní výbor 1918, minister for a total of 4 years and three months (see appendix B), deputy 1918–28 and 1929–35, the last period elected on the ballot of League against obligatory candidate lists, a strong opponent of the Hrad faction, especially Edvard Beneš.

Surovjak, Štefan (1892–1950)

HSĽS, bureaucrat; deputy 1925–39.

Světlík, František (1875–1949)

ČSL, theologian, editor, deputy 1920–39.

Šalát, Anton (1892–1944)

HSĽS, editor, Catholic priest; deputy 1929–39.

Name Party, profession, positions

Široký, Viliam (1902–71)

KSČ, party functionary from 1925, deputy from Slovakia 1935–38.

Šmeral, Bohumír (1880–1941)

ČSD/KSČ, lawyer, editor; deputy to the Reichsrat 1911–18, co-founder of the Communist party in 1921, deputy 1920–29, senator 1935–38.

Špaček, Jaromír (1879–??)

ČND, Nsj, lawyer, civil servant, deputy 1919–39, Civil servant.

Špatný, Emil (1883–1937)

ČS, editor, deputy 1918–35, senator 1935–37.

Šrámek, Jan (1870–1956)

ČSL, chairman 1919–38, Catholic priest, professor; deputy of the Reichsrat 1907–18, elected deputy 1918–39, minister for more than 16 years (see appendix B), functioned as Prime Minister during Švehla's illness

Šrobár, Vavro (1867–1950)

Agr., Doctor of Medicine, professor at the Comenius university; co-founder of Hlas, member of Národní výbor from Oct. 28th, 1918, deputy 1918–25, senator 1925–35, minister of health and Slovakia 1918–20, unification 1920, education 1921–22.

Štefánek, Anton (1877–1964)

Agr., sociologist, publicist, Ph.D., professor at Comenius university; deputy 1918–20 and 1925–35, minister of education 1929, supporter of the Hrad faction, pre–war Hlasist, member of Tatran, the Slovak student fraternity in Vienna. Official in charge of Education under Šrobár (minister of Slovakia).

Štefánik, Milan Rastislav (1880–1919)

Astronomer, diplomat, brigadier general in the French army 1918, co-founder of the Czechoslovak republic, minister of the armed forces 1918–19 (on paper), member of Detvan, Hlasist.

Šusta, Josef (1874–1945)

Ph.D. Professor of general history at the Charles University from 1905, member of the Goll school, co-author of several textbooks in history, minister of education 1920–21, President of the Czech academy of sciences from 1939.

Švehla, Antonín (1873–1933)

Agr., chairman 1909–33, farmer; vice chairman of Národní výbor 1918, deputy 1918–33, minister of interior 1918–20, Prime Minister 1922–29 (apart from a short interlude in 1926. Šrámek covered for him during his illness in 1928–29).

Tausik, Heřman (1878–1961)

ČSD/K, publicist, deputy 1920–25. Czech representing Slovakia.

Teplanský, Pavol (1886–1969)

Agr., peasant, wine maker, deputy from Slovakia 1929–39

Name Party, profession, positions

Tiso, Jozef (1887–1947)

HSĽS, chairman from 1938; Catholic priest, teacher, headmaster of a teacher seminary; deputy 1925–39, minister of public health and physical education 1927–29. (Prime Minister of the autonomous government 1938–9, president of the Slovak war time republic, executed for his war crimes).

Tománek, Florián (1879–1948)

HSĽS (excluded 1929) editor, theologian; deputy 1919–29. Belonged to the anti-Tuka wing.

Tomášek, František (1871–1938)

ČSD, editor; member of the Reichsrat 1907–18, deputy 1918–35, senator 1935–38, chairman of the Chamber of deputies 1920–25.

Trapl, Karel (1881–1940)

Doctor of Laws, director of the Post bank, national economy publicist, minister of finance 1931–36.

Tučný, Alois (1881–1940)

ČS, secretary of the Czechoslovak labor union, deputy 1918–39, minister of public works 1921–22, post and telegraph 1922–24 and 1936–38, minister of health 1925–26 (3 months)

Tuka, Vojtech (Béla) (1880–1946)

HSĽS, lawyer; deputy 1925–29, convicted of espionage and treason 1929, sentenced to 15 years in prison. Released on presidential amnesty on June 3rd 1937.

Tusar, Vlastimil (1880–1924)

ČSD, editor, member of Reichsrat 1911–18, Prime Minister 1919–20, deputy 1918–21, ambassador in Germany from 1921.

Udržal, František (1866–1938)

Agr., farmer; deputy of the Reichsrat 1897–1918, Young Czech party and (from 1906) the Agrarian party, member of the Národní výbor 1918, deputy 1918–35, senator 1935–37, minister of defense 1921–25, 1926–29, Prime Minister 1929–32.

Ursíny, Ján (1896–1972)

Agr., farmer, deputy from Slovakia 1935–39.

Vahala, Antonín Agr., deputy 1920–25.

Vančo, Ján S. (1890–1975)

Agr., peasant, deputy from Slovakia 1929–39.

Vaněk, Ludvík (1860–1926)

ČND, Doctor of Laws, civil servant, deputy 1918–20.

Viškovský, Karel (1868–1932)

REP, lawyer; deputy of the Reichsrat 1911–18, deputy 1918–19 and 1925–32, minister of justice 1925–26, of defense 1929–32.

Vrbenský, Bohuslav (1882–1944)

ČS, dentist; deputy 1919–1923, Minister of supply 1918–19, Minister of public works 1920, Minister of health 1921–22. Excluded from the National Socialist Party for voting against the law of protection of the republic. Chairman of the independent socialist workers' party 1924–25.

Name Party, profession, positions

Weyr, František (1879–1951)

ČND, Doctor of Laws, professor of Constitutional law at the Masaryk university in Brno, president of the statistical bureau, deputy 1918–20, one of the authors of the Constitution.

Zahradník, Isidor (Bohdan) (1864–1926)

REP, originally a Catholic priest, after 1918 he converted to the Czechoslovak church, member of the Reichsrat 1907–18, member of Národní Výbor, deputy 1918–20, Minister of Railways 1918–19, Bank director from 1924.

Zápotocký, Antonín (1884–1957)

KSČ, general secretary 1922–25, party functionary of the social democratic party 1907–14, editor; deputy 1925–38. (During Communism: Prime Minister 1948–53, president 1953–57).

Zeminová, Františka (Fraňa) (1882–1962)

ČS, chairman of the women's organization of the party, deputy 1918–39, a strong admirer of Masaryk.

Zoch, Samuel (1882 – 1928)

Agr., Doctor of Theology, Protestant priest from 1907, bishop from 1919, author of the Martin declaration, župan in Bratislava from 1918, Deputy 1918–19, and 1925–28.

Sources:

Album representantů všech oborů veřejného života Československého, (1927). Československý biografický slovník, (1992). Encyklopédia Slovenska (1982). Kdo byl kdo v našich dějinách ve 20. století, (1994). Kdy zemřeli...? Sv. 1–3 (1962, 1966, 1970). D. Kováč a kolektív: Muži deklarácie (1991). Kto bol kto za I. ČSR, (1993). Ľ. Lipták (ed.): Politické strany na Slovensku 1860–1989 (1992). Národní shromáždění republiky československé v prvém desítiletí (1928). Národní shromáždění republiky československé v druhém desítiletí (1938). F. Peroutka: Budování státu, sv. IV (1991). Politická elita meziválečného Československa 1918–1938. Kdo byl kdo (1998). Slovakia and the Slovaks. A concise encyclopedia (1994). Slovenský biografický slovník (1986). J. Tomeš: Slovník k politickým dějinám Československa 1918–1992 (1994).

Appendix CII Biographical data on scholars and textbook authors

Name Title, profession, position

Baxa, Bohumíl (1874-1942)

Professor of Czech history of law at the Masaryk university of Brno from 1919.

Bídlo, Jaroslav (1868-1937)

Ph.D. Historian, belonging to the Goll school, professor at Charles University of Prague from 1905. Co-author of several school textbooks in history.

Chaloupecký, Václav (1882-1951)

Ph.D. Professor of Czechoslovak history at Comenius University of Bratislava from 1922, at Charles University of Prague from 1939. Belonged to the same school as Pekař, thematically as well as theoretically. Strongly Czechoslovakist.

Dejmek, Petr (1870-1945)

Teacher, rector in Prague, the author of a school textbook in history.

Hlavinka, Karel (1879-1950)

Gymnasium teacher in Hodonín, then rector in Košice and Prague, author of a school textbook in history.

Ježo, Martin (s) (1880-1946)

Teacher from Trenčín, Slovakized a school textbook.

Koreň, Jozef (s) (1887-1969)

Philosopher by education, middle school teacher in Slovakia, the author of a school textbook in history.

Lameš, Jaroslav (1884-1960)

Ph.D. Historian, gymnasium teacher, the co-author of a school textbook.

Merhout, Cyril (1881-1955)

Literature historian, teacher in Prague, the author of a school textbook.

Nikolau, Stanislav (1878-1950)

Ph.D., middle school teacher, the co-editor of a textbook.

Ondruš, Michal (s) (1889-1948)

Pedagogue, employed at the Ministry of education 1920-27, rector at a gymnasium in Slovakia 1927-38, active in the Union of Slovak gymnasium teachers (nationally Slovak oriented rather than Czechoslovakist). Slovakized a school textbook.

Pekař, Josef (1870-1937)

Ph.D. Historian of the Goll school, one of the most renown in the inter-war period. Professor at Charles University of Prague from 1905, rector 1931-32.

Pešek, Josef (1878-1958)

Ph.D. Historian, teacher at the academic gymnasium in Prague, the author of several school textbooks.

Name Title, profession, position

Pražák, Albert (1880-1956)

Ph.D. Professor of Czech and Slovak literature history at Comenius University of Bratislava 1921-1933, afterwards at Charles University of Prague. Before that he also worked as a high school teacher 1906-14 and served as a literary critic. In charge of textbooks in the Slovak section of the Ministry of education from 1918. Strongly Czechoslovakist in orientation.

Rapant, Daniel (1897-1988)

Ph.D. Education from Charles University of Prague and Sorbonne in Paris. The most important Slovak historian of recent times. Professor in history from 1933. Slovak oriented, polemized against Chaloupecký and Pražák.

Stocký, Jan (1879-1959)

Ing. Economist, teaching at the technical school in Prague, co-author of textbook.

Svacina, Bohumíl (1886-1964)

Rector at an elementary school in Holešov, the author of a school textbook in history.

Škultéty, Jozef (1853-1948)

Professor of Slovak literature at Comenius University of Bratislava from 1919, linguist and literature historian, editor of Slovenský pohľad 1881-1919, central in the national movement (the Martin circle) and in Matica Slovenská.

Šusta, Josef (1874-1945)

Ph.D. Professor of general history at Charles University from 1905, member of the Goll school, co-author of several textbooks in history, minister of education 1920-21, President of the Czech academy of sciences from 1939.

Traub, Hugo (1879-1942)

Historian, gymnasium teacher in Brno from 1903, docent at the technical school from 1930, author of a school textbook.

Vážný, Václav (1892-1966)

Czech linguist who taught at Comenius University in Bratislava from 1927 to 1939. Under his leadership, the first Pravidla slovenského pravopisu (rules of Slovak orthography) were created in 1931, which lead to strong reactions because of the Czech influence.

Vlček, Jaroslav (1860-1930) (s)

Ph.D. Slovak born (Banská Bystrica), studied philosophy at Charles University of Prague, professor of Czech literary history (including Slovak), administrative head of the Slovak department in the Ministry of education from 1919. Deputy 1918-20.

Žibrita, Ludovít (s) (1897-1981)

Ph.D. and Doctor of law. Education from Bratislava, secondary school teacher in Zvolen, then employed at the ministry of education. Slovakized a school textbook.

Zpěvák, František (1884-1952)

Geographer, gymnasium teacher in Prague, the author of a school textbook.

Sources: Album representantů všech oborů veřejného života Československého (1927), Československý bio-grafický slovník (1992), Kdy zemřeli...? Sv. 1-3 (1962, 1966, 1970), Slovenský biografický slovník (1986).

Appendix D Basic economic data

1. Unemployment by region 1925–1936 (percentages)

Bohemia Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Average 1925 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.7 1926 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.6 3.2 2.9 2.6 2.9 2.9 1927 3.3 3.3 3.0 2.5 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.7 2.2 1928 2.2 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.5 1929 2.0 2.2 1.8 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.4 0.7 1.5 2.1 1.5 1930 3.1 3.6 3.8 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.3 3.8 4.5 5.3 6.6 10.4 4.5 1931 13.5 15.0 14.7 12.6 10.5 9.2 8.8 8.9 9.4 10.4 13.8 19.0 12.2 1932 22.4 23.8 23.7 20.5 17.5 16.7 16.3 16.4 17.1 18.5 20.9 25.3 19.9 1933 29.5 31.0 29.2 26.0 23.7 21.9 17.6 16.9 16.5 16.7 18.2 20.8 22.3 1934 22.3 22.3 20.5 18.0 16.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.2 15.5 18.0 20.1 17.7 1935 19.7 19.9 19.1 17.4 15.8 14.6 13.9 13.8 14.4 15.1 16.8 19.2 16.7 1936 18.5 18.5 17.2 15.8 14.2 12.8 11.9 11.2 11.1 9.8 11.1 12.4 13.7

Moravia Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Average 1925 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.0 1926 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.8 1.5 1927 2.3 2.3 1.8 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.4 1.3 1928 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.9 1.4 1.0 1929 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.7 1.3 1930 2.0 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.7 3.0 3.8 5.9 2.7 1931 7.9 8.6 8.7 8.0 6.5 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.7 8.7 12.9 7.7 1932 16.4 18.3 19.1 17.7 16.4 15.9 15.4 15.7 17.2 19.0 21.7 27.1 18.3 1933 31.6 33.3 32.6 30.3 27.7 26.2 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.6 24.3 26.4 26.9 1934 28.0 28.4 27.3 25.2 21.2 22.4 20.9 20.9 20.8 21.8 22.9 25.1 23.7 1935 24.5 24.9 24.2 22.3 20.9 19.5 18.4 17.8 18.0 18.7 20.6 23.6 21.1 1936 23.1 23.2 21.7 20.0 18.2 16.5 14.6 13.9 13.5 12.7 13.7 17.5 17.4

Slovakia Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Average 1925 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 1926 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.8 1927 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 1928 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 1929 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.5 1930 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.2 1.6 1.9 1.0 1931 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.6 2.8 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.8 3.7 5.3 9.6 3.4 1932 11.7 13.6 13.1 11.0 9.8 9.4 8.8 9.4 10.0 11.3 13.5 16.9 11.5 1933 20.2 21.7 20.7 18.9 17.3 15.8 12.2 12.1 12.7 13.4 15.8 18.4 16.6 1934 20.1 21.0 19.8 17.2 15.1 13.1 11.2 11.7 11.8 11.8 14.7 18.2 15.5 1935 20.3 21.6 20.9 18.9 15.9 12.6 10.1 10.1 10.4 11.3 14.4 19.6 15.5 1936 21.1 22.6 20.3 16.6 13.1 9.9 7.4 7.5 8.1 9.0 12.9 18.1 13.9

Source: Zprávy státního úřadu statistického republiky československé, r. 1925-1935; Statistická ročenka republiky československé (1938:216). The percentages for 1935 and 1936 are my compilations.

3. Average unemployment 1921–1938 4. Average daily wages 1921–1936 (Kč)

Bohemia Moravia Slovakia Total Bohemia Moravia Slovakia Total 1921 59,594 15,453 2,487 77,534 1921 31.97 31.45 28.82 31.551922 141,531 44,896 7,348 193,775 1922 32.24 30.59 28.4 31.411923 195,284 58,469 13,454 267,207 1923 27.7 26.67 25.62 27.231924 80,451 22,691 8,039 111,181 1924 26.99 26.01 23.32 26.421925 35,285 10,673 4,949 50,907 1925 27.57 25.8 24.15 26.741926 50,136 12,370 4,026 66,532 1926 27.83 26.1 24.06 26.981927 37,392 10,339 3,778 51,509 1927 28.1 26.57 24.37 27.341928 26,036 8,318 3,013 37,367 1928 28.9 27.77 24.6 28.041929 27,660 10,495 2,456 40,611 1929 29.45 27.69 25.07 28.031930 78,006 21,387 4,916 104,309 1930 29.57 27.87 25.39 28.671931 210,625 61,695 17,254 289,574 1931 29.05 27.68 25.14 28.281932 345,563 146,937 58,634 551,133 1932 28.53 26.61 24.83 27.641933 416,236 228,704 88,006 732,946 1933 27.85 26.49 22.89 26.981934 366,613 217,133 87,017 670,763 1934 27.17 26.3 22.47 26.461935 378,500 207,600 92,300 678,400 1935 26.92 26.38 21.98 26.231936 342,700 183,700 87,700 614,100 1936 26.88 25.43 22.15 25.941937 214,975 107,733 78,217 400,9251938 138,600 60,600 52,300 251,500

Industrial workers. Source: Historická statistická ročenka ČSSR (1985:834).

Sources: See Appendix D2.

5: Price index 1919–1938 (1914=100)

Sources: V. Lacina: Formování československé ekonomiky 1918-1923 (1990:181); Historická statistická ročenka ČSSR (1985:836); Statistická ročenka Protektorátu Čechy a Morava (1941:212). The figures for 1919 to 1921 (taken from Lacina) may not be entirely comparable with the figures for 1922 to 1938, which are the figures of the Bureau of Statistics. Only the nine first months of 1938 are included. See also Appendix E.

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

1925

1926

1927

1928

1929

1930

1931

1932

1933

1934

1935

1936

1937

1938

totalindustrial goodsfood, foodstuffs, fodder

6: Agricultural holdings according to size, 1921 and 1930

Holdings in hectares Below 2 2 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 50 50 – 100 100 – 500 Total 9 Czechoslovakia 1921 780,055 627,993 135,939 55,918 5967 6996 1,613,488

– in percent 48.3 38.9 8.4 3.5 0.4 0.4 99.9 Czechoslovakia 1930 688,391 696,424 147,317 58,871 7302 7065 1,607,138

– in percent 42.8 43.3 9.2 3.7 0.5 0.4 99.9

Source: Přehled hospodářského vývoje Československa v letech 1918-1945 (1961:687).

7: Foreign trade 1924–1929

1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 10 Value in million Czecho-slovak crowns (Kč) Kč % Kč % Kč % Kč % Kč % Kč %

import 830 5.2 771 4.4 606 4.0 725 4.0 719 3.8 951 4.8 Live animals e.port 58 0.3 96 0.5 55 0.3 48 0.2 62 0.3 35 0.2 import 3972 25.1 4069 23.1 3420 22.4 3751 20.9 3494 18.2 2919 14.6 Food & drinks e.port 3179 18.7 3441 18.3 3340 18.7 2870 14.3 2901 13.6 2341 11.4 import 7626 48.1 8711 49.4 7204 47.1 8540 47.5 9151 47.6 9778 48.9 Raw materials e.port 3692 21.7 3562 18.9 3471 19.4 3954 19.6 3668 17.3 3433 16.7 import 3423 21.6 4051 23.0 4043 26.5 4932 27.5 5808 30.2 6234 31.2 Manufactured

goods e.port 10047 59.0 11685 62.1 10884 61.0 13251 65.8 14554 68.6 14607 71.3

import 4 – 16 0.1 4 – 14 0.1 36 0.2 46 0.2 Precious metal & mints e.port 59 0.3 37 0.2 107 0.6 12 0.1 39 0.2 14 0.1

import 15855 100 17618 100 15277 100 17962 100 19208 100 19988 98.7 e.port 17035 100 18821 100 17857 100 20135 100 21224 100 20499 99.7

Czechoslovak total

balance +1180 – +1203 – +2580 – +2173 – +2016 – +511 –

Source: Přehled hospodářského vývoje Československa v letech 1918-1945 (1961:212).

9 The total also includes holdings over 500 hectares. 620 such holdings were registered in 1921, and 1768 in 1930. These

figures are not directly comparable, because different methods were used in the collection of data. 10 Returned goods (which started to be listed separately in 1929) are not included in the total.