Appendix I SI base · PDF file463 Appendix I SI base units 1 THE SEVEn BASE unITS In THE...

463

Appendix I

SI base units

1 THE SEVEn BASE unITS In THE InTERnATIOnAL SySTEM OF unITS (SI)

quantity name of base SI unit

Symbol

Length metre m

Mass kilogram kg

Time second s

Electric current ampere A

Thermodynamic temperature kelvin K

Amount of substance mole mol

Luminous intensity candela cd

2 SOME dERIVEd SI unITS WITH THEIR SyMBOL/dERIVATIOn quantity Common

symbolunit Symbol derivation

Term Term

Length a, b, c metre m SI base unit

Area A square metre m²

Volume V cubic metre m³

Mass m kilogram kg SI base unit

Density r (rho) kilogram per cubic metre kg/m³

Force F newton N 1 N = 1 kgm/s2

Weight force W newton N 9.80665 N = 1 kgf

Time t second s SI base unit

Velocity v metre per second m/s

Acceleration a metre per second per second m/s2

Frequency (cycles per second) f hertz Hz 1 Hz = 1 c/s

Bending moment (torque) M newton metre Nm

Pressure P, F newton per square metre Pa (N/m²) 1 MN/m² = 1 N/mm²

Stress σ (sigma) newton per square metre Pa (N/m²)

Work, energy W joule J 1 J = 1 Nm

Power P watt W 1 W = 1 J/s

Quantity of heat Q joule J

Thermodynamic temperature T kelvin K SI base unit

Specific heat capacity c joule per kilogram degree kelvin J/ kg × K

Thermal conductivity k watt per metre degree kelvin W/m × K

Coefficient of heat U watt per square metre kelvin w/ m² × K

464 Rural structures in the tropics: design and development

3 MuLTIPLES And SuB MuLTIPLES OF SI–unITS COMMOnLy uSEd In COnSTRuCTIOn THEORy

Factor Prefix Symbol

106 mega M

103 kilo k

(102 hecto h)

(10 deca da)

(10-1 deci d)

(10-2 centi c)

10-3 milli m

10-6 micro u

Prefix in brackets should be avoided.

465Appendices

• Practical values for use in everyday calculations • Note, the conversion factors marked * are exact

1 LEnGTH Metre Inch Foot yard

1* 39.3701 3.2808 1.0936

0.0254* 1* 0.0833 0.0278

0.3048* 12 1* 0.3333

0.9144* 36 3 1*

1km = 0.6214 miles

2 AREA m² cm² mm² in2 ft2 yd2 acre ha

1* 10 000 106* 1 550.0031 10.7639 1.196 0.2471 × 10–3 0.1 × 10–3

0.1 × 10–3 1* 100* 0.155 1.0764 × 10–3 11.96 × 103 24.71 × 10–9 0.1 × 10–6*

10–6* 0.01* 1* 1.55 × 10–3 10.7639 × 10–6 1.196 × 106 0.2471 × 10–9 0.1 × 10–9*

0.64516 × 10–3 6.4516* 645.16* 1* 6.9444 × 10–3 0.7716 × 10–3 0.1594 × 10–6 64.516 × 10–9

0.09290304* 929.0304 92903.044 144* 1* 0.1111 22.9568 × 10–6 9.2903 × 10–6

0.83612736* 8361.2736 0.8361 × 106 1296* 9* 1* 0.2066 × 10–3 83.6136 × 10–6

4046.8561 40.4685 × 106 4.0469 × 109 6272640* 43560* 4840* 1* 0.4047

10000 100 × 106 109 15.5 × 10 107639.1 11959.9 2.4711 1*

3 VOLuME m³ cm³ in3 ft3 yd3

1* 106 61023.744 35.3147 1.3080

10–6 1* 0.0610 35.3146 × 10–5 1.3080× 10–6

16.387 × 10–6 16.387064* 1* 0.5787 × 10–3 21.4334 × 10–6

0.0283 28316.847 1728* 1* 0.0320

0.7646 764554.86 46656* 27* 1*

4 MASS kg g pound oz

1* 1000* 2.2046 35.274

0.001* 1* 2.205 × 10–3 0.0353

0.45359237* 453.5924 1* 16*

0.0283 28.3495 0.0625* 1*

Appendix II

Conversion tables


5 dEnSITy kg/m³ lb/ ft3 lb/in3

1* 0.0624 3.6106 × 10–5

16.0185 1* 5.787 × 10–4

27679.906 1728* 1*

7 PRESSuRE And STRESS Pa = n/m² mm Hg (0°C) uk ton–force/in2 (tonf/in2) Pound force/in2 (LBF/in2 (= psi))

1* 7.5006 × 10–3 64.7488 × 10–9 0.145 × 10–3

133.322 1* 115841.53 0.0193

15.4443 × 106 8.6325 × 10–6 1* 2239.4237

6894.76 51.7283 446.543 × 10–6 1*

8 VELOCITym/s km/h ft/s mile/h

1* 3.6* 3.2808 2.2369

0.2778 1* 0.9113 0.6214

0.3048* 1.0973 1* 0.6818

0.447 1.609344* 1.4667 1*

9 TEMPERATuRE°C °F °k

°C (1.8 × °C) + 32* °C + 273.15*

(°F – 32)1.8* °F* (°F – 32) / 1.8 + 273.15*

°K – 273.15* (1.8(°K – 273.15)) + 32' °K*

10 EnERGyJ, nm, Ws kWh kcal ft 1bf therm

1* 0–2778 × 106 0.2388 × 10–3 0.7376 9.4781 × 10–9

3.6 × 106* 1* 859.845 2.6552 × 106 0.341

4.1868 × 103 1.163 × 10–3 1* 3.088 × 103 39.6832 × 10–6

1.3558 0.3766 × 10–6 0.3238 × 10–3 1* 12.8506 × 10–9

105.505 × 106 29.3071 25 199.56 77.8168 × 106 1*

11 POWERW, nm/s, J/S hp ft lbf/s Btu/h

1* 1.341 × 10-3 0.7376 3.4121

745.7 1* 550* 2544.4328

1.3558 1.81820 × 10-3 1* 4.6262

0.2931 0.393 × 10-3 0.2162 1*

6 FORCE n kgf (=kp) Lbf

1* 0.102 0.2248

9.80665* 1* 0.2246

4.4482 0.4536 1*

467Appendices

Capital Lower case name Capital Lower case name

A a alpha N n nu

B b beta X e xi

G g gamma O o omicron

D δ delta P π pi

E e epsilon P r rho

Z z zeta S σ (at end of word) c sigma

H η eta T τ tau

Q θ theta Y υ upsilon

I i iota F f phi

K k kappa x x chi

L λ lambda Y y psi

M m mu W w omega

Appendix III

Greek alphabet

469Appendices

a, b, c, d, = length, width depth etc m = mass, metre

a = acceleration M = moment, bending moment

A = cross sectional area m = coefficient of friction (mu)

C = compression force N = newton

(suffix) c = compression Nx Ax = neutral axis

d = diameter P = pressure, stress

δ = deflection (delta) Q = shearing force

D = diameter, dead load r = radius, distance, radius of gyration

e = eccentricity, distance t = thickness

E = modulus of elasticity (suffix) t = tension

e = direct strain (epsilon) T = tension force

θ = angle, rotation (theta) τ = shear stress (tau)

f, σ = stress (tension or compression) (sigma) V = volume

F, P, R = force, reaction w = specific weight, intensity of loading

g = acceleration due to gravity (suffix) w = working or allowable value

h = distance, lever arm W = weight force, load

H = height, depth, horizontal force x = horizontal axis

I = second moment of area, moment of inertia, Y = vertical axis

imposed load x-x, Y-Y = reference

k = constant Z = section modulus

I, L = length, span > = greater than

DL = change in length < = less than

λ = slenderness ratio (lambda) S = summation (capital sigma)

r = density (rho)

Appendix IV

List of symbols

471Appendices

1 R

Equ

IREM

EnTS

FO

R B

ATC

HIn

G O

Rd

InA

Ry C

On

CR

ETE

MIx

ES O

F V

AR

IOu

S G

RA

dES

An

d O

F M

EdIu

M W

OR

kA

BIL

ITy

Gra

de

Wat

er:

cem

ent

rati

o

Max

imu

m

size

of

agg

reg

ate

(mm

)

Cem

ent:

ag

gre

gat

e ra

tio

6

San

d

to t

ota

l ag

gre

gat

e (%

)B

atch

ing

by

wei

gh

t (k

g d

ry m

ater

ials

p

er m

³, li

tre

per

m³

con

cret

e)B

atch

ing

by

volu

me,

nat

ura

lly m

ois

t m

ater

ials

(lit

re p

er m

³ co

ncr

ete)

Litr

e p

er b

ag c

emen

t (5

0 kg

)y

ield

(m

³)

Cem

ent

San

dSt

on

esM

axim

um

¹ w

ater

Cem

ent²

San

d³

Sto

nes

4M

axim

um

5 w

ater

San

d³

Sto

nes

4M

axim

um

5 w

ater

C7

0.95

4010

.835

185

700

1 30

017

513

551

083

011

413

522

530

0.27

C7

0.95

209.

440

205

770

1 16

019

415

556

074

013

113

518

032

0.24

C10

0.

8540

9.2

3521

569

01

290

182

150

500

820

121

115

190

280.

23

C10

0.85

208.

140

235

760

1 14

019

917

555

073

013

711

515

529

0.21

C10

0.85

147.

645

245

840

1 02

020

818

561

065

014

412

513

529

0.20

C15

0.75

407.

835

250

680

1 27

018

718

549

081

012

810

016

025

0.20

C15

0.75

206.

740

280

750

1 13

021

021

054

072

014

995

130

260.

18

C15

0.75

146.

445

290

840

1 02

021

721

560

065

015

410

511

026

0.17

C20

0.66

406.

730

285

570

1 34

018

821

041

085

013

275

150

230.

18

C20

0.66

205.

735

325

650

1 20

021

424

047

077

015

770

120

240.

15

C20

0.66

145.

440

335

720

1 09

022

125

052

069

016

280

105

240.

15

C25

70.

5840

5.7

3033

056

01

320

191

245

410

840

137

6012

520

0.15

C25

70.

5820

4.9

3537

564

01

190

217

275

470

760

161

6010

021

0.13

C25

70.

5814

4.6

4039

072

01

080

226

190

520

690

168

6590

210.

13

C30

7 8

0.51

405.

130

365

560

1 30

018

627

040

083

013

255

115

180.

14

C30

7 8

0.51

204.

435

410

630

1 17

020

930

546

075

015

355

9018

0.12

C30

7 8

0.51

144.

040

440

700

1 06

022

432

551

067

016

860

7519

0.11

C35

7 8

0.45

204.

035

445

620

1 16

020

033

045

074

014

650

8516

0.11

See

foo

tno

tes

at b

ott

om

of

Ap

pen

dix

V: 2

Appendix V

design tables and charts


2 R

Equ

IREM

EnTS

FO

R B

ATC

HIn

G O

Rd

InA

Ry C

On

CR

ETE

MIx

ES O

F V

AR

IOu

S G

RA

dES

An

d O

F H

IGH

WO

Rk

AB

ILIT

y

Gra

de

Wat

er:

cem

ent

rati

o

Max

imu

m

size

of

agg

reg

ate

(mm

)

Cem

ent:

ag

gre

gat

e ra

tio

6

San

d

to t

ota

l ag

gre

gat

e (%

)B

atch

ing

by

wei

gh

t (k

g d

ry m

ater

ials

per

m

³, li

tre

per

m³

con

cret

e)B

atch

ing

by

volu

me,

nat

ura

lly m

ois

t m

ater

ials

(lit

re p

er m

³ co

ncr

ete)

Litr

e p

er b

ag c

emen

t (5

0 kg

)y

ield

(m

³)

Cem

ent

San

dSt

on

esM

axim

um

¹ w

ater

Cem

ent²

San

d³

Sto

nes

4M

axim

um

5 w

ater

San

d³

Sto

nes

4M

axim

um

5 w

ater

C7

0.95

409.

440

210

790

1 18

019

915

557

075

013

613

518

032

0.24

C7

0.95

208.

245

235

870

1 06

022

317

563

068

015

913

514

534

0.21

C10

0.

8540

8.2

4023

577

01

160

199

175

560

740

137

120

155

290.

21

C10

0.85

207.

345

255

840

1020

216

190

610

650

152

120

130

300.

20

C10

0.85

147.

050

265

930

930

225

195

670

590

161

125

110

300.

19

C15

0.75

407.

040

270

760

1 13

020

220

055

072

014

110

013

526

0.19

C15

0.75

206.

145

305

830

1 02

022

822

561

065

016

510

010

527

0.16

C15

0.75

145.

850

310

900

900

232

230

650

570

168

105

270.

16

C20

0.66

406.

135

305

650

1 21

020

122

547

077

014

375

125

230.

16

C20

0.66

205.

340

345

730

1100

227

255

530

700

168

7510

024

0.14

C20

0.66

145.

145

350

800

980

231

260

580

620

171

8590

240.

14

C27

70.

5840

5.2

3535

565

01

200

205

265

470

760

149

6511

021

0.14

C27

70.

5820

4.5

4040

072

01

080

232

295

520

690

175

6585

210.

13

C27

70.

5814

4.3

4540

578

096

023

430

057

061

017

570

7521

0.12

C30

7 8

0.51

404.

735

385

630

1 18

019

628

546

075

014

060

9518

0.13

C30

7 8

0.51

204.

140

430

710

1 06

021

932

051

061

716

360

8019

0.12

C30

7 8

0.51

143.

845

455

780

950

232

335

560

610

174

6065

190.

11

C35

7 8

0.45

203.

740

470

700

1 04

021

135

050

067

015

555

7016

0.11

1 In

clu

din

g m

ois

ture

co

nte

nt

in a

gg

reg

ate.

Use

less

wat

er if

acc

epta

ble

wo

rkab

ility

can

be

ach

ieve

d.

2 B

ulk

den

sity

1 3

50kg

/m³

i.e. 3

7 lit

re p

er b

ag o

f 50

kg

.3

Mo

istu

re c

on

ten

t 5%

an

d b

ulk

den

sity

1 4

50kg

/m³

(San

d w

ith

nat

ura

l mo

istu

re w

ill f

orm

a b

all i

n t

he

han

d w

hen

sq

uee

zed

, bu

t th

e b

all h

as a

ten

den

cy t

o f

all a

par

t)4

Mo

istu

re c

on

ten

t 2%

an

d b

ulk

den

sity

1 6

00kg

/m³.

5 Ex

clu

din

g m

ois

ture

acc

ord

ing

to

3 an

d 4

in a

gg

reg

ate.

Use

less

wat

er if

acc

epta

ble

wo

rkab

ility

can

be

ach

ieve

d.

6 So

lid d

ensi

ty o

f ag

gre

gat

e 2

600–

2 70

0 kg

/ m³

7 C

on

cret

e o

f g

rad

e C

25 a

nd

hig

her

sh

ou

ld p

refe

rab

ly b

e b

atch

ed b

y w

eig

ht

and

th

e m

ois

ture

co

nte

nt

of

the

agg

reg

ate

sho

uld

be

chec

ked

in

ord

er t

o a

chie

ve t

he

in

ten

ded

gra

de.

Bat

chin

g r

equ

irem

ents

are

nev

erth

eles

s g

iven

fo

r b

atch

ing

by

volu

me

and

may

be

use

d w

hen

on

ly in

sm

all q

uan

titi

es a

re r

equ

ired

.8

Co

ncr

ete

of

gra

de

C30

an

d h

igh

er s

ho

uld

be

mix

ed in

a m

ech

anic

al m

ixer

in o

rder

to

ach

ieve

th

e in

ten

ded

gra

de.

473Appendices

3 dIMEnSIOnS And PROPERTIES OF STEEL I-BEAMS

nominal size

Mass Per metre

depth of section (d)

Width of section (B) Thickness Radius

depth between fillets d

Area of section

Web (t) Flange (T) Root (r1) Toe (r2)

mm kg mm mm mm mm mm mm mm cm²

254 × 203 81.85 254.0 203.2 10.2 19.9 19.6 9.7 166.0 104.4

254 × 114 37.20 254.0 114.3 7.6 12.8 12.4 6.1 199.2 47.4

203 × 152 52.09 203.2 152.4 8.9 16.5 15.5 7.6 133.2 66.4

203 × 102 25.33 203.2 101.6 5.8 10.4 9.4 3.2 161.0 32.3

178 × 102 21.54 177.8 101.6 5.3 9.0 9.4 3.2 138.2 27.4

152 × 127 37.20 152.4 127.0 10.4 13.2 13.5 6.6 94.3 47.5

152 × 89 17.09 152.4 88.9 4.9 8.3 7.9 2.4 117.7 21.8

152 × 76 17.86 152.4 76.2 5.8 9.6 9.4 4.6 111.9 22.8

127 × 114 29.76 127.0 114.3 10.2 11.5 9.9 4.8 79.4 37.3

127 × 114 26.79 127.0 114.3 7.4 11.4 9.9 5.0 79.5 34.1

127 × 76 16.37 127.0 76.2 5.6 9.6 9.4 4.6 86.5 21.0

127 × 76 13.36 127.0 76.2 4.5 7.6 7.9 2.4 94.2 17.0

114 × 114 26.79 114.3 114.3 9.5 10.7 14.2 3.2 60.8 34.4

102 × 102 23.07 101.6 101.6 9.5 10.3 11.1 3.2 55.1 29.4

102 × 64 9.65 101.6 63.5 4.1 6.6 6.9 2.4 73.2 12.3

102 × 44 7.44 101.6 44.4 4.3 6.1 6.9 3.3 74.7 9.5

89 × 89 19.35 88.9 88.9 9.5 9.9 11.1 3.2 44.1 24.9

76 × 76 14.67 76.2 80.0 8.9 8.4 9.4 4.6 38.0 19.1

76 × 76 12.65 76.2 76.2 5.1 8.4 9.4 4.6 37.9 16.3

B

D dt

T

r1

r2


3 JOISTS, dIMEnSIOn And PROPERTIES (continued)Minimal Moment of inertia Radius of gyration Elastic modulus Ratio

size Axis x–x Axis Axis Axis Axis Axis d/T

Gross net y–y x–x y–y x–x y–y

mm cm4 cm4 cm4 cm cm cm³ cm4

254 × 203 12 016 10 527 2 278 10.7 4.67 946.1 224.3 12.8

254 × 114 5 092 4 243 270.1 10.4 2.39 401.0 47.19 19.8

203 × 152 4 789 4 177 813.2 8.48 3.51 471.4 106.7 12.3

203 × 102 2 294 2 024 162.6 8.43 2.25 225.8 32.02 19.6

178 × 102 1 519 1 339 139.2 7.44 2.25 170.9 27.41 19.7

152 × 127 1 818 1 627 378.8 6.20 2.82 238.7 59.65 11.5

152 × 89 881.1 762.6 85.98 6.36 1.99 115.6 19.34 18.4

152 × 76 873.7 736.2 60.77 6.20 1.63 114.7 15.90 15.9

127 × 114 979.0 800.9 241.9 5.12 2.55 154.2 42.32 11.0

127 × 114 944.8 834.6 235.4 5.26 2.63 148.8 41.19 11.2

127 × 76 569.4 476.1 60.35 5.21 1.70 89.66 15.90 13.3

127 × 76 475.9 400.0 50.18 5.29 1.72 74.94 13.17 16.7

114 × 114 735.4 651.2 223.1 4.62 2.54 128.6 39.00 10.7

102 × 102 486.1 425.1 154.4 4.06 2.29 95.72 30.32 9.9

102 × 64 217.6 182.2 25.30 4.21 1.43 42.84 7.97 15.4

102 × 44 152.3 126.9 7.91 4.01 0.91 30.02 3.44 16.7

89 × 89 306.7 263.7 101.1 3.51 2.01 69.04 22.78 9.0

76 × 76 171.9 144.1 60.77 3.00 1.78 45.06 15.24 9.1

76 × 76 158.6 130.7 52.03 3.12 1.78 41.62 13.60 9.1

In calculating the net moment of inertia, one hole is deducted from each flange.

Y

X X

Y

475Appendices

4 PS

yC

HR

OM

ETR

IC C

HA

RT

SEA

LEV

EL

BA

RO

ME

TRIC

PR

ES

SU

RE

: 101

.325

kP

a

PSYC

HR

OM

ETR

ICC

HA

RT

Nor

mal

Tem

pera

ture

SI U

nits

SEA

LEVE

L

-25

-20

-15

-10

-50

510

1520

2530

3540

4550

55

DR

Y B

ULB

TE

MP

ER

ATU

RE

- °C

-20

-10

010

2030

4050

60

708090100

110

120

130

ENTHALPY - KJ PER KILOGRAM OF DRY AIR

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

ENTHALPY - K

J PER KILO

GRAM OF D

RY AIR

SATURATION TEMPERATURE - °

C

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

11.0

12.0

13.0

14.0

15.0

16.0

17.0

18.0

19.0

20.0

21.0

22.0

23.0

24.0

25.0

26.0

27.0

28.0

29.0

30.0

31.0

32.0

33.0

34.0

VAPOR PRESSURE - MM OF MERCURY

-10

-5 0 5 10

15

20

25

30

DEW POINT TEMPERATURE - °C

Cha

rt b

y: H

AN

DS

DO

WN

SO

FTW

AR

E, w

ww

.han

dsdo

wns

oftw

are.

com

1.00

0.95

0.90

0.85

0.80

0.75

0.70

0.65

0.60

0.55

0.50

0.450.

400.

350.

300.

250.

20S

EN

SIB

LE H

EAT

RAT

IO =

Qs

/ Qt

SENSIBLE HEAT RATIO = Qs / Qt

246810121416182022242628

15%

25% 2%4%6%8% R

ELAT

IVE

HUM

IDIT

Y

10%

REL

ATIV

E H

UM

IDIT

Y20

%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%80%

90%

-20

-15

-15

-10

-10

-5

-5

05

510

10

15

15

20

20

25

25

30 W

ET BULB

TEMPERAT

URE - °C

30

0.74

0.76

0.78

0.80

0.82

0.84

0.86 VOLUME - CUBIC METER PER KG DRY AIR0.88

0.90

0.92

0.94

HUMIDITY RATIO - GRAMS MOISTURE PER KILOGRAM DRY AIR

0

1.01.0

•-

2.0

4.0 8.0-8.

0-4.0

-2.0

-1.0

-0.5-0.4-0.3-0.2-0.1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.40.5

0.6

0.8

-4.6

-2.3

0.0

1.2

2.3

3.5

4.7

7.011.7

- ••

SEN

SIB

LE H

EAT

Qs

TOTA

L H

EAT

Qt

ENTH

ALP

YH

UM

IDIT

Y R

ATIO

•h

•W

BA

RO

ME

TRIC

PR

ES

SU

RE

: 101

.325

kP

a

PSYC

HR

OM

ETR

ICC

HA

RT

Nor

mal

Tem

pera

ture

SI U

nits

SEA

LEVE

L

Cha

rt b

y: H

AN

DS

DO

WN

SO

FTW

AR

E, w

ww

.han

dsdo

wns

oftw

are.

com


5 PS

yC

HR

OM

ETR

IC C

HA

RT

750M

AB

OV

E SE

A L

EVEL

BA

RO

ME

TRIC

PR

ES

SU

RE

: 92.

636

kPa

PSYC

HR

OM

ETR

ICC

HA

RT

Nor

mal

Tem

pera

ture

SI U

nits

750

MET

ERS

-25

-20

-15

-10

-50

510

1520

2530

3540

4550

55

DR

Y B

ULB

TE

MP

ER

ATU

RE

- °C

-20

-10

010

2030

4050

60

708090100

110

120

130


-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

ENTHALPY - K

J PER KILO

GRAM OF D

RY AIR


C

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

11.0

12.0

13.0

14.0

15.0

16.0

17.0

18.0

19.0

20.0

21.0

22.0

23.0

24.0

25.0

26.0

27.0

28.0

29.0

30.0

31.0


-10

-5 0 5 10

15

20

25


Cha

rt b

y: H

AN

DS

DO

WN

SO

FTW

AR

E, w

ww

.han

dsdo

wns

oftw

are.

com

1.00

0.95

0.90

0.85

0.80

0.75

0.70

0.65

0.60

0.55

0.50

0.45

0.40

0.35

0.30

0.25

0.20

SE

NS

IBLE

HE

AT R

ATIO

= Q

s / Q

t


246810121416182022242628

15%

25% 2%4%6%8% R

ELAT

IVE

HUM

IDIT

Y

10%

REL

ATIV

E H

UM

IDIT

Y20

%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%80%

90%

-20

-15

-15

-10

-10

-5

-5

05

510

10

15

15

20

20

25

25

30 W

ET BULB

TEMPERAT

URE - °C

0.80

0.82

0.84

0.86

0.88

0.90

0.92


0.98

1.00


0

1.01.0

•-

2.0

4.0 8.0-8.

0-4.0

-2.0

-1.0

-0.5-0.4-0.3-0.2-0.1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.8

-4.6

-2.3

0.0

1.2

2.3

3.5

4.7

7.011.7

- ••

SEN

SIB

LE H

EAT

Qs

TOTA

L H

EAT

Qt

ENTH

ALP

YH

UM

IDIT

Y R

ATIO

•h

•W

BA

RO

ME

TRIC

PR

ES

SU

RE

: 92.

636

kPa

PSYC

HR

OM

ETR

ICC

HA

RT

Nor

mal

Tem

pera

ture

SI U

nits

750

MET

ERS

Cha

rt b

y: H

AN

DS

DO

WN

SO

FTW

AR

E, w

ww

.han

dsdo

wns

oftw

are.

com

477Appendices

6 PS

yC

HR

OM

ETR

IC C

HA

RT

1 50

0M A

BO

VE

SEA

LEV

EL

BA

RO

ME

TRIC

PR

ES

SU

RE

: 84.

557

kPa

PSYC

HR

OM

ETR

ICC

HA

RT

Nor

mal

Tem

pera

ture

SI U

nits

1500

MET

ERS

-25

-20

-15

-10

-50

510

1520

2530

3540

4550

55

DR

Y B

ULB

TE

MP

ER

ATU

RE

- °C

-20

-10

010

2030

4050

60

708090100

110

120

130


-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

ENTHALPY - KJ P

ER KILOGRAM OF DRY AIR


C

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

11.0

12.0

13.0

14.0

15.0

16.0

17.0

18.0

19.0

20.0

21.0

22.0

23.0

24.0

25.0

26.0

27.0

28.0

29.0


-10

-5 0 5 10

15

20

25


Cha

rt b

y: H

AN

DS

DO

WN

SO

FTW

AR

E, w

ww

.han

dsdo

wns

oftw

are.

com

1.00

0.95

0.90

0.85

0.80

0.75

0.70

0.65

0.60

0.55

0.50

0.45

0.40

0.35

0.30

0.25

0.20

SE

NS

IBLE

HE

AT R

ATIO

= Q

s / Q

t


246810121416182022242628

15%

25% 2%4%6%8% R

ELAT

IVE

HUM

IDIT

Y

10%

REL

ATIV

E H

UM

IDIT

Y20

%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%80%

90%

-20

-15

-15

-10

-10

-5

-5

05

5

10

10

15

15

20

20

25

25

30 W

ET BULB

TEMPERAT

URE - °C

0.88

0.90

0.92

0.94

0.96

0.98

1.00


1.06

1.08

1.10


0

1.01.0

•-

2.0

4.0 8.0-8.

0-4.0

-2.0

-1.0

-0.5-0.4-0.3-0.2-0.1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.8

-4.6

-2.3

0.0

1.2

2.3

3.5

4.7

7.011.7

- ••

SEN

SIB

LE H

EAT

Qs

TOTA

L H

EAT

Qt

ENTH

ALP

YH

UM

IDIT

Y R

ATIO

•h

•W

BA

RO

ME

TRIC

PR

ES

SU

RE

: 84.

557

kPa

PSYC

HR

OM

ETR

ICC

HA

RT

Nor

mal

Tem

pera

ture

SI U

nits

1500

MET

ERS

Cha

rt b

y: H

AN

DS

DO

WN

SO

FTW

AR

E, w

ww

.han

dsdo

wns

oftw

are.

com


7 TyPICAL PROPERTIES OF COHESIOnLESS MATERIALMaterial Angle of shearing

resistance θ (deg)Specific mass

(kg/m³)*

Gravel 35–45 16–20

Sand

– loose 25–35 17–19

– compact 30–40 18–21

Organic topsoil 15–30 13–18

Broken brick 35–45 1 1–16

Ashes and clinker 35–45 6–10

Maize corn 30 7–8

Rice 30–45 5–6

Millet 30–45 6–7

Soya 30 7–8.5

Potatoes 35 7

Fertilizer (general) 35 10

*Multiplied by 102

8 TyPICAL SPECIFIC MASS OF MATERIALSMaterial Specific mass ( kg/m³)*

Concrete

– unreinforced 23

– reinforced 24

– lightweight 7–15

Masonry

– granite 26

– limestone 20–26

– sandstone 21–25

– slate 25–28

Brickwork 12–20

Timber

– softwoods 4–7

– hardwoods 6–12

Steel 77

*Multiplied by 102

9 TyPICAL ALLOWABLE BEARInG CAPACITIESMaterial Allowable bearing

capacity (kn/m²)

Plain concrete 2 000–6 000

Masonry or brickwork 1 500–5 000

Compact sands and gravels 300–600

Loose sands and gravels 150–400

Solid non-fissured rocks 600–3 000

Hard clays and soft rocks 300–600

Stiff clays and sandy clays 150–300

Firm clays and sandy days 75–150

Soft clays and silts 0–75

Fill and made ground Variable

Note: the values for soils apply where the foundation is 1m or more wide and at a depth of at least 0.6m. The allowable bearing capacity is about one-third of the ultimate bearing capacity

479Appendices

10 TyPICAL STREnGTH PROPERTIES And ALLOWABLE STRESSES (n/mm²)

Mild-steel Sections

Young’s modulus (E) 206 000

Tension or compression stress in bending 155–165

Axial tension 155 (depends on slenderness ratio)

Bearing 190

Shear 115

Mild-steel rivets and bolts

Axial tension

– rivets 100

– bolts 120

Shear

– rivets 90–100

– bolts 80

Bearing

– (double shear) rivets 265–315

– bolts 200

Timber (green > 18% moisture)

Softwoods Hardwoods

(values in thousands)

Young’s modulus (E) 4–12 5–19

Bending or tension parallel to grain 3–1 1 4–27

Compression parallel to grain 2 ½ –8 ½ 4–27

Compression perpendicular to grain ¾–1½ 1½ –5½

Shear parallel to grain ½ –1¼ ¾–3 ½

Extracts from B.S. 499 and C.P. 112 are reproduced by permission of the British Standards Institution. Complete copies of the standard can be obtained from them at Linford Wood, Milton Keynes, MK146LE, England.

481Appendices

Ch

oo

se v

alu

es a

t th

e u

pp

er p

art

of

the

inte

rval

s g

iven

wh

ere

man

agem

ent,

ho

usi

ng

an

d p

rod

uct

ion

per

form

ance

is o

f g

oo

d s

tan

dar

d a

nd

th

e p

rod

uct

ion

inte

nsi

ty is

hig

h

nu

m-b

er o

f p

igs

in t

he

her

d

Co

mb

ined

pen

Pi

gle

ts t

o

12 w

eeks

in

farr

ow

ing

pen

Pig

lets

tra

nsf

erre

d f

rom

to

wea

ner

pen

s at

2

farr

ow

ing

wee

ks a

fter

wea

nin

g

Plac

es in

ser

vice

/g

esta

tio

n p

ens

wea

nin

g a

tB

oar

gilt

pen

s p

ens

4–6

gilt

s

Two

-sta

ge

pen

s fo

r 10

–12

gro

wer

s

Fin

ish

ing

p

ens

for

8–10

fi

nis

her

s

On

e-st

age

fin

ish

ing

p

ens

for

8–11

fi

nis

her

s

Farr

ow

ing

pen

s:

wea

nin

g a

t

Pen

s fo

r 7–

11

wea

ner

s w

ean

ing

at

6 w

ks8

wks

6 w

ks8

wks

6 w

ks8

wks

21

––

––

22

00

11

2

42

––

––

33

00

22

4

63

––

––

54

00

33

6

84

––

––

65

00

33

6

105

––

––

76

11

44

7–8

158

––

––

9–11

8–11

11

56

9–11

2010

––

––

12–1

511

–14

12

78

12–1

5

2513

––

––

15–1

914

–18

23

8–9

9–10

15–1

9

3014

–16

9–10

11–1

27–

84–

518

–24

16–2

02

310

–12

11–1

320

–25

4018

–22

12–1

414

–16

9–11

5–7

25–3

022

–28

24

12–1

413

–16

25–3

0

5023

–28

15–1

718

–20

12–1

46–

930

–36

28–3

53

5–6

14–1

615

–19

30–3

5

6027

–33

18–2

121

–24

14–1

68–

1135

–45

33–4

24

6–7

16–2

020

–25

35–4

5

8038

–44

25–2

828

–32

18–2

210

–14

45–6

044

–55

58–

1023

–26

27–3

450

–60

100

45–5

531

–34

35–3

823

–27

13–1

860

–75

55–7

06

10–1

3–

–60

–70

120

60–7

037

–41

42–4

627

–32

16–2

275

–90

60–8

57

12–1

5–

–70

–90

150

80–9

047

–51

53–5

735

–41

22–2

790

–100

75–9

58

15–1

8–

–90

–110

200

110–

120

62–6

870

–76

55–6

528

–36

110–

140

100–

130

920

–25

––

130–

150

Appendix VI

number of pens and stalls required in breeding pig units of various sizes

3D modelling 24

AAbreast parlour 242, 244Acrylics 87Action forces 93, 98Adobe blocks 64, 268, 308Aggregate 71Air distribution 355

flow meters 375flow resistance 370inlet(s) 79, 80, 337movements 229quality 349

Alley widths 235Allowable compressive stress concrete 133Aluminium sheets 187Ambient temperature 313Angle of repose 145Angles: setting out of 34Animal behaviour 225Aqua privy 437Arch 109Artificial drying 367, 368Asbestos cement 82

cement sheets 184Askew loads 122Auction ring 410Auger conveyors 384Automatic drinkers 248

BBag storage 378Ballast 71Bamboo 55

joints 55preservation 56shingles 189wall 170

Batch dryers 372Beam 109

equations 125loading cases 124reactions 98

Beaufort wind scale 149Beef cattle 230Bending moment 101, 125

stress 121Bill of quantities 29, 211, 212Binders 68Bins 376Biogas 454

biofuel 454biogenic 454digesters 455enzymes 448methane 454

Bituminous products 88Blockboards, laminboards 54Blockmaking 66Blocks 79Boards 53, 54Bolt joints 138Bolts 85

Boning rod 39Bricks 162

making 66-walled silo 377

Bridges 393Buckling of columns 126Builder's square 37Building lifetime 215

legislation 210module 209production process 205regulations 210

Butt joints 138

CCable 108CADD 21

hardware 21software 21

Calf shed 236Cattle crush 408

dips 250grid 405housing 232races 407yards 407

Cement 69mortar 81plaster 81

Centrifugal blower 336fans 335pumps 423

Chain surveying 35Channel flow 431Chickens, recommended space 269Chipboard 54Chitting stores 356Circuits 200Claddings 169Clamp 352Clay 59

blocks 66silo 376

Cleaning of crops 374Climatic factors 228Coal tar 52Cob 62Coir waste 57Collecting yard 243Collinear forces 96Columns 108, 126, 131Compo mortar 80Compressive stress 105

stresss in concrete 131Concrete 70

blocks 79, 162columns 131compaction 75compressive strength 72curing 77design 131, 133finishes 78foundations 155ingredients 71, 72

joints 76mixing 74workability 72

Condensation 383Conduction 313Connections 138

for steel frames 141Construction methods 205Continuous beams 124Continuous-flow dryers 372Contour lines 36Contracts 219Control segment 40Convection 313Conveyors 384Cooling load 324Cooling systems 347Cooling techniques 339Coplanar forces 94Corrosion 84Corrugated roofing 183Cost estimate 29Costing 214Couples 99Creosote 52Cross-section 111

-stave 34Culvert construction 393

DDagga plaster 81Dairy: goats 285Dalton’s law 319Dead loads 107, 149Deep-bedded sheds 234Deep-layer dryers 369Deep-litter system 270Deep-well turbine pumps 424Deflection 120, 125Deformation 106Density of concrete 131, 133Density of materials 150Design codes 116Design criteria constructions 121Design criteria of beams 118

of concrete 130, 133Design of channels 431

of dryer 371of dwellings 303of feed troughs 257, 269of load 135of members 116of purlin 122of roads 387of stress 107of timber 129of ventilation 337

Design philosophy 115Diaphragm pumps 425Digital mapping 42Dimensions for feed trough 245

of free stalls 234of vehicles turning 396tie-stall 235

Index

Direct stress 116Divided contract 217Documentation for a building project 28Doors 191Double-lap joint 138Double-pitched roof 176Drainage 151, 190Drains 389Drifts 391Dryers 372Drying systems 366

EEarth foundation 155

earth road 388roof 175track 388

Earthing 200Earthquakes 146Eccentrically loaded 131Economic plan 8Egg cooling & handling 281Elasticity 106Electrical motors 202

supply 199Elevation(s) 24, 29Elevator 384Energy audits 460Energy economics 460Energy efficient rural buildings 460Energy sources 447

chemical 447gravitational 447heat 447kinetic 447non-renewable 447nuclear 447renewable 447

Enthalpy 320Environmental audit 18Environmental factors 231

requirements 227Environmental management 17Environmental planning 8Equilibriant 94Equilibrium moisture content (EMC) 364Evaporative cooling 322Evaporator 341

size 355Exhaust ventilation system 335

FFacings 169Factor of safety 107Fan capacities 371Fans 335

laws 337location 337

Farm dwellings 299dwellings improvements 301

Farrowing pens 254, 263Feed handling 248

requirements 265, 279storage 265trough 246, 265

Feeding equipment 243, 245, 266, 279Fences 399Fencing 47Ferrocement 81Fibre-reinforcement 81Field book 36Field gate 405Fire protection 15

Flat roof 174Floor-drying system 370Floors 169Flow diagram 13Footbaths 251Footing and foundation 152Force 93

triangle 95Formwork; concrete 76, 77Foundation plan 28

waterproofing 158Foundations 152Frames 136Frame walls 168Free-body diagram 95Free stalls 234Friction losses in pipes 428Fruit and vegetables 357Functional design 13Functional planning 5

GGable-roof design 177Gantry hoist 291Gates 404Geese housing 283General contract 218Geospatial 33Geosynthetics 88Glass 86Gliding formwork 167Global Positioning Systems 40Glued joints 138Goat housing 284Goats 230Gradients 387Grain cooling 372

drying 363feeders 243-handling equipment 384storage 375

Grass 57Gravity wall 143Greenhouse 343

design 345materials 345ventilation 346

Green state timber 48Grid method 36Guidance cost 214Gutters 191

HHandling facilities 406Handpump 423Hand-ramming 65Hardboards 55Harvest 352Hazardous materials 311Heat 313

and moisture production 228balance 330conservation 349loss from buildings 318regulation 227transfer 313

Heating load 324Herringbone parlour 243, 244Hinges 86Hip roof 178Holding pens 407Horses 231Horticultural crops 351

Housing for cattle 237requirements 232systems 268

Humid volume 320Hydraulic lime 69

radius 432Hydraulic rams 425Hydropneumatic water system 427

IImposed loads 107Impregnation of timber 52Infrastructure planning 7Insect control 380

infestation 381Insulating materials 315Insulation and vapour barriers 354

JJet pumps 424Joint analysis 104Joints 76, 138

in masonry 158

LLadders 198Laminboards 54Latches 86Latent heat 313Laterite soils 58Latrine slab 436Laying hens: recommended dimensions 275Laying of roofing sheets 185Least lateral dimension 126Level excavation 39Leveling 35Lime 68

mortar 79Lintels 164Liquid pressure 143Live loads 149Loading diagram 125

ramp 408Loads 107, 135, 149, 150Loads concentrated 99

on footings 152uniformly distributed 99

Locks 86Loose housing 234Losses caused by insects 380Loss of moisture 366Low volume ventilation 373Lumber 47

MManagement systems 255Manning's formula nomograph 434

roughness coefficient 432Manometer 336, 375Manure handling 249, 267, 281

production 249storage 249

Masonry walls 161Mass of building materials 150

of farm products 150Maximum ventilation rate 339Measuring 33Measuring static pressure 336Mechanical press 65Mechanical ventilation 334Mediumboards 55Metallic salts 52Metals 84

Method of sections 104Milk handling 239Milking 239

parlour 242, 243, 244plants 240system 241

Model buildings 30Modular grid 209Modulus of elasticity 106Moist air 319Moisture and heat production 228

balance 331content measurement 364movement 383transmission 323

Moment of inertia 110Moments of forces 98Monopitched roof 175Mortar 79Mud-and-pole walls 167

NNailed joints 139Nailing plates 139Nailing spaces 140Nail loads 141Nails 84Natural drying 367

fibres 57ventilation 332

Naturally ventilated store 353ventilating systems 333

Nest boxes 280Non-hydraulic lime 68

OOffcuts 48Optical square 34Organization for construction 217Outlet areas required 332Overall heat transfer coefficient 316Overdrying 374

PPaints 88Panels 169Parallel axes 111Parlours 242, 244Particle board 54Perches 280, 281Perishable crops 357Permeability 323Permeance 323Personal management 217Person-pass 404Perspective 23Photogrammetry 33Photovoltaic cells 453Pier foundation 157Pigs 230

housing 253, 257housing requirements 258management 253pens 254, 259pens dimensions 257production 255slaughter 292unit 260, 261, 262unit calculations 256

Pipe flow 427Pitch requirements 179Pit latrines 435Pits 377

Planning procedure 12dryers 371strategies 7

Plan of water and sanitary installations 29Plans 28Plastering 81

technique 83Plastic-lined reservoirs 419Plastics 87Plumb bob 34Plywood 54Point of concurrency 95Pole barns 137Polythene 87Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 87Portal frame 136, 141Post or pole foundation 158Poultry 230, 268

environmental requirements 268houses 273housing 267shelter 270slaughter 294

Pozzolana 69Precipitation 229Prefabrication 208Presentation of farm building projects 30Preservatives 52Pressure ventilation systems 335Principle of superposition 107Profiles 37Progress chart 221Projections 22Project planning 16Propeller fans 335Properties of structural sections 112Psychrometric chart 320, 321Psychrometry 319Pump applications 426Pumps 423Purlins 179Pythagora's theorem 34

QQuonset 344

RRabbits 231, 287Radiation 228Radius of Gyration 112Rammed earth 63

-earth walls 166Range poles 33Ratio of eccentricity 132Reaction forces 96Reciprocating pumps 425Reduction factor 129, 130Reeds 57Reference axes 110Refrigeration 340Regional planning 6Reinforced cement sisal-fibre 82

concrete silo 378Reinforcement 78

mesh 82Relative humidity 320, 364Remote sensing 40Rendering 81Resolution of force 94Resultant of gravitational forces 96Resultant of parallel forces 98Retaining walls 142Rigid frames 178

Road construction 390designs 387

Rod 108Rodent control 382Roof design 179Roofing material 82, 179, 182, 184

sheets (manufacturing) 83Roofs 173

double-pitched 176drainage 190

Rubber 88Rural energy 447

biomass 448choices 447cogeneration 450conversion processes 448diesel 449electricity 448fossil fuels 449grid 449hybrid systems 459rural electrification 449supply routes 448

Rural planning 7

SSack drying 373Safety factor 106Sales yard 409Sand dams 419Sawdust 55Sawn timber 47Scale 28Scour checks 389Screws and bolts 85Seasoning of timber 48Section 28

modulus for beams 119of modulus 111

Seed potatoes stores 356Seepage protection in dams 87Selection of tank size 415Semi-perishable crops 351Sensible cooling 321

heat 313, 321Septic tank 438Setting out 34, 37Shallow-layer natural drying 367Shear force 100, 119, 125

force diagram 101force in beams 120stress 105, 121

Shed-type building 137Sheep 230

dairy production 285-dipping tank 286housing 284, 285

Sheets laying roofs 184Shingles 55Sight rails 38Silo 376Silt test for 71Single-lap joint 138Sinking well 422Sisal-cement sheets 186

fibre 57stems 57

Site plan 28, 37Slaked lime 68Slates 188Slatted floor system 271Slaughterhouse 292, 296Slenderness ratio 127, 129, 130

Slump test 75Soakaway trenches 438

trench sizes 438Social rank 226SODIS 431Softboards 54Soil bearing 151

-classification triangle 59plasticity 60sedimentation test 60shrinkage test 61

Soils 59Soil stabilization 61Solar collectors 452

energy 450flux 451radiation 451

Solid floors 171Sow unit 265Space requirements 256, 299

diagram 95Space segment 40Specific heat 313

humidity 319volume 320

Splashes 391Splitting bamboo 56Spray race 252Stabilized-soil blocks 64Stack effect 332Stacking timber 48Stairway construction 197Stairways 196Stalls 234Standard drawings 25Static equilibrium 93

pressure 336Steel beams 123

bins 378columns 130sheets 182

Stile 405Storage 353

life 358management 380of fertilizers 312of hazardous products 311relative humidity 358requirement 363structures 359temperatures 358warehouse 379

Strain 106Stress 104Structural design 115

elements 108sections 110

Struts 108Sun-dried soil blocks 63Sun shed 233Surveying 33Symbols 26System building 208

TTandem parlour 242, 244Temperature 228, 313Tendering 218Tensile stress 105

systems 116Termite protection 159Termite shields 160Thatch 57, 180

Theodolites 34Thermal capacity 313

properties of materials 314resistance 314

Thermometers 375Thermoplastics 87Tie-stall 235Tiles 187Timber 47

beams 126column 129floors 172preservation 52

Time schedule 30Tolerance in size 210Toothed plate connector 139Total heat content 313Transportation 360Traveller 39Trough dimensions 258Truss components 134Trusses 133Truss gussets 139Tube-axial fan 335Turkeys housing 283Turning diameter for vehicles 396Turnkey contract 218

UUnderground pits 377Urban planning 6User segment 40U-values 316

VVacuum-pressure 52Vapour barriers 324Vapour pressure 323Vector addition 93Ventilated maize crib 368, 379

stores 353Ventilation 329

data 338design 337, 339system 335, 354

Vertical alignment 35Volume estimation 39

WWaferboard 54Walk-through parlour 243, 244Wall bearing on ground 142

material failure 142overturning 142, 144rotational slip 142sliding 142, 144types 161

Walls 142, 160Water-cement ratio 72

and-daub construction 62consumption 413equipment 245, 248, 423quality 413requirement 247, 279, 413requirement for milkroom 241storage 414storage tank selection 415system design 418, 429treatment 430troughs 247

Waterer 279Waterways design 433Weaner and fattening pens 255

Weight loss 380of dried grain 366

Well site 421types 421

Wetted perimeter 432Wicker 55Wind loads 107

pressures 149Windows 195Wind power 456

betz 456distribution 457height 457measurements 457power content 456regime 456siting 459speed 457topologies 458turbine 458

Weibull 457Wire fences 400

gate 404mesh 82

Wood shingles 188preservatives 52

Woodwool slabs 55Workshop 308

YYards 233

ZZero-grazing system 238

Galvanized steel tray

Collector plate withtubes painted black

Glass

Glass

Sealing strip

Glass support

Glass support

Insulation

This book is an effort by FAO to compile an up-to-date, comprehensive

text on rural structures and services in the tropics, focusing on

structures for small- to medium-scale farms and, to some extent,

village-scale agricultural infrastructure. The earlier edition, entitled

Farm structures in tropical climates. A textbook for structural

engineering and design, published in 1986, has been used for over

two decades as a standard textbook for teaching undergraduate and

postgraduate courses on rural structures and services in universities

throughout sub-Saharan Africa.

This second edition will help to improve teaching – at all educational

levels – on the subject of rural buildings in developing countries

of the tropics and it will assist professionals currently engaged in

providing technical advice on rural structures and services, from

either agricultural extension departments or non-governmental rural

development organizations. This book will also provide technical

guidance in the context of disaster recovery and rehabilitation, for

rebuilding the sound rural structures and related services that are key

to development and economic sustainability.

While this book is intended primarily for teaching university- and

college-level agricultural engineering students about rural structures

and services, resources might be made available to produce

textbooks based on this material for teaching at other educational

levels. Although parts of the background material relate specifically

to East and Southeast Africa, the book’s principles apply to the

whole of tropical Africa, Latin America and South Asia because,

while building traditions may vary, the available materials are similar.

4d2

r2Aππ ==

(min)mm274 × 573

==π

d

Photos: ©FAO/G.Napolitano I2433E/1/11.11

ISBN 978-92-5-107047-5

9 7 8 9 2 5 1 0 7 0 4 7 5

Rural structures in the tropicsd e s i g n a n d d e v e l o p m e n t

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