Appendix B-7 Part 1 Cultural Resources - Building …...Public Archaeology Facility Phase 1...

Appendix B.7 Part 1

Cultural ResourcesBuilding Site Documentation

Berlin Site Phase 1 Archeological SurveyFTC Site Phase 1 Archeological Survey

Howe’s Cave Avoidance Plan

June 2017

Environmental Assessment

Schoharie County Public Safety Facility Project

PHASE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY

SCHOHARIE COUNTY PUBLIC SAFETY PROJECT BERLIN SITE

TOWN OF SCHOHARIE SCHOHARIE COUNTY

NEW YORK MCD 09512 15PR06289

BY:

LAURIE E. MIROFF, PhD

SUBMITTED TO:

LABELLA ASSOCIATES, D.P.C. 300 STATE STREET

ROCHESTER, NY 14614

JUNE 20, 2017

SPONSOR:

SCHOHARIE COUNTY

Binghamton University, State University of New York Binghamton, New York 13902-6000

Public Archaeology Facility Phase 1 Archaeological Survey, Schoharie County Public Safety Project Page i

MANAGEMENT SUMMARY

Project Name: Schoharie County Public Safety Project, Berlin Site

SHPO Project Review Number (if available): 15PR06289

Involved State or Federal Agencies (DEC, CORPS, FHWA, etc): FEMA, DHSES

Project Goals: Phase 1 Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey

Location Information Location: Town of SchoharieMinor Civil Division: 09512County: Schoharie

Site Area (Metric & English) Archaeological Testing Area: Length: varies between 133 m and 167 m (436 ft and 548 ft)Width: varies between 169 m and 196 m (554 and 643 ft)Area: 25,500 m2 (274,480 ft2); 2.55 ha (6.3 ac)

USGS 7.5 Minute Quadrangle Map: 1943 (Photorevised 1994) Schoharie and 1943 (Photorevised 1994)Cobleskill

Sensitivity Assessment: Prehistoric: High potential for encountering single and multi-task camps and resource processing locations due to the presence of numerous prehistoric sites in the vicinity of the project area.

Historic: Low due to the absence of historic structures and map documented structures within the project area.

Archaeological Survey Methodology:Number of Shovel Test Pits: 85 at 15 m (49 ft) intervals.Number of Units: 0Surface Survey: None

Results of Archeological Survey:Number of prehistoric sites identified: 0Number of historic sites identified: 0Number of listed/eligible or potentially eligible National Register (NR) sites that may be impacted: 0

Author/Institution: Laurie E. Miroff / Public Archaeology Facility, Binghamton University

Date: June 20, 2017

Sponsor: Schoharie County

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 1

II. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ....................................................................................................................................... 1

III. BACKGROUND RESEARCH ............................................................................................................................... 5

3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT ................................................................................................................................. 5 3.2 SITE FILES SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................... 6 3.3 PREHISTORIC CONTEXT ........................................................................................................................................ 6 3.4 HISTORIC CONTEXT .............................................................................................................................................. 8

IV. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................................ 11

4.1 WALKOVER AND FIELD ASSESSMENT ................................................................................................................. 11 4.2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL TESTING METHODS .............................................................................................................. 11 4.3 GENERAL LABORATORY METHODS .................................................................................................................... 11

V. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESULTS ....................................................................................................... 12

5.1 OVERVIEW .......................................................................................................................................................... 12

VI. RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................................................................................... 12

APPENDIX I. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................... 13

APPENDIX II. SUPPLEMENTAL DATA ................................................................................................................ 14

2.1 SOIL RECORD ...................................................................................................................................................... 14

APPENDIX III. CORRESPONDENCE ..................................................................................................................... 18

APPENDIX IV. PROJECT MAPS............................................................................................................................. 19

Public Archaeology Facility Phase 1 Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey, Schoharie County Public Safety Project Page ii

Public Archaeology Facility Phase 1 Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey, Schoharie County Public Safety Project Page iii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Approximate location of the project area in Schoharie County and New York State. ................................... 1 Figure 2. Location of the project area in red on the 1943/1994 Schoharie and 1943/1994 Cobleskill, NY quadrangles ......................................................................................................................... 2 Figure 3. Soil map for the Schoharie County Public Safety Project, Berlin Site ........................................................... 5 Figure 4. Project location on the 1856 Map of Schoharie County, New York. ............................................................. 9 Figure 5. Project location on the 1866 New Topographical Atlas of Schoharie County, New York. ........................... 9 Figure 6. Project location on the 1900 15’ Schoharie, NY USGS Quadrangle. .......................................................... 10

LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Summary of Soil Types within the Project Area ............................................................................................. 6 Table 2. Site Files Summary (Confidential) .................................................................................................................. 6

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

Photo 1. Project area, facing east. .................................................................................................................................. 3 Photo 2. Project area, facing north. ................................................................................................................................ 3 Photo 3. Project area, facing west. ................................................................................................................................. 4 Photo 4. Project area, facing west. ................................................................................................................................. 4

Project Location

Figure 1. Approximate location of the project area in Schoharie County and New York State.

Public Archaeology Facility Phase 1 Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey, Schoharie County Public Safety Project Page 1

I. INTRODUCTION

This report presents the results of a Phase 1 reconnaissance survey for the proposed Schoharie County Public Safety Project, Berlin Site, in the Town of Schoharie, Schoharie County, New York.

The fieldwork summarized in this document was performed under the supervision of Dr. Nina M. Versaggi, Director of the Public Archaeology Facility, Binghamton University. Laurie E. Miroff served as the project director and author of this report. The field crew consisted of Edgar Alarcon, Tom Besom, Paul Brown, Greg Diute, John Ferri, Matt LoPiccolo, and Alex Nevgloski. Databases were created by Mary Lou Supa. Maria Pezzuti performed all related administrative duties. In compliance with the Standards for Cultural Resource Investigations in New York State (1994) and the National Park Service’s Criteria and Procedures for the Identification of Historic Properties (2000), the area within the project limits is considered the area of impact for the purpose of conducting the survey. The results of the research performed for this report do not apply to any territory outside the project area.

II. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

This report presents the results of a Phase 1 archaeological survey for the proposed Schoharie County Public Safety Project to the east of Howes Cave Road in the Town of Cobleskill, Schoharie County, New York. The subject parcel was specifically investigated as part of the proposed public safety facility site, which was expanded from the original Fire Training Site (Sheridan 2017). The expansion was needed to provide additional space for site planning. In addition, a utility corridor will be associated with this project and once the corridor is determined, a Phase 1 investigation will be completed. The area of potential effect (APE) for this proposed public safety parcel covers approximately 2.6 ha (6.3 ac). The parcel will be referred to as the Berlin site.

Figure 1 shows the project area in Schoharie County and New York State. Figure 2 shows the location of the project on the 1943/1994 Schoharie 7.5' USGS quadrangle. Photos 1-4 show current land use within the project area, which consists of a field with scattered trees, tree lines, a stream, and a drainage ditch.

Figure 2. Location of the project area in red on the 1943/1994 Schoharie and 1943/1994 Cobleskill, NY quadrangles.


Photo 1. Project area, facing east from southwestern portion of project area.

Photo 2. Project area, facing north from southwestern portion of project area.


Photo 3. Project area, facing southwest from northeastern portion of project area.

Photo 4. Project area, facing west from northern edge of project area.



III. BACKGROUND RESEARCH

3.1 Environmental Context

The Schoharie County Public Safety Project, Berlin Site is situated in the glaciated Allegheny Plateau Province, extending south from the Mohawk Valley lowlands to the northern ranges of the Catskills. The project area lies approximately 210 m (689 ft) north of Cobleskill Creek, the primary drainage for the area. The confluence of the Cobleskill and Schoharie Creeks is located approximately 4.1 km (2.6 mi) east of the project area. Schoharie Creek flows north and joins the Mohawk River approximately 28.5 km (17.7 mi) north of the project area. Elevations for the area range from approximately 213-226 m (700-740 ft) ASL.

Figure 3 illustrates the soil types found throughout the project area. Alluvial soils are indicated within a small portion of the northern section of the project area, covered by dense brush. A small area of Darien silt loam lies in the southern area, again covered by dense brush. The primary intact soil for the project area consists of Schoharie and Hudson silt loams. These soils are found on lake plains. These soils are unlikely to contain deeply buried cultural horizons. Archaeological testing should extend to a minimum of 15 cm (6 in) into sterile B horizon soils.

Figure 3. Soil map for the Schoharie County Public Safety Project, Berlin Site(Key: Al=Alluvial land, 0 to 5 percent slopes; DbB=Darien silt loam, undulating, 2 to 8 percent slopes;

ShC=Schoharie and Hudson silt loams, 6 to 12 percent slopes).


Table 1. Summary of Soil Types within the Project Area

Name Soil Horizon Depth cm (in) Color Texture and Inclusions Slope % Drainage Landform

Alluvial Land (Al) Varies Varies Varies Al

(0-5%) Poorly Drained Floodplains

Darien silt loam, undulating (DdB)

Ap 0-23 cm (0-9 in) Eg 23-28 cm (9-11 in) Bt1 28-48 cm (11-19 in) Btg2 48-81 cm (19-32 in) BC 81-112 cm (32-44 in) C 112-183 cm (44-72 in)

Very dark grayish brown Grayish brown Olive Brown Dark grayish brown Olive gray Olive brown

Silt loam Silt loam Clay loam Silty clay loam Channery silty clay loam Channery silty clay loam

DdB (2-8%) DuC3 (8-15%)

Somewhat Poorly Drained

Hills, till plains, and drumlinoid ridges

Schoharie and Hudson silt loams (ShC)

Hudson: Ap: 0-13 cm (0-5 in) B&A: 13-25 cm (5-10 in) B21t: 25-56 cm (10-22 in) B22t: 56-91 cm (22-36 in) C: 91-107 cm (36-42+ in)

Very dark grayish brown Light olive brown Dark grayish brown Very dark grayish brown Dark brown

Silty clay loam Silty clay loam Silty clay Silty clay Clay

ShC (6-12%)

Moderately Well Drained

Lake plains

3.2 Site Files Summary

A site files check conducted using the New York State Parks Recreation and Historic Preservation’s Cultural Resource Information System (CRIS) and PAF’s site files identified 13 prehistoric sites within 1.6 km (1 mi) of the project area. No historic sites were found within this radius. However, during the Phase 1 survey of the Fire Training Site, archaeologists identified a 19th century cemetery just to the southwest of the project area (Sheridan 2017).

Table 2. Site Files Summary (Confidential)

This table was intentionally deleted per the requirements of the Archaeological Resource Protection Act (16 U.S.C. 470hh) and its implementing regulations (49 FR 1027, Jan. 6, 1984).


3.3 Prehistoric Context

The prehistory of New York State and the Northeast was characterized by two broad subsistence patterns, both of which influenced settlement and land use patterns, as well as material culture. The first, designated as the pre-agricultural hunter-gatherer, began with the arrival of highly mobile groups during the Paleo-Indian and Early-Middle Archaic periods around 10,000-4000 B.C. Mobility was an important adaptation, as these groups relied on gathered plants, game animals, and fish for their subsistence. These groups often followed herds of animals, or migrated from one resource-rich landform (e.g., upland wetlands) to another. Starting in the Late Archaic period and extending through the Middle Woodland (4000 B.C. to A.D. 900), hunter-gatherers became seasonally nomadic. People created relatively large base camps in major river or lake valleys, from which daily foragers would radiate outward in search of local resources. During seasons of resource dispersal, the camps would break up into smaller, more mobile foraging units. Sites associated with hunter-gatherers include the short term camps and resource processing stations used by early groups, as well as larger base camps and lithic scatters associated with the daily foragers of the seasonally nomadic groups.

Research by Versaggi (1996) has identified base-line models of prehistoric hunter-gatherer settlement along the Upper Susquehanna Valley, and recognizes a set of site types that can be employed in an examination of hunter-gatherer sites. Versaggi’s analysis identified four site groupings: base-camps, single-task field camps, multi-task field camps, and resource-processing stations.

Base-camps are large sites with high frequencies of artifacts, tools, features, and spatial clusters. Base-camps were typically located at confluences near winter deer aggregation areas and dense spring fish runs.

Single-task field camps are typically smaller size occupations that contain large numbers of artifacts and specialized tools. Bifacial reduction debitage is prominent as bifacial tool-kits are replaced and maintained. Single-task temporary camps appear to have been occupied by few people for a short duration, and there may have been little need to organize and divide space. Fewer spatial clusters would result and these would tend to be similar in composition, reflecting a focus on a single or limited range of tasks.

Multi-task field camps are typically smaller size occupations that contain lower numbers of artifacts and tools. These sites resemble forager-like camps in which the occupants moved frequently in pursuit of low density and dispersed resources. Multi-task camps occur in a wide variety of contexts. Some were widely scattered within the valleys of major and secondary drainages, and others were mapped onto specific resource patches in the uplands.

Resource processing locations and encounter-like hunting/butchering stations are small occupations with very low numbers of artifacts, tools, and spatial clusters. Expedient flake production and use characterize these small lithic sites. Generally, these sites are expected within the daily foraging radius around a camp or village, as well as around dispersed single- and multi-task camps.


Prehistoric Sensitivity

The site files check identified 13 prehistoric sites within 1.6 km (1 mi) of the project area. None of these previously recorded sites fall within the project area; the Howes Cave Site was identified during testing for the Fire Training Site to the west of the present project area (Sheridan 2017). All of the sites within the examined radius were small, unaffiliated lithic scatters. Based on current models of regional site types and the numerous sites within 1 mile of the project area, there is a high probability of encountering single- and multi-task field camps or resource processing sites within the project limits. Larger, seasonal base camps or village sites are not likely to be encountered, and would more likely be situated along the floodplain of Cobleskill Creek.

3.4 Historic Context

The Town of Schoharie was first a district in Albany County and formed as a town in 1788. The first settlers, in 1713, were German Palatines who had previously settled in the Hudson Valley. Schoharie Valley was home to highly productive agriculture and became the “bread basket of the colony,” with successful wheat production, even during the Revolution. Raids during the War destroyed most of the town’s buildings. After the War, Schoharie continued as largely agricultural. Cheese making and the dairy industry were also important during the nineteenth century, with the products sold in New York City. Artisan cheese making and related trades have increased in the region since the late twentieth century.

Historic Sensitivity

No historic sites are known within 1.6 km (1 mi) of the project area. However, a small family cemetery was identified to the south of the project area during the survey for the Fire Training Site (Sheridan 2017). The available historic maps were examined to assess the potential for historic sites and map documented structures (MDSs) within the project area. No MDSs are within the project area.

1856 Map of Schoharie County, New York (Figure 4) – This map shows the project area situated north of the hamlet of Howes Cave in the Town of Schoharie. There are no MDSs within the delineated project boundaries. One structure is located southwest of the project limits on the east side of Howes Cave Road.

1866 New Topographical Atlas of Schoharie County, New York (Figure 5) – This map shows the project area as nearly identical to the previous map, with the exceptions being the building of the Albany-Susquehanna Railroad north of the project area and an increase in the number of structures in the nearby hamlet of Howes Cave. There are no MDSs within the delineated project boundaries. The same residence is standing to the southwest of the project limits (Houck family).

1900 15’ Schoharie USGS Quadrangle (Figure 6) – This map shows the project area as nearly identical to the previous map. There are fewer homes in the nearby hamlet of Howes Cave. There are no MDSs within the delineated project boundaries. The structure southwest of the project limits remains on this map.

1943/1994 Schoharie 7.5' USGS Quadrangle (Figure 2 above) – This map shows the vicinity of the project area in its most recent configuration.

No MDSs are located within the project boundaries. A search of CRIS indicates that there are three National Register Eligible properties within 1.6 km (1 m) of the project area. None of the properties are within the project limits. The Methodist Episcopal Church is located to the west of the project area on Howes Cave Road. The properties at 680 and 713 Schoharie Hill Road are located south of NY 88 on Schoharie Hill Road. Because there are no historic structures within the project area, there is a low potential for historic cultural resources within the project limits, unless outlying structures or features associated with the 19th century Houck family are encountered.

Figure 4. Project location on the 1856 Map of Schoharie County, New York.

Figure 5. Project location on the 1866 New Topographical Atlas of Schoharie County, New York.


Figure 6. Project location on the 1900 15’ Schoharie, NY USGS Quadrangle. (Project area highlighted in red)



IV. METHODOLOGY

4.1 Walkover and Field Assessment

The purpose of the walkover was to identify any existing cultural features, determine if there has been any prior ground disturbance, and assess suitability for subsurface testing. On March 8, 2017, Miroff conducted a walkover of the proposed project area. The environmental context of the project area consists of an open field and wooded areas. No surface visibility was present, and thus surface survey was not possible.

4.2 Archaeological Testing Methods

Archaeologists conducted a subsurface survey of all testable areas associated with the project area. Crews excavated 85 shovel test pits (STPs) at 15 m (49 ft) intervals. The STPs were excavated with hand tools. STPs were generally 35 cm (14 in) in diameter, and extended 15 cm (6 in) into culturally sterile B horizon soils, unless obstructed by rocks or roots. All soil was sifted through 7 mm (0.25 in) hardware cloth, and artifacts from each recognizable soil horizon were bagged separately. Notation was made of coal ash, brick fragments, and modern refuse (plastic, asphalt, etc.), and these items were discarded in the field. Written descriptions of soil color and texture, artifact content, and digging conditions were made at the time of excavation. The STP soil records are presented in Appendix 2.1.

4.3 General Laboratory Methods

No artifacts were recovered from the project area. All of the notes and other documentation of the reconnaissance testing are curated according to federal (36 CFR Part 79) and state guidelines (NYAC 1994) in the facilities of the Department of Anthropology at Binghamton University.

Site


V. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESULTS

5.1 Overview

Archaeologists excavated 85 STPs at 15 m (49 ft) intervals within the project area. Soils consisted of an A horizon of brown or grayish brown silt loam that averaged 24 cm (9.5 in) in depth. The B horizon consisted of yellowish brown silty clay. Ending depths ranged from 20 cm (7.9 in) to 55 cm (21.7 in) with an average depth of 40 cm (15.8 in). Several STPs were not dug due to a north-south running drainage ditch in the eastern portion of the project area and a stream running from a ponded area in the northwestern portion of the project area to the northeastern portion of the project area. Some STPs ended when water filled the STP. No prehistoric or historic cultural material was recovered from any of the STPs.

VI. RECOMMENDATIONS

The Phase 1 archaeological survey for the Schoharie County Public Safety Project, Berlin Site, identified no prehistoric or historic archaeological sites. We recommend no further archaeological work within the current project boundaries.


APPENDIX I. REFERENCES

Beers, S. N. and D. G.1866 New Topographical Atlas of Schoharie County, New York. Stone and Stewart, Philadelphia.

National Park Service2000 National Register Bulletin 15: How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation. Washington

D.C., National Park Service.

New York Archaeological Council (NYAC)1994 Standards for Cultural Resource Investigations in New York State.

Sheridan, Kevin E. 2017 Phase 1 Archaeological Survey, Schoharie County Public Safety Project Fire Training Site, Town of

Schoharie, Schoharie County, New York, MCD 09512, 14PR05348. Public Archaeology Facility, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York.

United States Geological Survey1900 15’ Minute Schoharie, NY Quadrangle.1943 7.5 Minute Cobleskill, NY Quadrangle (photorevised 1994).1943 7.5 Minute Schoharie, NY Quadrangle (photorevised 1994).

Versaggi, Nina M. 1996 Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherer Settlement Models: Interpreting the Upper Susquehanna. In A Golden

Chronograph for Robert R. Funk, Occasional Publications in Northeastern Anthropology, No. 15: 129-140.

Wenig, E. and W. Lorey1856 Map of Schoharie County, New York. R. P. Smith, Philadelphia.

Web Soil Survey - http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/. Accessed March 2017.

http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/


APPENDIX II. SUPPLEMENTAL DATA

2.1 Soil Record Pa=Pale Lt=Light Md=Medium Dk=Dark

Br=Brown Gr=Gray Yl=Yellow Ol=Olive Tn=Tan Rd=Red Bk=Black Wh=WhiteSi=Silt Sa=Sand Cl=Clay Lo=Loam Gvl=Gravel

P=Prehistoric H=Historic N=No Cultural MaterialDisc.=Discarded

STP Level Depth Soil Description CM Crew Date A-1 1 0-15 Br Si Lo N PB/ML/AJN 3/30/17

A-1 2 15-23 Ol Br / Yl Br Si Lo N PB/ML/AJN 3/30/17 A-1 3 23-38 Gr / Strong Br Si Cl N PB/ML/AJN 3/30/17

A-2 1 0-27 Br Si Lo N JF/GD 3/10/17 A-2 2 27-43 Ol Br Si Cl N JF/GD 3/10/17

B-1 1 0-21 Dk Ol Br Si Lo N PB 3/30/17 B-1 2 21-39 Pale Br / Strong Br Si Cl N PB 3/30/17

B-2 1 0-23 Dk Ol Br Si Lo N PB 3/30/17

B-2 2 23-40 Pale Br / Strong Br Si Cl N PB 3/30/17 B-3 1 0-25 Dk Ol Br Si Lo N PB 3/30/17

B-3 2 25-29 Dk Ol Br Si Lo N PB 3/30/17 B-3 3 29-50 Yl Br Si Cl N PB 3/30/17 C-1 1 0-14 Br Si Lo N EA 3/30/17

C-1 2 14-30 Yl Br Si N EA 3/30/17 C-2 1 0-20 Br Si Lo N EA 3/30/17

C-2 2 20-37 Yl Br Si N EA 3/30/17 C-3 1 0-24 Gr Br Si Lo N EA 3/30/17

C-3 2 24-40 Yl Br Si N EA 3/30/17 C-4 1 0-25 Gr Br Si Lo N EA 3/30/17 C-4 2 25-40 Mottled Yl Br Si W/ Strong Br Si N EA 3/30/17

C-5 1 0-30 Dk Br Si Lo N EA 3/30/17 C-5 2 30-46 Yl Br Si Lo; Standing Water At Base Of Level N EA 3/30/17

D-1 1 0-25 Br Si Lo N ML/AJN 3/30/17 D-1 2 25-30 Br Si Lo N ML/AJN 3/30/17 D-1 3 30-45 Yl Br Cl Lo N ML/AJN 3/30/17

D-2 1 0-16 Br Si Lo N ML/AJN 3/30/17 D-2 2 16-36 Yl Br Si Cl N ML/AJN 3/30/17

D-3 1 0-20 Br Si Lo N ML/AJN 3/30/17 D-3 2 20-35 Yl Br Si Cl N ML/AJN 3/30/17

D-4 1 0-25 Br Si Lo N ML/AJN 3/30/17 D-4 2 25-32 Br Si Lo N ML/AJN 3/30/17 D-4 3 32-50 Yl Br Si Cl N ML/AJN 3/30/17

D-5 1 0-26 Br Si Lo N ML/AJN 3/30/17

D-5 2 26-41 Yl Br Si Cl N ML/AJN 3/30/17

D-6 1 0-26 Br Si Lo N ML/AJN 3/30/17 D-6 2 26-31 Yl Br Si Cl; Stopped By Tree Stump N ML/AJN 3/30/17 E-1 1 0-22 Dk Ol Br Si Lo N PB 3/30/17

E-1 2 22-38 Pale Yl Br Si Cl N PB 3/30/17 E-2 1 0-17 Dk Ol Br Si Lo N PB 3/30/17

E-2 2 17-35 Lt Yl Cl Si N PB 3/30/17 E-3 1 0-25 Ol Br Si Lo N PB 3/30/17

E-3 2 25-28 Ol Br Si Lo N PB 3/30/17


STP Level Depth Soil Description CM Crew Date E-3 3 28-44 Pale Yl Si Cl N PB 3/30/17

E-4 1 0-25 Ol Br Si Lo N PB 3/30/17 E-4 2 25-27 Ol Br Si Lo N PB 3/30/17 E-4 3 27-45 Strong Br / Pale Yl Br Si Cl N PB 3/30/17

E-5 1 0-24 Dk Ol Br Si Lo N PB 3/30/17 E-5 2 24-41 Yl Br / Strong Br Si Cl N PB 3/30/17

E-6 1 0-19 Br Si Lo N PB 3/30/17 E-6 2 19-36 Pale Yl Br Cl Si N PB 3/30/17 E-7 1 0-25 Dk Ol Br Si Lo N PB 3/30/17

E-7 2 25-27 Dk Ol Br Si Lo N PB 3/30/17 E-7 3 27-43 Yl Br / Strong Br Si Cl N PB 3/30/17

E-8 1 0-25 Dk Ol Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N PB 3/30/17 E-8 2 25-27 Dk Ol Br Si Lo W/ Rocks; STP Filled W/ Water; Stopped By Rock &

Standing Water N PB 3/30/17

F-1 1 0-25 Dk Br Si Lo N EA 3/30/17 F-1 2 25-40 Mottled Yl Br Si Lo W/ Ol Br Si Lo N EA 3/30/17 F-2 1 0-23 Gr Br Si Lo N EA 3/30/17

F-2 2 23-48 Mottled Yl Br Si Lo W/ Ol Br Si Lo; Standing Water At Base Of Level N EA 3/30/17 F-3 1 0-24 Gr Br Si Lo N EA 3/30/17

F-3 2 24-42 Mottled Yl Br Cl Lo W/ Ol Br Cl Lo N EA 3/30/17 F-4 1 0-24 Gr Br Si Lo N EA 3/30/17

F-4 2 24-44 Yl Br Cl Si N EA 3/30/17 F-5 1 0-26 Gr Br Si Lo N EA 3/30/17 F-5 2 26-45 Yl Br Cl Lo; Standing Water At Base Of Level N EA 3/30/17

F-6 1 0-25 Br Si Lo N JF/GD 3/10/17 F-6 2 25-40 Ol Br Si Cl N JF/GD 3/10/17

F-7 1 0-23 Gr Br Si Lo N EA 3/30/17

F-7 2 23-40 Yl Br Cl Lo N EA 3/30/17 F-8 1 0-25 Dk Br Si Lo N EA 3/30/17

F-8 2 25-40 Yl Br Cl Si N EA 3/30/17 F-9 1 0-32 Dk Br Si Lo N EA 3/30/17

F-9 2 32-53 Yl Br Si Lo; Standing Water At Base Of Level N EA 3/30/17 G-1 1 0-25 Br Si Lo N AJN/ML 3/30/17

G-1 2 25-33 Br Si Lo N AJN/ML 3/30/17 G-1 3 33-39 Yl Br Si Lo; Stopped By Root N AJN/ML 3/30/17 G-2 1 0-25 Br Wet Si Lo N AJN/ML 3/30/17

G-2 2 25-30 Br Wet Si Lo N AJN/ML 3/30/17 G-2 3 30-45 Yl Br Wet Si Cl N AJN/ML 3/30/17

G-3 1 0-27 Br Si Lo N AJN/ML 3/30/17 G-3 2 27-46 Yl Br Si Cl N AJN/ML 3/30/17

G-4 1 0-25 Br Wet Si Cl N AJN/ML 3/30/17

G-4 2 25-41 Yl Br Wet Si N AJN/ML 3/30/17 G-5 1 0-27 Br Si Cl; STP Filled W/ Water; Stopped By Standing Water N ML/AJN 3/30/17

G-6 1 0-25 Br Si Lo N ML/AJN 3/30/17 G-6 2 25-41 Yl Br Si Cl N ML/AJN 3/30/17

G-7 1 0-27 Br Si Lo N ML/AJN 3/30/17 G-7 2 27-43 Yl Br Si Cl N ML/AJN 3/30/17 G-8 1 0-25 Br Si Lo N ML/AJN 3/30/17

G-8 2 25-40 Yl Br Si Cl N ML/AJN 3/30/17


STP Level Depth Soil Description CM Crew Date G-9 1 0-25 Br Si Lo N ML/AJN 3/30/17

G-9 2 25-30 Br Si Lo N ML/AJN 3/30/17 G-9 3 30-46 Yl Br Si Cl N ML/AJN 3/30/17 G-10 1 0-26 Br Si Lo N ML/AJN 3/30/17

G-10 2 26-41 Yl Br Si Cl N ML/AJN 3/30/17 G-12 1 0-28 Dk Br Si Lo N EA/LM 3/30/17

G-12 2 28-45 Yl Br Cl Lo; Standing Water At Base Of Level N EA/LM 3/30/17 H-2 1 0-24 Ol Br Si Lo N PB 3/30/17 H-2 2 24-40 Lt Ol Br / Yl Br Si Cl N PB 3/30/17

H-3 1 0-24 Br Si Lo N PB 3/30/17 H-3 2 24-49 Gr / Yl Br Si Cl N PB 3/30/17

H-3 3 49-50 Gr / Yl Br Si Cl N PB 3/30/17 H-4 1 0-22 Dk Br Si Lo N PB 3/30/17

H-4 2 22-38 Strong Br / Pale Yl Br Si Cl N PB 3/30/17 H-5 1 0-23 Dk Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB 3/30/17 H-5 2 23-39 Pale Yl Br / Ol Br Si Cl N PB 3/30/17

H-6 1 0-24 Br Si Lo N PB 3/30/17 H-6 2 24-40 Lt Yl Br Si Cl N PB 3/30/17

H-7 1 0-23 Br Si Lo N PB 3/30/17 H-7 2 23-38 Pale Yl Br Cl Si N PB 3/30/17 H-8 1 0-20 Ol Br Si Lo N PB 3/30/17

H-8 2 20-38 Pale Yl Br / Strong Br Si Cl N PB 3/30/17 H-9 1 0-25 Br Si Lo N PB 3/30/17

H-9 2 25-42 Gr Br / Pale Yl Br Si Cl N PB 3/30/17 H-10 1 0-19 Br Si Lo N PB 3/30/17

H-10 2 19-37 Yl Br / Pale Br Si Cl N PB 3/30/17

H-11 1 0-19 Br Si Lo N PB 3/30/17 H-11 2 19-35 Pale Yl Br / Yl Br Si Cl; Low Charcoal At Transition N PB 3/30/17

I-2 1 0-12 Gr Br Wet Cl Lo N JF 3/30/17 I-2 2 12-30 Yl Br Wet Cl Lo; Soil Is Very Wet; STP On Edge Of Or Within

Wetland N JF 3/30/17

I-3 1 0-19 Gr Br Cl Lo N JF 3/30/17 I-3 2 19-41 Yl Br Cl Lo; STP On Edge Of Or Within Wetland N JF 3/30/17

I-4 1 0-23 Gr Br Cl Lo N JF 3/30/17 I-4 2 23-40 Yl Br Cl Lo; STP On Edge Of Or Within Wetland N JF 3/30/17 I-5 1 0-24 Gr Br Cl Lo N JF 3/30/17

I-5 2 24-34 Yl Br Cl Lo; Stopped By Roots N JF 3/30/17 I-6 1 0-27 Gr Br Cl Lo N JF 3/30/17

I-6 2 27-42 Yl Br Cl Lo N JF 3/30/17 I-7 1 0-27 Gr Br Cl Lo N JF 3/30/17

I-7 2 27-44 Yl Br Cl Lo N JF 3/30/17

I-8 1 0-26 Gr Br Cl Lo N JF 3/30/17 I-8 2 26-42 Yl Br Cl Lo N JF 3/30/17

I-9 1 0-29 Gr Br Cl Lo N JF 3/30/17 I-9 2 29-46 Yl Br Cl Lo N JF 3/30/17

I-10 1 0-24 Gr Br Cl Lo N JF 3/30/17 I-10 2 24-41 Yl Br Cl Lo N JF 3/30/17 I-11 1 0-22 Dk Br Si Lo N PB 3/30/17

I-11 2 22-39 Pale Yl Br Si Cl; Low Charcoal At Transition N PB 3/30/17


STP Level Depth Soil Description CM Crew Date J-2 1 0-26 Gr Br Muddy Si Lo N EA 3/30/17

J-2 2 26-35 Yl Br Si Lo; Stopped By Standing Water N EA 3/30/17 J-3 1 0-25 Gr Br Muddy Si Lo N EA 3/30/17 J-3 2 25-40 Ol Br Si Lo; Standing Water At Base Of Level N EA 3/30/17

J-4 - Not Tested - Wetland EA 3/30/17 J-5 - Not Tested - Wetland EA 3/30/17

J-6 1 0-26 Dk Br Si Lo N EA 3/30/17 J-6 2 26-47 Mottled Yl Br Cl Lo W/ Lt Gr Br Cl Lo N EA 3/30/17 J-7 1 0-16 Gr Br Muddy Si Lo N EA 3/30/17

J-7 2 16-35 Ol Br Cl Lo; Standing Water At Base Of Level N EA 3/30/17 J-8 1 0-22 Gr Br Si Lo N EA 3/30/17

J-8 2 22-40 Mottled Yl Br Cl Lo W/ Ol Br Cl Lo N EA 3/30/17 J-9 1 0-20 Gr Br Muddy Si Lo N EA 3/30/17

J-9 2 20-35 Mottled Yl Br Cl Lo W/ Ol Br Cl Lo N EA 3/30/17 J-11 1 0-21 Br Si Lo N PB 3/30/17 J-11 2 21-40 Yl Br / Pale Yl Br Si Cl N PB 3/30/17

K-2 1 0-34 Mottled Dk Br Si Cl Lo / Yl Br Si Cl; Above A Culvert - Disturbed N AJN/ML 3/30/17 K-3 1 0-25 Br Si Lo N AJN/ML 3/30/17

K-3 2 25-36 Br Si Lo; Stopped By Root & Rock N AJN/ML 3/30/17 K-5 1 0-25 Br Si Lo N AJN/ML 3/30/17 K-5 2 25-35 Br Si Lo N AJN/ML 3/30/17

K-5 3 35-55 Yl Br Si Sa N AJN/ML 3/30/17 K-8 1 0-25 Gr Br Si Cl Lo N AJN/ML 3/30/17

K-8 2 25-30 Gr Br Si Cl Lo N AJN/ML 3/30/17 K-8 3 30-46 Yl Br Si Cl N AJN/ML 3/30/17

K-9 1 0-23 Dk Br Si Lo N EA 3/30/17

K-9 2 23-40 Ol Br Cl Lo N EA 3/30/17 K-10 1 0-22 Gr Br Si Lo N EA 3/30/17

K-10 2 22-40 Mottled Yl Br Cl Lo W/ Ol Br Cl Lo N EA 3/30/17 K-11 1 0-21 Br Si Lo N PB 3/30/17

K-11 2 21-38 Pale Yl Br Si Cl N PB 3/30/17 L-4 1 0-17 Br Si Lo N AJN/ML 3/30/17 L-4 2 17-30 Ol Br Sa Si N AJN/ML 3/30/17

L-4 3 30-50 Yl Br Sa Si N AJN/ML 3/30/17 L-5 1 0-25 Md Br Sa Si N LM/TB 3/30/17

L-5 2 25-41 Yl Br Sa Si; Standing Water At Base Of Level N LM/TB 3/30/17 L-6 1 0-23 Br Si Lo N AJN/ML 3/30/17

L-6 2 23-42 Yl Br Si Sa N AJN/ML 3/30/17 L-10 1 0-19 Br Si Lo N PB 3/30/17

L-10 2 19-36 Yl Br Si Cl N PB 3/30/17

M-7 1 0-18 Br Si Lo N AJN/ML 3/30/17 M-7 2 18-20 Yl Br Si Lo N AJN/ML 3/30/17

M-8 1 0-20 Md Br Sa Lo N LM/TB 3/30/17 M-8 2 20-37 Yl Br Sa Lo; Standing Water At Base Of Level N LM/TB 3/30/17

M-10 1 0-24 Md Br Sa Si N LM/TB 3/30/17

M-10 2 24-37 Yl Br Sa Si; Standing Water At Base Of Level N LM/TB 3/30/17


APPENDIX III. CORRESPONDENCE


APPENDIX IV. PROJECT MAPS

PHASE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY

SCHOHARIE COUNTY PUBLIC SAFETY PROJECT FIRE TRAINING SITE

TOWN OF SCHOHARIE SCHOHARIE COUNTY

NEW YORK MCD 09512 15PR06289

BY:

KEVIN E. SHERIDAN, PhD

SUBMITTED TO:


ROCHESTER, NY 14614

JUNE 20, 2017

SPONSOR:

SCHOHARIE COUNTY


Public Archaeology Facility Phase 1 Archaeological Survey, Schoharie County Public Safety Project Page i

MANAGEMENT SUMMARY

Project Name: Schoharie County Public Safety Project Fire Training Site

SHPO Project Review Number (if available): 15PR06289

Involved State or Federal Agencies (DEC, CORPS, FHWA, etc): OPRHP

Project Goals: Phase 1 Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey

Location Information Location: Town of SchoharieMinor Civil Division: 09512County: Schoharie

Site Area (Metric & English) Archaeological Testing Area: Length: varies between 83.7 and 488.2 m (274.6 and 1601.7 ft)Width: varies between 61.6 and 293.7 m (202.1 and 963.6 ft)Area: 85,840 m2 (923,974 ft2); 8.6 ha (21 ac)

USGS 7.5 Minute Quadrangle Map: 1943 (Photorevised 1994) Schoharie and 1943 (Photorevised 1994)Cobleskill

Sensitivity Assessment: Prehistoric: High potential for encountering single and multi-task camps and resource processing locations, due to thepresence of numerous prehistoric sites in the vicinity of the project area.

Historic: Low due to the lack of historic structures and former structures within the project area.

Archaeological Survey Methodology:Number of Shovel Test Pits: 113: 84 at 15 m (49 ft) intervals, 11 at 3 m (10 ft), 11 at 1 m (3 ft) and 7 at judgmentallocations within the disturbed area.Number of Units: 0Surface Survey: None

Results of Archeological Survey:Number of prehistoric sites identified: 1 – the Howes Cave Site (SUBi-3184)Number of historic sites identified: 0Number of listed/eligible or potentially eligible National Register (NR) sites that may be impacted: 1 – the Howes Cave Site (SUBi-3184)

Recommendations: Avoidance of impacts to the two loci of the Howes Cave Site (SUBi-3184)

Author/Institution: Kevin E. Sheridan / Public Archaeology Facility, Binghamton University

Date: June 20, 2017

Sponsor: Schoharie County

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 1

II. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ....................................................................................................................................... 1

III. BACKGROUND RESEARCH .............................................................................................................................. 5

3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT ................................................................................................................................. 5 3.2 SITE FILES SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................... 7 3.3 PREHISTORIC CONTEXT ........................................................................................................................................ 7 3.4 HISTORIC CONTEXT .............................................................................................................................................. 9

IV. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................................ 13

4.1 PHASE 1A PROJECT WALKOVER AND FIELD ASSESSMENT ................................................................................. 13 4.2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL TESTING METHODS .............................................................................................................. 13 4.3 GENERAL LABORATORY METHODS .................................................................................................................... 13

V. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESULTS ....................................................................................................... 14

5.1 OVERVIEW .......................................................................................................................................................... 14 5.2 THE HOWES CAVE SITE (SUBI-3184) ................................................................................................................. 14

VI. RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................................................................................... 19

APPENDIX I. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................... 20

APPENDIX II. SUPPLEMENTAL DATA ................................................................................................................ 21

2.1 SOIL RECORD ...................................................................................................................................................... 21 2.2. ARTIFACT CATALOG .......................................................................................................................................... 27

APPENDIX III. CORRESPONDENCE ..................................................................................................................... 28

APPENDIX IV. PROJECT MAP ............................................................................................................................... 29

Public Archaeology Facility Phase 1 Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey, Schoharie County Public Safety Project Page ii

Public Archaeology Facility Phase 1 Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey, Schoharie County Public Safety Project Page iii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Approximate location of the project area in Schoharie County and New York State. ................................... 1 Figure 2. Location of the project area in red on the 1943/1994 Schoharie, NY quadrangle. ......................................... 2 Figure 3. Soil map for the Schoharie County Public Safety Project. ............................................................................. 6 Figure 4. Project location on the 1856 Map of Schoharie County, New York. ........................................................... 10 Figure 5. Project location on the 1866 New Topographical Atlas of Schoharie County, New York. ......................... 11 Figure 6. Project location on the 1900 15’ Schoharie, NY USGS Quadrangle .......................................................... 12 Figure 7. Howes Cave site (SUBi-3184) on the 1943/1994 USGS Schoharie, New York quadrangle. ...................... 16 Figure 8. Howes Cave Site map. ................................................................................................................................. 17

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Summary of Soil Types within the Project Area ............................................................................................. 6 Table 2. Site files summary ........................................................................................................................................... 7 Table 3. Summary of Loci, Howes Cave Site .............................................................................................................. 15 Table 4. Artifacts from the Howes Cave Site .............................................................................................................. 15

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

Photo 1. Project area, shot from the front gate, facing east. .......................................................................................... 3 Photo 2. Shot of disturbed sections of the project area, facing northwest . ................................................................... 3 Photo 3. Northern section of the project area, showing wetland areas, facing north ..................................................... 4 Photo 4. Shot of agricultural field, facing east ............................................................................................................... 4 Photo 5. Shot of 19th century cemetery located adjacent south of the project area, facing southeast. .......................... 5 Photo 6. Howes Cave Site, Locus 1, facing east .......................................................................................................... 18 Photo 7. Howes Cave Site, Locus 2, facing west ......................................................................................................... 18

Project Location



I. INTRODUCTION

This report presents the results of a Phase 1 archaeological reconnaissance survey for the proposed Schoharie County Public Safety Project in the Town of Schoharie, Schoharie County, New York.

The fieldwork summarized in this document was performed under the supervision of Dr. Nina M. Versaggi, Director of the Public Archaeology Facility, Binghamton University. Kevin E. Sheridan served as the project director and author of this report. Vanessa LoPiccolo and Alex Nevgloski served as crew chiefs. The field crew consisted of Sheridan, LoPiccolo, Nevgloski, Edgar Alarcon, Joshua Anderson, Paul Brown and Rebecca Stollman. Artifacts were analyzed and catalogued by John Ferri. Databases were created by Mary Lou Supa. Maria Pezzuti performed all related administrative duties. In compliance with the Standards for Cultural Resource Investigations in New York State (1994) and the National Park Service’s Criteria and Procedures for the Identification of Historic Properties (2000), the area within the project limits is considered the area of impact for the purpose of conducting the survey. The results of the research performed for this report do not apply to any territory outside the project area.

II. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

This report presents the results of a Phase 1 archaeological survey for the proposed Schoharie County Public Safety Project to the east of Howes Cave Road in the Town of Schoharie, Schoharie County, New York. The area of potential effect (APE) for the proposed jail parcel covers approximately 21 acres.

Figure 1 shows the project area in Schoharie County and New York State. Figure 2 shows the location of the project on the 1943/1994 Schoharie 7.5' USGS quadrangle. Photos 1-5 show current land use within the project area, which consists of an agricultural field, asphalt drives and a former borrow pit and waste storage pit for a nearby cement plant that has been converted into a training facility for the local fire department.


Figure 2. Location of the project area in red on the 1943/1994 Schoharie and 1943/1994 Cobleskill, NY quadrangles.


Photo 1. Project area, shot from the front gate, facing east.

Photo 2. Shot of disturbed sections of the project area, facing northwest.


Photo 3. Northern section of the project area, showing wetland areas, facing north.

Photo 4. Shot of agricultural field, facing east.

Photo 5. Shot of 19th century cemetery located adjacent to the southern edge of the project area, facing southeast.


III. BACKGROUND RESEARCH

3.1 Environmental Context

The Schoharie County Public Safety Project is situated in the glaciated Allegheny Plateau Province, extending south from the Mohawk Valley lowlands to the northern ranges of the Catskills. The project area lies approximately 150 m (492 ft) north of Cobleskill Creek, the primary drainage for the area. The confluence of the Cobleskill and Schoharie Creeks is located approximately 4.3 km (2.8 mi) east of the project area. Schoharie Creek flows north and joins the Mohawk River approximately 28.5 km (17.7 mi) north of the project area. Elevations for the area range from 213.4-237.7 m (700-780 ft) ASL. Figure 3 illustrates the soil types found throughout the Schoharie County Public Safety Project area. Large sections of the project area consist of borrow pits, where the original soils were removed and the area used as a dumping ground for waste material from the nearby cement plant. Alluvial soils are indicated within the northern sections of the modified area, and are found under wetlands formed by the modification of the original landscape. The primary intact soils for the project area consist of Schoharie and Hudson silt loams and Darien silt loam. These soils are found on lake plains, valley trains, terraces, drumlins, ridges, till plains, and hills. These soils are unlikely to contain deeply buried cultural horizons. Archaeological testing should extend to a minimum of 15 cm (6 in) into sterile B horizon soils.

Figure 3. Soil map for the Schoharie County Jail Project.(Key: Al=Alluvial land, 0 to 5 percent slopes; BP=Borrow Pit; DbB=Darien silt loam, undulating, 2 to 8 percent slopes; DuC3= Darien silt loam,

undulating, 8-15 percent slopes; ShC=Schoharie and Hudson silt loams, 6 to 12 percent slopes).


Table 1. Summary of Soil Types within the Project Area


Alluvial Land (Al) Varies Varies Varies Al

(0-5%) Poorly Drained Floodplains

Borrow Pits (BP) Varies Varies Varies Varies Poorly

Drained

Darien silt loam, undulating (DdB, DuC3)

Ap 0-23 cm (0-9 in) Eg 23-28 cm (9-11 in) Bt1 28-48 cm (11-19 in) Btg2 48-81 cm (19-32 in) BC 81-112 cm (32-44 in) C 112-183 cm (44-72 in)

Very dark grayish brown Grayish brown Olive Brown Dark grayish brown Olive gray Olive brown

Silt loam Silt loam Clay loam Silty clay loam Channery silty clay loam Channery silty clay loam

DdB (2-8%) DuC3 (8-15%)

Somewhat Poorly Drained

Hills, till plains, and drumlinoid ridges



Schoharie and Hudson silt loams (ShC)

Hudson: Ap: 0-13 cm (0-5 in) B&A: 13-25 cm (5-10 in) B21t: 25-56 cm (10-22 in) B22t: 56-91 cm (22-36 in) C: 91-107 cm (36-42+ in)

Very dark grayish brown Light olive brown Dark grayish brown Very dark grayish brown Dark brown

Silty clay loam Silty clay loam Silty clay Silty clay Clay

ShC (6-12%)

Moderately Well Drained

Lake plains

3.2 Site Files Summary

A site files check conducted using the New York State Parks Recreation and Historic Preservation’s Cultural Resource Information System (CRIS) and PAF’s site files identified 12 prehistoric sites within 1.6 km (1 mi) of the project area (Appendix IV). No historic sites were found within this radius.

Table 2. Site files summary (Confidential).

This table was intentionally deleted per the requirements of the Archaeological Resource Protection Act (16 U.S.C. 470hh) and its implementing regulations (49 FR 1027, Jan. 6, 1984).


3.3 Prehistoric Context

The prehistory of New York State and the Northeast was characterized by two broad subsistence patterns, both of which influenced settlement and land use patterns, as well as material culture. The first, designated as the pre-agricultural hunter-gatherer, began with the arrival of highly mobile groups during the Paleo-Indian and Early-Middle Archaic periods around 10,000-4000 B.C. Mobility was an important adaptation, as these groups relied on gathered plants, game animals, and fish for their subsistence. These groups often followed herds of animals, or migrated from one resource-rich landform (e.g., upland wetlands) to another. Starting in the Late Archaic period and extending through the Middle Woodland (4000 B.C. to A.D. 900), hunter-gatherers became seasonally nomadic. People created relatively large base camps in major river or lake valleys, from which daily foragers would radiate outward in search of local resources. During seasons of resource dispersal, the camps would break up into smaller, more mobile foraging units. Sites associated with hunter-gatherers include the short term camps and resource processing stations used by early groups, as well as larger base camps and lithic scatters associated with the daily foragers of the seasonally nomadic groups.

Research by Versaggi (1996) has identified base-line models of prehistoric hunter-gatherer settlement along the Upper Susquehanna Valley, and recognizes a set of site types that can be employed in an examination of hunter-gatherer sites. Versaggi’s analysis identified four site groupings: base-camps, single-task field camps, multi-task field camps, and resource-processing stations.

Base-camps are large sites with high frequencies of artifacts, tools, features, and spatial clusters. Base-camps were typically located at confluences near winter deer aggregation areas and dense spring fish runs.

Single-task field camps are typically smaller size occupations that contain large numbers of artifacts and specialized tools. Bifacial reduction debitage is prominent as bifacial tool-kits are replaced and maintained. Single-task temporary camps appear to have been occupied by few people for a short duration, and there may have been little need to organize and divide space. Fewer spatial clusters would result and these would tend to be similar in composition, reflecting a focus on a single or limited range of tasks.

Multi-task field camps are typically smaller size occupations that contain lower numbers of artifacts and tools. These sites resemble forager-like camps in which the occupants moved frequently in pursuit of low density and dispersed resources. Multi-task camps occur in a wide variety of contexts. Some were widely scattered within the valleys of major and secondary drainages, and others were mapped onto specific resource patches in the uplands.

Resource processing locations and encounter-like hunting/butchering stations are small occupations with very low numbers of artifacts, tools, and spatial clusters. Expedient flake production and use characterize these small lithic sites. Generally, these sites are expected within the daily foraging radius around a camp or village, as well as around dispersed single- and multi-task camps.

Prehistoric Sensitivity

The site files check identified 12 prehistoric sites within 1.6 km (1 mi) of the project area. None of these previously recorded sites fall within the project area. All of the sites within the examined radius were small, unafilliated lithic scatters. Based on current models of regional site types and the numerous sites within 1 mile of the project area, there is a high probability of encountering single- and multi-task field camps or resource processing sites within the project limits. Larger, seasonal base camps or village sites are not likely to be encountered, and would more likely be situated along the floodplain of Cobleskill Creek.


3.4 Historic Context

The Town of Schoharie was first a district in Albany County and formed as a town in 1788. The first settlers, in 1713, were German Palatines who had previously settled in the Hudson Valley. Schoharie Valley was home to highly productive agriculture and became the “bread basket of the colony,” with successful wheat production, even during the Revolution. Raids during the War destroyed most of the town’s buildings. After the War, Schoharie continued as largely agricultural. Cheese making and the dairy industry were also important during the nineteenth century, with the products sold in New York City. Artisan cheese making and related trades have increased in the region since the late twentieth century.

Historic Sensitivity

No historic sites are within 1.6 km (1 mi) of the project area. The available historic maps were examined to assess the potential for historic sites and map documented structures (MDSs) within the project area.

1856 Map of Schoharie County, New York (Figure 4) – This map shows the project area situated north of the hamlet of Howes Cave in the Town of Schoharie. There are no MDSs within the delineated project boundaries. One structure is located just south of the project limits on the east side of Howes Cave Road.

1866 New Topographical Atlas of Schoharie County, New York (Figure 5) – This map shows the project area as nearly identical to the previous map, with the exceptions being the building of the Albany-Susquehanna Railroad north of the project area and an increase in the number of structures in the nearby hamlet of Howes Cave. There are no MDSs within the delineated project boundaries. The same residence is standing to the south of the project limits (Houck family).

1900 15’ Schoharie USGS Quadrangle (Figure 6) – This map shows the project area as nearly identical to the previous map. There are fewer homes in the nearby hamlet of Howes Cave. There are no MDSs within the delineated project boundaries. The structure south of the project limits remains on this map.

1943/1994 Schoharie 7.5' USGS Quadrangle (Figure 2 above) – This map shows the vicinity of the project area in its most recent configuration. The map labels a large portion of the project area as a mine dump, with waste coming from a nearby cement plant (VanDeusen, 2017).

No MDSs are located within the project boundaries. A search of CRIS indicates that there are three National Register Eligible properties within 1.6 km (1 m) of the project area. None of the properties are within the project limits. The Methodist Episcopal Church is located to the west of the project area on Howes Cave Road. The properties at 680 and 713 Schoharie Hill Road are located south of NY 88 on Schoharie Hill Road. Because there are no historic structures within the project area, there is a low potential for historic cultural resources within the project limits, unless outlying structures or features associated with the 19th century Houck family are encountered.


Figure 4. Project location on the 1856 Map of Schoharie County, New York.


Figure 5. Project location on the 1866 New Topographical Atlas of Schoharie County, New York.

Figure 6. Project location on the 1900 15’ Schoharie, NY USGS Quadrangle. (Project area highlighted in red)



IV. METHODOLOGY

4.1 Walkover and Field Assessment The purpose of the walkover was to identify any existing cultural features, determine if there has been any prior ground disturbance, and assess suitability for subsurface testing. Approximately 80% of the project area fell within land that had been previously mined and then used as a waste dump for the nearby cement plant. This area of the project area has been converted into a fire training compound for Schoharie County. A series of judgmental STPs were excavated in this area in order to determine if this portion of the project area did not contain intact soils. The remaining 20% of the project area consisted of fallow agricultural field. Surface visibility in this area was 0%. Therefore surface surveying was not possible. A small rural cemetery lies approximately 5m (16.4 ft) south of the project area. At least ten gravestones were present within this area. Many of the gravestones were heavily worn and in a state of disrepair. As such, it is possible that more burials are present in the area. The gravestones may be associated with the Houck Family who resided in the home to the south of the project limits in the 19th century. Two gravestones were legible, with the names David Q. Scott and Dorothy Klein visible. David Scott is listed as a boarder on the 1820 and 1830 censuses, and as a chicken farmer on the 1840 census (United States Federal Census 1820; 1830; 1840). The Klein family was present in Schoharie in 1855 (New York State Census 1855).

4.2 Archaeological Testing Methods

Archaeologists conducted a subsurface survey of all testable areas associated with the proposed Schoharie County Public Safety Project area. Crews excavated 113 shovel test pits (STPs) at the following intervals: 84 at 15 m (49 ft) intervals, 11 at 3 m (10 ft) intervals, 11 at 1 m (3 ft) intervals; in addition a total of 7 STPs were excavated judgmentally within the disturbed section of the project area. The STPs were excavated with hand tools. STPs were generally 35 cm (14 in) in diameter, and extended 15 cm (6 in) into culturally sterile B horizon soils, unless obstructed by rocks or roots. All soil was sifted through 7 mm (0.25 in) hardware cloth, and artifacts from each recognizable soil horizon were bagged separately. Notation was made of coal ash, brick fragments, and modern refuse (plastic, asphalt, etc.), and these items were discarded in the field. Written descriptions of soil color and texture, artifact content, and digging conditions were made at the time of excavation. The STP soil records are presented in Appendix 2.1.

4.3 General Laboratory Methods Following fieldwork, all artifacts were processed and analyzed in the laboratories of the Public Archaeology Facility. Processing included washing and/or dry-brushing fragile materials, as well as checking and re-tagging the artifact bags. Prehistoric artifacts were cataloged using a general classification system developed by Melody Pope (1998) that separates the artifacts into ceramics, chipped lithics, ground lithics, unmodified rock, and steatite. Stone artifacts are then catalogued as to formal tool type (i.e., drills, gravers, hoes, projectile points, etc.) and are then further described by specific characteristics (i.e., a projectile point may be catalogued as fluted, bifurcated based, Brewerton, etc.). Bifacial tools are categorized as Stage 1 (flake blank with bifacial edges), Stage 2 (preform, early thinning has begun) or Stage 3 (unfinished point, thinned, and roughly shaped). All chipped debitage was categorized by general characteristics. These included: cortical flake, non-cortical flake, bifacial edge flake, core flake, blade flake, non-cortical chunk, cortical chunk, shatter, flake core, core fragment, bifacial thinning flake, non-cortical flake fragment, bipolar core, bifacial core, blade core, and discoidal core. Debitage is the by-product of chipped stone tool manufacture and maintenance, and may be itself utilized as a functional tool. Flakes are pieces of stone removed from a core by a single blow. Flakes were often used as ad hoc tools, particularly when raw materials were locally abundant. Chunk and shatter are catch-all categories for pieces of stone that lack flake attributes. A core is defined as culturally modified stone from which one or more flakes have been removed for further modification or use, but which is generally not intended for further use.


The resulting artifact catalogued was entered into a relational database management program (Paradox) to facilitate subsequent analysis, and is included in Appendix 2.2. All of the artifacts, notes, and other documentation of the reconnaissance testing are curated according to federal (36 CFR Part 79) and state guidelines (NYAC 1994) in the facilities of the Department of Anthropology at Binghamton University.

V. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESULTS

5.1 Overview

Archaeologists excavated 113 STPs within the project area. A total of 106 STPs were excavated in the agricultural field in the southern portion of the project area. An initial grid of 84 STPs was staked out at 15 m (49 ft) intervals within the agricultural field. Four STPs were positive for prehistoric cultural material. Where possible, radial STPs were excavated at 3 m (10 ft) and 1 m (3 ft) in order to bound any potential prehistoric sites. The A horizon consisted primarily of brown silt loam with rock that averaged 25 cm (9.8 in) in depth. The B-horizon consisted of yellowish brown silty loam with rock. STPs averaged 43.5 cm (17.1 in) in depth throughout the agricultural field in the southern portion of the project area.

STP C4 contained a single Onondaga chert non-cortical flake and an Onondaga chert cortical chunk. Additional STPs were excavated at 1 m (3.3 ft) and 3 m (9.8 ft) intervals. No further prehistoric material was recovered from the radial STPs, and this find was determined to be an isolated find and no site was designated. Prehistoric material was recovered from STPs AA1, A2 and A3. Radial STPs were excavated around these STPs, and additional prehistoric material was recovered from STPs A3/1mE, A3/1mN, AA1/3mE, AA1/3mN and AA1/1mW. This assemblage was designated the Howes Cave site, and the material is summarized in section 5.2 below.

A total of seven judgmental STPs was excavated in a variety of landforms within the visibly disturbed section of the project area in order to determine if any area contained intact soils. These STPs were designated as the BB transect. No intact A-horizons were uncovered in any STPs within the disturbed area. Two STPs were stopped by the presence of gray concrete waste. The terminal horizons in most STPs in the disturbed area was a mottled olive brown and yellowish brown clay. This is consistent with the B and C horizons of Schoharie and Hudson silt loams, suggesting that the A and B1 horizons in these areas were removed from the area.

5.2 The Howes Cave Site (SUBi-3184)

Site Location. The Howes Cave Site is located in the Town of Schoharie, Schoharie County, New York. The site is located east of Howes Cave Road on a terrace above Cobleskill Creek at an elevation of approximately 213-219 m (700-720 ft) ASL. The setting within the surrounding area is a fallow agricultural field adjacent to an asphalt drive (Photos 6-7). The site is divided into two distinct loci located approximately 15 m (49 ft) apart.

Context. The site lies approximately 150 m (492 ft) north of Cobleskill Creek, a Schoharie Creek tributary (Figure 7). The site files check showed that the site is within a 1.6 km (1 mi) radius of 12 known prehistoric sites, all of which consist of unaffiliated lithic scatters. The types of sites expected in this context include single- and multi-task field camps, and resource procurement and processing sites created by daily foragers around residential bases. Larger, seasonal base camps or village sites are likely along the floodplains of Cobleskill Creek and Schoharie Creek.

Site Size. Two loci of activity were identified along the A and AA transects during the survey. Locus 1 is the eastern locus, and is bounded by STPs A2/1mS, A2/1mW, A2/1mN, A3/3mN, A3/3mE and the southern boundary of the project boundary. The length of the locus is approximately 18.5 m (60.7 ft), and the width varies between 2 and 4.6 m (6.6 and 15.1 ft). The approximate area of Locus 1 is 64 m2 (689 ft2). Locus 2 is the western locus, and is bounded by STPs AA1/3mW, AA6, AA7, A1, AA1/1mS and B1. The length of Locus 2 varies between 16 and 20 m (52.5 and 65.6 ft), while the width is approximately 15 m (49.2 ft). The area of Locus 2 is approximately 357.8 m2 (3851.3 ft2). The cultural material associated with this site was recovered from Ap horizon soils. The cultural material associated with this site was recovered from the first 44 cm (17.3 in) below ground surface.


Table 3. Summary of Loci, Howes Cave Site.

Locus Max. Dimensions Area Total STPs Positive STPs

1 18.5 x 4.6 m (60.7 x 15.1 ft) 64 m2 (689 ft2) 9 A2, A3, A3/1mE, A3/1mN

2 32 x 15 m (105 x 49.2 ft) 357.8 m2 (3851.3 ft2) 8 AA1, AA1/3mE, AA1/3mN, AA1/1mW

Site Characteristics. The site produced a light density of prehsitoric material. Archaeologists recovered a total of 10 artifacts throughout the site. The distribution of material by locus is indicated in Table 4 below.

Summary of Artifacts. STPs produced 10 prehistoric artifacts distributed across two loci. The distribution of the artifacts is an average of one to two artifacts per STP.

Table 4. Artifacts from the Howes Cave Site. Locus 1 STPs N=4

Artifacts N=6 One utilized, unifacially retouched Onondaga chert fragment, two heated non-cortical Onondaga chert flakes, one utilized non-cortical Onondaga chert flake, one heated cortical Onondaga chert chunk, one non-cortical Onondaga chert chunk.

Locus 2 STPs N=4

Artifacts N=4 One utilized, unifacially retouched Onondaga chert fragment, one heated non-cortical Onondaga chert flake, one Onondaga cortical chunk, one heated Onondaga non cortical chunk.

Artifact Distributions. The cultural material was recovered solely from the upper Ap horizon soils. The artifacts were evenly distributed throughout the positive STPs in both loci, and consisted of 1 or 2 artifacts per STP.

Features. No features were intersected by STPs. However, some of the lithic material showed signs of heat treatment, suggesting the presence of a thermal feature within the site boundaries.

Integrity. The soil in this portion of the project area appears to be relatively intact and no indications of disturbance were identified in the STPs.

Research Potential. The Howes Cave site may indicate the locations of small resource procurement/processing activity areas. The lithics have the potential to yield information on lithic reduction, which could assist in a functional interpretation of the site. The location of the site in the vicinity of other known sites suggests that this portion of the Cobleskill Creek valley was an important focus for groups during prehistoric times. Examination of the Howes Cave site may provide important subsistence, settlement, and functional data for addressing critical topics associated with the prehistory of the Cobleskill and Schoharie Creek valleys, and how people used the valley thousands of years ago.

Potential Impacts. At present, the Howes Cave site is located within an area that may be impacted by the proposed public safety project.


Recommendations. We recommend that the Howes Cave site is potentially eligible for the National Register of Historic Places. If impacts to the site cannot be avoided, then we recommend a Phase 2 Site Examination to better define National Register eligibility.

This figure was intentionally deleted per the requirements of the Archaeological Resource Protection Act (16 U.S.C. 470hh) and its implementing regulations (49 FR 1027, Jan. 6, 1984).

Figure 7. Howes Cave site (SUBi-3184) on the 1943/1994 Schoharie and 1943/1994 Cobbleskil, New York USGS quadrangles.

CONFIDENTIAL – NOT FOR PUBLIC RELEASE.


This figure was intentionally deleted per the requirements of the A rchaeological Resource Protection Act (16 U.S.C. 470hh) and its implementing regulations (49 FR 1027, Jan. 6, 1984).

Site

Figure 8. Howes Cave Site map. CONFIDENTIAL – NOT FOR PUBLIC RELEASE.


This photo was intentionally deleted per the requirments of the Archaeological Resource Protection Act (16 U.S.C. 470hh) and its implementing regulations (49 FR 1027, Jan. 6, 1984).

Photo 6. Howes Cave Site, Locus 1, facing east.

This photo was intentionally deleted per the requirements of the Archaeological Resource Protection Act (16 U.S.C. 470hh) and its implementing regulations (49 FR 1027, Jan. 6, 1984).

Photo 7. Howes Cave Site, Locus 2, facing west.


VI. RECOMMENDATIONS

The Phase 1 archaeological survey for the Schoharie County Public Safety Project discovered one prehistoric archaeological site, the Howes Cave Site. The site is located within an area that may be impacted by the proposed construction. We recommend that the site is potentially eligible for the National and State Registers of Historic Places. If impacts to the site cannot be avoided, we recommend a Phase 2 Site Examination to determine if it meets the criteria for eligibility to the National Register of Historic Places. Adjacent to the southern edge of the project limits are the remains of a historic cemetery on what appears to be property associated with the Houck family in the 19th century. In the area of the cemetery, we recommend that fencing separate the project limits from the cemetery in order to avoid any impacts. We recommend no further archaeological work outside of the boundaries of the Howes Cave Site and in the vicinity of the historic cemetery.


APPENDIX I. REFERENCES

Beers, S. N. and D. G.1866 New Topographical Atlas of Schoharie County, New York. Stone and Stewart, Philadelphia.

National Park Service2000 National Register Bulletin 15: How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation. Washington

D.C.: National Park Service.

New York Archaeological Council (NYAC)1994 Standards for Cultural Resource Investigations in New York State.

New York State Census 1855 Schoharie County, NY.

Pope, Melody 1998 Chipped Stone Artifacts from the Woodland and Archaic Occupations at 15Lo182, Logan County, Kentucky:

Report of the Lithic Analysis. Wilbur Smith Associates, Lexington, KY.

United States Federal Census 1820 Schoharie County, NY. 1830 Schoharie County, NY. 1840 Schoharie County, NY.

United States Geological Survey1900 15’ Minute Schoharie, NY Quadrangle.1943 7.5 Minute Cobleskill, NY Quadrangle (photorevised 1994).1943 7.5 Minute Schoharie, NY Quadrangle (photorevised 1994).

VanDeusen, Doug 2017 Personal Communication.

Versaggi, Nina M. 1996 Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherer Settlement Models: Interpreting the Upper Susquehanna. In A Golden

Chronograph for Robert R. Funk, Occasional Publications in Northeastern Anthropology, No. 15: 129-140.

Wenig, E. and W. Lorey1856 Map of Schoharie County, New York. R. P. Smith, Philadelphia.

Web Soil Survey - http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/. Accessed February 2017.

http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/


APPENDIX II. SUPPLEMENTAL DATA

2.1 Soil Record Pa=Pale Lt=Light Md=Medium Dk=Dark

Br=Brown Gr=Gray Yl=Yellow Ol=Olive Tn=Tan Rd=Red Bk=Black Wh=WhiteSi=Silt Sa=Sand Cl=Clay Lo=Loam Gvl=Gravel

P=Prehistoric H=Historic N=No Cultural MaterialDisc.=Discarded

STP # 4-Rnd Level Depth Description CM Crew Date A 1 1 0-25 Dk Br Si Lo N AB/VL 1/26/17

A 1 2 25-32 Dk Br Si Lo N AB/VL 1/26/17 A 1 3 32-48 Yl Br Si Lo W/ Rock N AB/VL 1/26/17

A 2 1 0-25 Dk Br Si Lo W/ Gvl P PB/JFA 1/26/17 A 2 2 25-34 Dk Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17 A 2 3 34-50 Strong Br / Yl Br Si W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17

A 2 1mN 1 0-25 Dk Br Si Lo N PB/JFA 1/26/17

A 2 1mN 2 25-41 Dk Br Si Lo N PB/JFA 1/26/17

A 2 1mN 3 41-60 Yl Br / Gr Br Cl Si W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17 A 2 1mS 1 0-25 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17 A 2 1mS 2 25-29 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17

A 2 1mS 3 29-45 Yl Br Si W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17 A 2 1mW 1 0-25 Dk Br Si Lo W/ Gvl; Standing Water At

20cmbd N PB/JFA 1/26/17

A 2 1mW 2 25-36 Dk Br Si Lo W/ Gvl & Standing Water N PB/JFA 1/26/17 A 2 1mW 3 36-52 Yl Br / Strong Br Cl Si W/ Gvl & Standing

Water N PB/JFA 1/26/17

A 2 3mN 1 0-25 Dk Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17 A 2 3mN 2 25-31 Dk Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17 A 2 3mN 3 31-48 Yl Br / Strong Br Si W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17

A 2 3mW 1 0-25 Dk Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17

A 2 3mW 2 25-33 Dk Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17

A 2 3mW 3 33-50 Yl Br Si W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17 A 3 1 0-30 Br Si Lo P RLS/EA 1/26/17

A 3 2 30-40 Br Si Lo N RLS/EA 1/26/17 A 3 3 40-55 Yl Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/26/17 A 3 1mE 1 0-35 Br Si Lo P RLS/EA 1/26/17

A 3 1mE 2 35-47 Yl Br Si Lo W/ Rocks; Stopped By Rocks N RLS/EA 1/26/17 A 3 1mN 1 0-34 Br Si Lo W/ Rocks P RLS/EA 1/26/17

A 3 1mN 2 34-50 Yl Br Si W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/26/17 A 3 3mE 1 0-30 Br Si Lo N RLS/EA 1/26/17 A 3 3mE 2 30-50 Yl Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/26/17

A 3 3mN 1 0-30 Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/26/17 A 3 3mN 2 30-52 Yl Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/26/17

A 4 1 0-20 Dk Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17 A 4 2 20-35 Strong Br / Yl Br Si W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17

A 5 1 0-27 Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/26/17 A 5 2 27-46 Yl Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/26/17 A 6 1 0-25 Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/26/17

A 6 2 25-40 Yl Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/26/17 A 7 1 0-27 Dk Br Si Lo W/ Rock N AB/VL 1/26/17

A 7 2 27-38 Yl Br Sa Si W/ Rock N AB/VL 1/26/17 A 8 1 0-25 Dk Br Si Lo W/ Rock N AB/VL 1/26/17


STP # 4-Rnd Level Depth Description CM Crew Date A 8 2 25-30 Dk Br Si Lo W/ Rock N AB/VL 1/26/17 A 8 3 30-45 Yl Br Sa Si W/ Rock N AB/VL 1/26/17

A 9 1 0-24 Dk Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N AB/VL 1/26/17 A 9 2 24-40 Yl Br Sa Si N AB/VL 1/26/17

A 10 1 0-22 Br Si Lo W/ Rock N AB/VL 1/26/17 A 10 2 22-38 Yl Br Sa Si W/ Rock N AB/VL 1/26/17 A 11 1 0-15 Br Si Lo W/ Rocks & Standing Water N AB/VL 1/26/17

A 11 2 15-30 Yl Br Sa Si W/ Rocks & Standing Water N AB/VL 1/26/17 A 12 1 0-20 Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N AB/VL 1/26/17

A 12 2 20-35 Yl Br Sa Si W/ Rocks & Standing Water N AB/VL 1/26/17 A 13 1 0-16 Br Si Lo W/ Rocks & Standing Water N AB/VL 1/26/17

A 13 2 16-32 Yl Br Sa Si W/ Rocks & Standing Water N AB/VL 1/26/17 A 14 Not Dug – Under Water AB/VL 1/26/17

AA 1 1 0-25 Dk Br Si Lo N AB/VL 1/26/17

AA 1 2 25-33 Dk Br Si Lo P AB/VL 1/26/17 AA 1 3 33-48 Yl Br Cl Si W/ Rock N AB/VL 1/26/17

AA 1 1mS 1 0-30 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N AJN/KS 1/27/17 AA 1 1mS 2 30-47 Yl Br Si Lo W/ Rock N AJN/KS 1/27/17 AA 1 1mW 1 0-25 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl P AJN/KS 1/27/17

AA 1 1mW 2 25-46 Yl Br Rocky Si Lo N AJN/KS 1/27/17 AA 1 3mE 1 0-25 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N AJN/KS 1/27/17

AA 1 3mE 2 25-44 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl P AJN/KS 1/27/17 AA 1 3mE 3 44-63 Yl Br Si Lo W/ Rock N AJN/KS 1/27/17

AA 1 3mN 1 0-25 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl P AJN/KS 1/27/17 AA 1 3mN 2 25-43 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N AJN/KS 1/27/17 AA 1 3mN 3 43-59 Yl Br Rocky, Wet Si Lo N AJN/KS 1/27/17

AA 1 3mS Not Tested - Outside Project Area AJN/KS 1/27/17 AA 1 3mW 1 0-35 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N AJN/KS 1/27/17

AA 1 3mW 2 35-53 Yl Br Si Lo W/ Rock N AJN/KS 1/27/17 AA 2 1 0-25 Gr Br Si Lo N AB/VL 1/26/17 AA 2 2 25-30 Gr Br Si Lo N AB/VL 1/26/17

AA 2 3 30-45 Yl Br Cl Si W/ Rocks & Standing Water N AB/VL 1/26/17 AA 3 1 0-33 Dk Br Si Lo N AB/VL 1/26/17

AA 3 2 33-50 Yl Br / Gr Br Cl Lo N AB/VL 1/26/17 AA 4 Not Tested - Stripped Gravel Road AB/VL 1/26/17

AA 5 1 0-25 Dk Br Si Lo W/ Roots N AB/VL 1/26/17 AA 5 2 25-40 Yl Br Si Lo W/ Roots & Rocks N AB/VL 1/26/17 AA 6 1 0-23 Br Si Lo N AB/VL 1/26/17

AA 6 2 23-38 Yl Br / Gr Br Cl Lo W/ Rock N AB/VL 1/26/17

AA 7 1 0-20 Br Si Lo; Standing Water At 20cmbd N AB/VL 1/26/17

AA 7 2 20-30 Yl Br / Gr Br Cl Lo W/ Rocks & Standing Water

N AB/VL 1/26/17

B 1 1 0-25 Dk Ol Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17

B 1 2 25-27 Dk Ol Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17 B 1 3 27-45 Ol Yl / Strong Br Si N PB/JFA 1/26/17 B 2 1 0-25 Dk Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17

B 2 2 25-43 Yl Br / Gr Br Cl Si N PB/JFA 1/26/17 B 3 1 0-24 Br Si Lo N RLS/EA 1/26/17

B 3 2 24-40 Yl Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/26/17


STP # 4-Rnd Level Depth Description CM Crew Date B 4 1 0-32 Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/26/17 B 4 2 32-50 Yl Br Si Lo W/ Rocks & Standing Water N RLS/EA 1/26/17

B 5 1 0-37 Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/26/17 B 5 2 37-47 Yl Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/26/17

B 6 1 0-29 Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/26/17 B 6 2 29-52 Yl Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/26/17 B 7 1 0-29 Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/26/17

B 7 2 29-44 Yl Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/26/17 B 8 1 0-24 Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/26/17

B 8 2 24-40 Yl Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/26/17 B 9 1 0-30 Br Si Lo W/ Rock N RLS/EA 1/26/17

B 9 2 30-45 Yl Br Si Lo W/ Rock N RLS/EA 1/26/17 B 10 1 0-26 Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/26/17

B 10 2 26-41 Yl Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/26/17

B 11 1 0-25 Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/26/17 B 11 2 25-39 Yl Br Si Lo W/ Rocks; Stopped By Standing

Water N RLS/EA 1/26/17

B 12 1 0-26 Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/26/17 B 12 2 26-41 Yl Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/26/17

B 13 1 0-27 Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/26/17 B 13 2 27-44 Yl Br Compact Si N RLS/EA 1/26/17 B 14 1 0-26 Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/26/17

B 14 2 26-45 Yl Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/26/17 BB 1 1 0-9 Gr Br Si Lo N KS/AJN 1/26/17

BB 1 2 9-48 Yl Br Sa Si w/gravel, crushed concrete, asphalt N KS/AJN 1/26/17 BB 2 1 0-10 Dr Gr Br Si Lo N KS/AJN 1/26/17 BB 2 2 10-49 Mottled Ol Br/Yl Br Cl w/rocks – Stopped by

rocks/water N KS/AJN 1/26/17

BB 3 1 0-20 Dk Gr Br Si Lo w clay inclusions N KS/AJN 1/26/17 BB 3 2 20-46 Mottled Ol Br/Yl Br/Lt Gr/Dk Gr CL w/large

rocks N KS/AJN 1/26/17

BB 4 1 0-12 Br Si Lo w gravel and crushed concrete N KS/AJN 1/26/17 BB 4 2 12-35 Decayed concrete layer – gray – stopped by

concrete N KS/AJN 1/26/17

BB 5 1 0-8 Br Si Lo N KS/AJN 1/26/17 BB 5 2 8-60 Mottled Ol Br /Yl Br CL – stopped by water N KS/AJN 1/26/17

BB 6 1 0-24 Mottled Yl Br Gr Cl w/gravel N KS/AJN 1/26/17 BB 6 2 24-67 Mottled Yl Br/Gr Sa (wet) N KS/AJN 1/26/17 BB 7 1 0-25 Lt Gr crushed concrete – stopped my concrete N KS/AJN 1/26/17

C 1 1 0-19 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17 C 1 2 19-34 Yl Br Si W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17

C 2 1 0-20 Dk Br Si Lo N PB/JFA 1/26/17 C 2 2 20-40 Yl Br Cl Si; Standing Water At 35cmbd N PB/JFA 1/26/17

C 3 1 0-23 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17 C 3 2 23-40 Yl Br Si W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17 C 4 1 0-25 Dk Br Si Lo W/ Gvl P PB/JFA 1/26/17

C 4 2 25-29 Dk Br Si Lo W/ More Gvl At Transition N PB/JFA 1/26/17 C 4 3 29-50 Yl Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17

C 4 1mE 1 0-22 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17 C 4 1mE 2 22-42 Yl Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17


STP # 4-Rnd Level Depth Description CM Crew Date C 4 1mN 1 0-26 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17 C 4 1mN 2 26-41 Yl Br Si W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17

C 4 1mS 1 0-22 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17 C 4 1mS 2 22-41 Yl Br Si W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17

C 4 1mW 1 0-20 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17 C 4 1mW 2 20-36 Yl Br Si W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17 C 4 3mE 1 0-24 Br Si Lo W/ Roots & Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17

C 4 3mE 2 24-40 Yl Br Si W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17 C 4 3mN 1 0-24 Dk Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17

C 4 3mN 2 24-40 Yl Br Si W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17 C 4 3mS 1 0-25 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17

C 4 3mS 2 25-35 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17 C 4 3mS 3 35-50 Yl Br Si W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17

C 4 3mW 1 0-25 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17

C 4 3mW 2 25-26 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17 C 4 3mW 3 26-44 Yl Br Si W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17

C 5 1 0-25 Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/26/17 C 5 2 25-40 Yl Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/26/17 C 6 1 0-25 Dk Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/27/17

C 6 2 25-32 Dk Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/27/17 C 6 3 32-47 Yl Br Si W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/27/17

C 7 1 0-25 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/27/17 C 7 2 25-34 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/27/17

C 7 3 23-50 Yl Br Si W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/27/17 C 8 1 0-25 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/27/17 C 8 2 25-33 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/27/17

C 8 3 33-50 Yl Br Si W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/27/17 C 9 1 0-25 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/27/17

C 9 2 25-34 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/27/17 C 9 3 34-52 Yl Br Si W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/27/17 C 10 1 0-25 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/27/17

C 10 2 25-34 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/27/17 C 10 3 34-50 Yl Br Si W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/27/17

C 11 1 0-24 Br Si Lo N RLS/EA 1/26/17 C 11 2 24-40 Yl Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/26/17

C 12 1 0-25 Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/26/17 C 12 2 25-40 Yl Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/26/17 D 1 1 0-25 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17

D 1 2 25-40 Yl Br Si W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17

D 2 1 0-25 Ol Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17

D 2 2 25-26 Ol Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17 D 2 3 26-42 Yl Br Cl Si N PB/JFA 1/26/17 D 3 1 0-20 Br Si Lo W/ Rocks & Standing Water N AB/VL 1/26/17

D 3 2 20-35 Yl Br / Gr Br Cl Si W/ Rocks & Standing Water N AB/VL 1/26/17 D 4 1 0-30 Br Si Lo N AB/VL 1/26/17

D 4 2 30-42 Yl Br Sa Si W/ Rock & Standing Water; Stopped By Standing Water

N AB/VL 1/26/17

D 5 1 0-21 Br Si Lo W/ Rocks & Standing Water N AB/VL 1/26/17

D 5 2 21-36 Yl Br Sa Si W/ Rocks & Standing Water N AB/VL 1/26/17


STP # 4-Rnd Level Depth Description CM Crew Date D 6 1 0-28 Br Si Lo N AB/VL 1/26/17 D 6 2 28-43 Yl Br Sa Si W/ Rock N AB/VL 1/26/17

D 7 1 0-20 Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N AB/VL 1/26/17 D 7 2 20-35 Yl Br Sa Si W/ Rocks N AB/VL 1/26/17

D 8 1 0-27 Br Si Lo N AB/VL 1/26/17 D 8 2 27-45 Yl Br Sa Si W/ Rock & Standing Water N AB/VL 1/26/17 D 9 1 0-25 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/27/17

D 9 2 25-28 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/27/17 D 9 3 28-45 Yl Br Compact Si W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/27/17

E 1 1 0-25 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17 E 1 2 25-40 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17

E 1 3 40-56 Yl Br Si W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17 E 2 1 0-25 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17

E 2 2 25-26 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17

E 2 3 26-44 Yl Br Si W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/26/17 E 3 1 0-28 Br Si Lo N RLS/EA 1/27/17

E 3 2 28-30 Yl Br Si Lo W/ Standing Water; Stopped By Standing Water

N RLS/EA 1/27/17

E 4 1 0-28 Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/27/17

E 4 2 28-48 Yl Br Compact Si N RLS/EA 1/27/17 E 5 1 0-25 Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/27/17 E 5 2 25-40 Mottled Yl Br / Strong Br Compact Si W/

Standing Water & Rocks N RLS/EA 1/27/17

E 6 1 0-28 Br Si Lo N RLS/EA 1/27/17 E 6 2 28-40 Yl Br Si Lo; Stopped By Standing Water N RLS/EA 1/27/17

E 7 1 0-35 Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/27/17 E 7 2 35-40 Mottled Yl Br / Strong Br Compact Si W/

Standing Water & Rocks N RLS/EA 1/27/17

E 8 1 0-25 Br Si Lo N RLS/EA 1/27/17 E 8 2 25-40 Mottled Yl Br / Strong Br Compact Si;

Standing Water At Base Of Level N RLS/EA 1/27/17

E 9 1 0-37 Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/27/17 E 9 2 37-52 Mottled Yl Br / Strong Br Compact Si W/

Rocks & Standing Water N RLS/EA 1/27/17

F 1 1 0-14 Br Si Lo W/ Rock N AJN/KS 1/27/17

F 1 2 14-30 Yl Br Si Lo W/ Rock; Standing Water At Base Of Level

N AJN/KS 1/27/17

F 2 1 0-25 Br Si Lo W/ Rock N AJN/KS 1/27/17

F 2 2 25-43 Yl Br Rocky Cl W/ Gvl N AJN/KS 1/27/17 F 3 1 0-23 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/27/17

F 3 2 23-40 Strong Br / Lt Ol Br Compact Si W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/27/17

F 4 1 0-25 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/27/17 F 4 2 25-33 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/27/17

F 4 3 33-49 Yl Br Si N PB/JFA 1/27/17 F 5 1 0-25 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/27/17

F 5 2 25-31 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/27/17 F 5 3 31-46 Yl Br Si W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/27/17

FF 1 1 0-25 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N AJN/KS 1/27/17

FF 1 2 25-31 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N AJN/KS 1/27/17 FF 1 3 31-47 Yl Br Rocky Si Lo W/ Gvl N AJN/KS 1/27/17


STP # 4-Rnd Level Depth Description CM Crew Date G 1 1 0-29 Br Si Lo W/ Rock N AJN/KS 1/27/17 G 1 2 29-50 Dk Yl Br Cl W/ Rock N AJN/KS 1/27/17

G 2 1 0-25 Br Si Lo W/ Rock N AJN/KS 1/27/17 G 2 2 25-30 Br Si Lo W/ Rock N AJN/KS 1/27/17

G 2 3 30-46 Yl Br Cl W/ Rock N AJN/KS 1/27/17 G 3 1 0-25 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/27/17 G 3 2 25-27 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/27/17

G 3 3 27-44 Yl Br Si N PB/JFA 1/27/17 G 4 1 0-20 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/27/17

G 4 2 20-37 Yl Br Si W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/27/17 G 5 1 0-21 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/27/17

G 5 2 21-40 Yl Br Si N PB/JFA 1/27/17 H 1 1 0-30 Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/27/17

H 1 2 30-45 Yl Br Si Lo W/ Rocks & Standing Water N RLS/EA 1/27/17

H 2 1 0-25 Br Si Lo N RLS/EA 1/27/17 H 2 2 25-35 Yl Br Si Lo W/ Standing Water N RLS/EA 1/27/17

H 3 1 0-30 Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/27/17 H 3 2 30-45 Yl Br Si Lo W/ Rocks & Standing Water N RLS/EA 1/27/17 H 4 1 0-28 Br Si Lo N RLS/EA 1/27/17

H 4 2 28-40 Yl Br Si Lo; Stopped By Standing Water N RLS/EA 1/27/17 I 1 1 0-25 Br Si Lo W/ Rock N AJN/KS 1/27/17

I 1 2 25-40 Br Si Lo W/ Rock; Stopped By Rock N AJN/KS 1/27/17 I 2 1 0-13 Br Si Lo W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/27/17

I 2 2 13-30 Yl Br Si W/ Gvl N PB/JFA 1/27/17 I 3 1 0-18 Br Si Lo W/ Rocks & Standing Water N AB/VL 1/26/17 I 3 2 18-36 Yl Br Sa Si W/ Rocks & Standing Water N AB/VL 1/26/17

J 1 1 0-35 Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/27/17 J 1 2 35-54 Yl Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N RLS/EA 1/27/17

J 2 1 0-24 Br Si Lo W/ Rocks N AJN/KS 1/27/17 J 2 2 24-40 Yl Br Sa Si W/ Rocks & Standing Water N AJN/KS 1/27/17 J 3 1 0-19 Br Si Lo W/ Rock N AB/VL 1/26/17

J 3 2 19-35 Yl Br Sa Si W/ Rock N AB/VL 1/26/17


2.2. Artifact Catalog

STP 4-Rnd Level Depth Description Class Heated Utilized Ct. Wt(g) A-2 1 0-25 Onondaga Chert Retouched Piece Unifacial UT N Y 1 24.02

A-2 1 0-25 Onondaga Chert Debitage/Core Non-Cortical Chunk CS N N 1 0.9 A-3 1 0-30 Onondaga Chert Debitage/Core Non-Cortical Flake F Y N 1 0.59 A-3 1mE 1 0-35 Onondaga Chert Debitage/Core Non-Cortical Flake F N Y 1 3.6

A-3 1mN 1 0-34 Onondaga Chert Debitage/Core Cortical Chunk CS Y N 1 12.92 A-3 1mN 1 0-34 Onondaga Chert Debitage/Core Non-Cortical Flake F Y N 1 0.07

AA-1 2 25-33 Onondaga Chert Debitage/Core Cortical Chunk CS N N 1 2.22 AA-1 1mW 1 0-25 Onondaga Chert Debitage/Core Non-Cortical Chunk CS Y N 1 3.87 AA-1 3mE 2 25-44 Onondaga Chert Debitage/Core Non-Cortical Flake F Y N 1 0.6

AA-1 3mN 1 0-25 Onondaga Chert Retouched Piece Unifacial UT N Y 1 19.14

C-4 1 0-25 Onondaga Chert Debitage/Core Cortical Chunk CS N Y 1 28.55

C-4 1 0-25 Onondaga Chert Debitage/Core Non-Cortical Flake F N N 1 0.27


APPENDIX III. CORRESPONDENCE

Public Archaeology Facility Phase 1A/1B Archaeological Survey, Schoharie County Jail Project Page 29

APPENDIX IV. PROJECT MAPS (Confidential – Not for Public Release)

3


1 2

4

5 7

6

Public Archaeology Facility Impact Avoidance Plan, Skyland Meadow Farms Extension Project Page i

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE IMPACT AVOIDANCE PLAN

THE HOWES CAVE PRECONTACT SITE (SUBi-3184)

FTC/BERLIN PARCELS SCHOHARIE COUNTY PUBLIC SAFETY PROJECT

TOWN OF SCHOHARIE SCHOHARIE COUNTY, NEW YORK

MCD 09512 15PR06289

BY:

NINA M. VERSAGGI, PhD RPA AND

CHRISTOPHER D. HOHMAN, MA RPA

SUBMITTED TO:


ROCHESTER, NY 14614

JUNE 22, 2017


Table of Contents I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 1 II. IMPACT AVOIDANCE PLAN ............................................................................................................... 2

2.1 Short-Term Protection ........................................................................................................................ 2 2.2 Long-Term Protection ........................................................................................................................ 2

III. ACCIDENTAL DISCOVERY OF CULTURAL MATERIAL OR HUMAN REMAINS ................... 3 ATTACHMENT A: FEMA HUMAN REMAINS DISCOVERY PROTOCOL ........................................ 4 ATTACHMENT B: HAUDENOSAUNEE POLICY ON HUMAN REMAINS ......................................... 5 ATTACHMENT C: PROJECT MAPS......................................................................................................... 9 ATTACHMENT D: SAMPLE COVENANT ........................................................................................... 15

Impact Avoidance Plan, Howes Cave Precontact Site (SUBi-3184)Schoharie County Public Safety Building Project Page i

I. INTRODUCTION

The Public Archaeology Facility (PAF) conducted Phase 1 archaeological surveys at two alternate locations for the proposed Schoharie County Public Safety Project in the Town of Schoharie, Schoharie County, New York (Attachment D, Figures 1-2). The project is a federal undertaking partially funded with a grant from FEMA.

From January to March of 2017, archaeologists from PAF completed Phase 1 archaeological surveys of the FTC/Berlin alternates located to the east of Howes Cave Road (Sheridan 2017; Miroff 2017). Crews completed subsurface survey in all testable areas associated with the APEs on both the FTC (Attachment D, Figures 3-5) and Berlin parcels. Prehistoric material was recovered from three original STPs (AA1, A2 and A3) on the FTC parcel. Additional testing around these STPs produced prehistoric material from STPs A3/1mE, A3/1mN, AA1/3mE, AA1/3mN and AA1/1mW. This assemblage was designated the Howes Cave site (SUBi-3184).

The site lies approximately 150 m (492 ft) north of Cobleskill Creek, a major tributary of Schoharie Creek, at an elevation of approximately 213-219 m (700-720 ft) ASL. The setting is a fallow agricultural field. The site is divided into two distinct loci located approximately 15 m (49 ft) apart. The cultural material associated with this site was recovered from Ap horizon soils within the first 44 cm (17.3 in) below ground surface.

STPs produced 10 prehistoric artifacts distributed across two loci. Table 1 summarizes the artifacts by locus. No features were intersected by STPs. However, some of the lithic material showed signs of heat treatment, suggesting the presence of a thermal feature within the site boundaries.

Table 1. Artifacts from the Howes Cave Site. Locus 1 STPs N=4

Artifacts N=6 One utilized, unifacially retouched Onondaga chert fragment, two heated non-cortical Onondaga chert flakes, one utilized non-cortical Onondaga chert flake, one heated cortical Onondaga chert chunk, one non-cortical Onondaga chert chunk.

Locus 2 STPs N=4

Artifacts N=4 One utilized, unifacially retouched Onondaga chert fragment, one heated non-cortical Onondaga chert flake, one Onondaga cortical chunk, one heated Onondaga non cortical chunk.

Based on the Phase 1 testing, the Howes Cave site is interpreted as the locations of small resource procurement/processing activity areas probably associated with hunter-gatherer base camps or agricultural villages located outside the project limits.

PAF recommended that impacts to the site be avoided, and if avoidance was not possible that a Phase 2 site evaluation occur to determine eligibility to the National Register of Historic Places. Avoidance of impacts was a feasible option. FEMA requested that this impact avoidance plan be drafted to outline the short-term and long-term measures required to guarantee protection of the archaeological site. These measures will be presented in the following section.

Impact Avoidance Plan, Howes Cave Precontact Site (SUBi-3184)Schoharie County Public Safety Building Project Page 1


II. IMPACT AVOIDANCE PLAN

An impact avoidance plan includes measures for both short-term and long-term protection of archaeological sites.

2.1 Short-Term Protection

Short-Term protection provides measures that prevent inadvertent impacts to the site during construction. These measures for the Howes Cave site will include the following:

1. Schoharie County will exclude the area containing the Howes Cave site from current and future development plans (see Figure 4, p. 7). Current plans (Figure 6, p. 15) show that ground-disturbing activities are approximately 82 m (270 ft) away from the site area. If these plans remain as is, then this avoidance measure has been met.

2. Schoharie County will mark the Howes Cave site area on their site construction plans with the notation, “Environmentally Sensitive Area – Do Not Disturb.”

3. Schoharie County will supply a copy of these constructions plans to FEMA and SHPO as well as other reviewing agencies.

4. Temporary construction fencing will be placed around the Howes Cave site area prior to construction to prevent inadvertent impacts from vehicle movements and staging areas. Archaeologists from PAF will outline the area in the field prior to construction to make sure that fencing is placed in the correct location.

5. Once construction is completed, the temporary fencing can be removed.

2.2 Long-Term Protection

Long-term protection provides measures that ensure that the site remains protected after construction has ended. For the Howes Cave site, these measures will include the following:

1. Schoharie County will place a permanent chain link fence around the site areas with signage that says, “Environmentally Sensitive Area – Do Not Disturb”;

2. Schoharie County will excluded the site areas from future development plans, and the site area will remain as green space.

3. Physical plans for the proposed development will also include notation that this is an “Environmentally Sensitive Area – Do Not Disturb.”

4. A legally binding, in perpetuity commitment to site preservation, in accordance with SHPO’s general recommendations. Attachment D (p. 16) includes a template for a Deed Covenant, as an example of a legally binding commitment.


III. ACCIDENTAL DISCOVERY OF CULTURAL MATERIAL OR HUMAN REMAINS

If additional archeological materials are discovered during construction, the contractor shall contact Schoharie County’s representative who will notify FEMA (Donna Bolognino: 518-795-5318, [email protected]) and the State Historic Preservation Office (Timothy Lloyd, 518-268-2186, [email protected]) immediately upon discovery.

If construction uncovers human remains, or bone that is suspected to be human, Schoharie County’s representative who will notify FEMA (Donna Bolognino: 518-795-5318, [email protected]) and the State Historic Preservation Office (Timothy Lloyd, 518-268-2186, [email protected]) immediately upon discovery. Construction personnel and agency personnel will follow the Haudenosaunee protocols for protection and consultation. Excavations will immediately stop, the area with the bone will be backfilled and protected, and the area secured pending implementation of FEMA’s notification and consultation protocols (Attachment A, p. 5) and the Haudenosaunee protocols for protection and consultation (Attachment B, p. 6).

Accidental discoveries and the implementation of the above protocols will be documented in writing and distributed to all involved agencies and representatives.

References

Miroff, Laurie 2017 Phase 1 Archaeological Survey, Schoharie County Public Safety Project - Berlin Site, Town of

Schoharie, Schoharie County, New York, MCD 09512, 15PR06289. Prepared by the Public Archaeology Facility, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York for LaBella Associates, Rochester.

Sheridan, Kevin 2017 Phase 1 Archaeological Survey, Schoharie County Public Safety Project Fire Training Site, Town

of Schoharie, Schoharie County, New York, MCD 09512, 15PR06289. Prepared by the Public Archaeology Facility, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York for LaBella Associates, Rochester.

mailto:[email protected]




ATTACHMENT A: FEMA HUMAN REMAINS DISCOVERY PROTOCOL

If construction discovers human remains, suspected human bone, or other indications of human interment, FEMA requires that the guidelines contained in the ACHP’s “Policy Statement Regarding Treatment of Burial Sites, Human Remains and Funerary Objects” (Appendix D) be followed and the following protocol be implemented:

1. The person or persons encountering such properties or effects shall immediately notify the SHPO, FEMA Environmental/Historic Preservation and the Recipient at the numbers listed below. Construction in the area of such sites or effects shall not resume until the requirements of 36 CFR §800.13(b)(3) have been met.

2. At all times human remains must be treated with the utmost dignity and respect. Should human remains be encountered, work in the general area of the discovery will stop immediately and the location will be immediately secured and protected from damage and disturbance.

3. Human remains or associated artifacts will be left in place and not disturbed. No skeletal remains or materials associated with the remains will be collected or removed until appropriate consultation has taken place and a plan of action has been developed.

4. The SHPO, the appropriate Indian Nations, and the involved state and federal agencies will be notified immediately. The Subrecipient will notify and meet any requirements of the coroner and local law enforcement. A qualified forensic anthropologist, bioarchaeologist or physical anthropologist will assess the remains in situ to determine if the remains are Native American or non-Native American.

5. If human remains are determined to be Native American, the remains will be left in place and protected from further disturbance until a plan for their avoidance or removal can be generated. Avoidance of impacts to human remains is the preferred choice with SHPO and the Indian Nations. FEMA will consult SHPO and/or the appropriate Indian Nations to develop a plan of action that is consistent with the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) guidance.

6. If human remains are determined to be non-Native American, the remains will be left in place and protected from further disturbance until a plan for their avoidance or removal can be generated. Consultation with the SHPO and other appropriate parties will be required to determine a plan of action.

Points of contact are as follows:

o NYSHPO: Larry Moss or John Bonafide at (518) 237-8643 o FEMA Environmental/Historic Preservation: Donna Bolognino at (518) 518-795-5318 o DHSES: Rick Lord at (518) 292-2304 or Chris Holmes at (518) 292-2324 o Schoharie County: William Cherry, Treasurer (518) 295-8386


tel:(518)%20237-8643

tel:(518)%20795-5318

tel:(518)%20292-2304

tel:(518)%20292-2324

tel:(607)%20739-5666

ATTACHMENT B:HAUDENOSAUNEE POLICY ON HUMAN REMAINS


Location

ATTACHMENT C:PROJECT MAPS

Project



Figure 2. Location of the project area in red on the 1943/1994 Schoharie and 1943/1994 Cobleskill quadrangles.



Figure 3. Howes Cave site (SUBi-3184), 1943/1994 Schoharie and 1943/1994 Cobleskill USGS quadrangles.




Figure 4. Location of the Howes Cave Site within the FTC APE. CONFIDENTIAL – NOT FOR PUBLIC RELEASE.



Figure 5. Detail of the Howes Cave Site map.



This figure was intentionally deleted per the requirements of the Archaeological Resource Protection Act(16 U.S.C. 470hh) and its implementing regulations (49 FR 1027, Jan. 6, 1984).

Figure 6. Engineering plans showing proposed impacts at FTC/Berlin parcels with location of HowesCave Site to the south of proposed construction impacts.

Impact Avoidance Plan, Howes Cave Precontact Site (SUBi-3184) Schoharie County Public Safety Building Project Page 14

ATTACHMENT D:S A M P L E C O V E N A N T

In consideration of the conveyance of certain real property, hereinafter referred to as [ name of property ] located in the City of ________, County of ________, State of New York, which is more fully described as follows:

[ insert legal description ]

[ name of recipient ] hereby covenants and agrees on behalf of [ him/her/itself ], [ his/her/its ] heirs, successors, and assigns at all times with the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation or its successor agency, hereinafter referred to as OPRHP, that should any change in land use be proposed which would result in ground disturbing activities, the OPRHP must approve in writing plans for the proposed change.

This covenant is binding upon [ name of recipient ], [ his/her/its ] heirs, successors and assigns in perpetuity, and shall be inserted verbatim or by express reference in any deed or other legal instrument by which [ he/she/it ] divests [ him/her/itself ] of either the fee simple title or any other lesser estate in the [name of property ] or any part thereof. The failure of the SHPO to exercise any right or remedy granted under this instrument shall not have the effect of waiving or limiting the exercise of any other right or remedy or the use of such right or remedy at any other time.


Appendix B-7 Part 1 Cultural Resources - Building …...Public Archaeology Facility Phase 1...

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