Appendix of PhD Thesis "Textilisation of Light" by Astrid Mody, 2016
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Appendix
Appendix
Ph.D. Thesis, UICT, North Maharastra University, Jalgaon 136
APPENDIX-I Average particle sizes of various substrates were calculated by following method. Table A1 Data of mesh number and Dpi
Sr.No. Mesh number Dpi
1 4” 4.75
2 8” 2.00
3 16” 1.00
* Source: BS812-103. 1:1985 (Obsolete British Standard, replaced by European EN 933-1:2012)
Table A2: Average particle size calculation table for crushed JS.
Weight of sample = 25gm
Mesh No.
Weight
retain
(gm)
Xi
Dpi*
Dpi
XiDpi3
XiDpi4
4” 2.5 0.10 4.75 4.75 10.717 50.90
8” 13 0.52 2.00 3.375 19.99 67.68
16” 3.8 0.152 1.00 1.5 0.513 0.769
31.22 119.34
Average particle size = (∑ 4) / (∑Xi Dpi3)
Where, Xi = Weight retain on the screen / total weight of the sample
Dpi = Average screen opening in mm.
= 119.34/31.22
= 3.822mm
In the same manner another set of JS with average particle size of 2.5846mm and 0.4834mm were prepared.
Appendix
Ph.D. Thesis, UICT, North Maharastra University, Jalgaon 137
Table A3: Average particle size calculation table for crushed WS.
Weight of sample = 25gm
Mesh No.
Weight retain (gm)
Xi
Dpi
Dpi
XiDpi3
XiDpi4
4” 3.2 0.128 4.75 4.75 13.718 65.16
8” 10.7 0.428 2.00 3.375 16.454 55.53
16” 6.0 0.240 1.00 1.5 0.81 1.215
30.982 121.90
Average particle size = (∑ 4) / (∑Xi Dpi3)
= 121.90/30.982
= 3.9345mm
In the same manner another set of WS with average particle size of 2.7274mm and 0.4875mm were prepared. Table A4: Average particle size calculation table for crushed TS.
Weight of sample = 25gm
Mesh No.
Weight retain (gm)
Xi
Dpi
Dpi
XiDpi3
XiDpi4
4” 8.4 0.336 4.75 4.75 36.01 171.04
8” 9.6 0.384 2.00 3.375 14.76 49.82
16” 3.2 0.128 1.00 1.5 0.432 0.648
51.22 221.51
Appendix
Ph.D. Thesis, UICT, North Maharastra University, Jalgaon 138
Average particle size = (∑ 4) / (∑Xi Dpi3)
= 221.51/51.222
= 4.324mm
In the same manner another set of TS with average particle size of 2.94mm and 0.4909mm were prepared.
P
F
h.D. Thesis, UI
ig.A1 depict
Fig.A1 FT
UICT, North Ma
ts the FT-IR
T-IR spectra
aharastra Univ
AP
R spectra reco
of TS [a] be
versity, Jalgaon
PPENDIX
orded on TS
efore fermen
n
X –II
before and
ntation [b] af
after fermen
fter fermenta
App
ntation proce
ation.
endix
139
ess.
Appendix
Ph.D. Thesis, UICT, North Maharastra University, Jalgaon 140
Table A5 FT-IR spectrum analysis of TS.
Before fermentation After fermentation Sr. No Frequency Group Sr. No Frequency Group 1 3292 -OH stretching of
alcohol/phenols 1 3282 -OH stretching of
alcohol/phenol 2 2915 asymmetric and
symmetric stretching vibrations of alkanes (CH2 and CH3)
2 2922 asymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations of alkanes (CH2 and CH3)
3 1737 C=O group of esters/ketones
3 Disappeared ---
4 1658 Aromatic C–C ring stretching
4 1641 Aromatic C–C ring stretching
5 1599 C=C aromatic stretch
5 1564 C-H phenyl ring
6 1427 C-H in-plane deformation with aromatic ring stretching
6 1419 C-H in-plane deformation with aromatic ring stretching
7 1332 C–N amines 7 1327 C–N amines 8 1236 C–N amines,
alcohol C–O stretching, ethers, carboxylic acids esters
8 1236 C–N amines, alcohol C–O stretching, ethers, carboxylic acids esters
9 1165 Alcohol C–O stretches, ethers, carboxylic acids
9 Disappeared -----
10 1070 C–O–C symmetric stretching
10 1076 C–O–C symmetric stretching
11 896 C–H, aromatic hydrogen
11 894 C–H, aromatic hydrogen
12 775 C–H, aromatic hydrogen
12 775 C–H, aromatic hydrogen
13 673 C–H alkynes bends, C–H alkenes, C–H phenyl ring substitution bands
13 ----- -------
Appendix
Ph.D. Thesis, UICT, North Maharastra University, Jalgaon 141
Intense peaks at 1737 cm-1 could be due to the stretching mode of carbonyls mainly
ketones and esters. Such peaks are expected from waxes such as fatty acids, fatty esters,
high molecular mass aldehydes / ketones.The C–O–C symmetric stretching at 1070 cm−1
in the biomasses is characteristic of cellulose and hemicellulose (pyranose rings and
guaiacyl monomers). In present spectrum peaks appeared at 896, 1,506, and 1,599
cm−1could be due to lignin. The disappearance of frequencies at 1737 cm-1 (C=O), 1599
cm-1 (C=C) and 1165 cm-1 (C-O) in FTIR spectra recorded using fermented sample
suggest the occurrence of fermentation process. Presence of remaining frequencies with
slight shifting, however, suggest that fermentation has occurs but with limited extent.
P
F
h.D. Thesis, UI
ig.A2 depict
Fig. A
UICT, North Ma
ts the FT-IR
A2 FT-IR sp
aharastra Univ
R spectra reco
pectra of WS
versity, Jalgaon
orded on WS
S [a] before f
n
S before and
fermentation
d after ferme
n and [b] afte
App
ntation proc
er fermentati
endix
142
cess.
ion.
Appendix
Ph.D. Thesis, UICT, North Maharastra University, Jalgaon 143
Table A6 FT-IR spectrum analysis of WS
Before fermentation After fermentation Sr. No Frequency Group Sr. No Frequency Group 1 3332 -OH stretching of
alcohol/phenols 1 3267 -OH stretching of
alcohol/phenol 2 2895 asymmetric and
symmetric stretching vibrations of alkanes (CH2 and CH3)
2 2916 asymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations of alkanes (CH2 and CH3)
3 1726 C=O group of esters/ketones
3 Disappeared -------
4 1658 Aromatic C–C ring stretching
4 1641 Aromatic C–C ring stretching
5 1598 C=C aromatic stretch
5 1546 C-H phenyl ring
6 1425 C-H in-plane deformation with aromatic ring stretching
6 1421 C-H in-plane deformation with aromatic ring stretching
7 1330 C–N amines 7 1325 C–N amines 8 1201 C–N amines,
alcohol C–O stretching, ethers, carboxylic acids esters
8 Disappeared --------
9 1165 Alcohol C–O stretches, ethers, carboxylic acids
9 1165 Alcohol C–O stretches, ethers, carboxylic acids
10 1066 C–O–C symmetric stretching
10 1051 C–O–C symmetric stretching
11 896 C–H, aromatic hydrogen
11 896 C–H, aromatic hydrogen
12 775 C–H, aromatic hydrogen
12 ---------- ------------
13 675 C–H alkynes bends, C–H alkenes, C–H phenyl ring substitution bands
13 673 C–H alkynes bends, C–H alkenes, C–H phenyl ring substitution bands
Appendix
Ph.D. Thesis, UICT, North Maharastra University, Jalgaon 144
The FT-IR studies of WS before and after fermentation of substrate revealed that the
major peaks at 3332 cm-1 in the spectrum originate from – OH stretching vibration and
peaks at 2915 and 2922 corresponds to asymmetric and symmetric C-H stretching
vibrations of alkanes. These vibrations are expected from lignocellulosic materials like
hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin. Intense peaks at 1737 and 1700 cm-1 could be due to
the stretching mode of carbonyls mainly ketones and esters; such peaks are expected
from waxes such as fatty acids, fatty esters, high molecular mass aldehydes/ketones.
Moreover, The C–O–C symmetric stretching at 1070 cm−1 in the biomasses is
characteristic of cellulose and hemicellulose (pyranose rings and guaiacyl monomers). In
present spectrum peaks appeared at 896, 1506, 1599 cm−1 could be due to lignin. The
disappearance of frequencies at 1737 cm-1 (C=O), 1598 cm-1 (C=C) and 1201 cm-1 (C-
O) and shifting of remaining frequencies suggest that fermentation occurs but with
limited extent.
Curriculum vitae
Ph.D. Thesis, UICT, North Maharastra University, Jalgaon 145
Curriculum vitae
Mr.Ganesh A. Bathe, author of this thesis, was born on 2nd August 1977 at Akola,
Maharashtra. He has completed his degree in chemical engineering from Amravati
University and master degree in chemical engineering from Birla Institute of
Technology & science (BITS), Pilani, Rajasthan. He participated in BITS practice
school almost for 6 month at Central Fuel Research Institute, Dhanbad. After master’s
degree he joined Pune University as a lecturer in MIT’s, Maharashtra Academy of
Engineering, Pune and worked for four and half years. Later on he joined AISSMS,
College of Engineering, Pune and worked for more than one year. After that he
worked in ESSAR Steel Ltd., Hazira, Surat, Gujarat as a manager. Later, he joined
University Institute of Chemcial Technology, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon
as an assistant professor in the year 2007. In the year 2008, he joined for Ph.D. course
in Chemical Technology, under the faculty of engineering and technology. He is
having > 11 years of teaching experience. He is a certified internal auditor for ISO
9001-2000 and 9004-2000. He has completed one minor UGC sponsored project
entitiled “Temperature gradients studies in a packed bed solid state fermentor”. He is
also working as a co-investigator for a major research project entitiled “Preparation of
biofertilizer and biopesticide from local farmers” sponsored by Rajiv Gandhi Science
and Technology Commission, Mumbai. Recently, he got one minor SEED project
sponsored by Technical Education Quality Improvement Programme (TEQIP), Govt.
of India assisted financially by World Bank. He is a life member of the Indian Society
for Technical Education (ISTE) and fellow member of International Congress of
Chemistry and Environment (FICCE). He has published / presented and
communicated following research papers in national and international journals and
conferences.
Curriculum vitae
Ph.D. Thesis, UICT, North Maharastra University, Jalgaon 146
National and International Publications
[1] Bathe G.A., Patil V. S., Deshpande T.D., Gujrathi A.M. (2013). Temperature studies in the growth of Aspergillus oryzae on jowar straw in packed bed solid state fermenter (PBSSF) – A modeling approach. Research & Reviews: J. of Engineering and Technology.2 (2): 43-49.
[2] Bathe G.A., Patil V.S., Chaurasia A.S.(2012). Study on temperature gradients
and protein enrichment by Asoergillus oryzae in solid state fermentation on packed bed bioreactor using jowar (sorghum) straw as substrate. J. Sustainable Bioenergy System.2:33-36.
[3] Patil S.V., Patil C.D., Salunke B.K., Salunkhe R.B., Bathe G.A., Patil
D.M.(2011).Studies on characterization of bioflocculant exopolysaccharide of Azotobacter indicus and its potential for wastewater treatment. Applied biochemistry and biotechnology. 163(4): 463-472.
[4] Patil S.V., Salunke B.K., Bathe G.A., Salunkhe R.B., Patil C.D., Patil D.
M.(2009). In vitro study of an antibacterial and antioxidant activity of Helicteres isora. L. J. of Herbal Tech. Industry.6-10.
[5] Patil S.V., Bathe G.A., Patil A.V., Patil R.H., Salunkea B.K. (2009). Production
of bioflocculant exopolysaccharide by Bacillus subtillis. Advanced Biotech.8 (10):14-17.
[6] Wasewar K.L., Bathe G.A.(2005). Pervaporation process for alcohol recovery
from molasses. N.Chem. J. 15- 17.
[7] Bathe G.A., Sadaphal A., Patil V.S., Gujarathi A.M. Multi objective optimization of solid state fermentation process.(Communicated).
Paper/Poster Presentated at International/National Conferences
[1] Bathe G.A., Patil V.S. “Temperature Gradients in Packed Bed Solid State Fermenter” presented at Port Dickson, Malaysia organized by ICCE (27th to 29th May 2011).
[2] Bathe G.A., Patil V.S. “A review on solid state fermenter” presented at School of Chemical Sciences, NMU , Jalgaon (26th Dec.2011).
[3] Bathe G.A., Patil S.V., Patil V.S. “Microbial exopolysaccharide as flocculating agent for industrial waste treatment” presented at School of Environmental & Earth Sciences, NMU, Jalgaon (1-2nd Feb. 2010).
[4] Bathe G.A., Patil V.S. “A review on packed bed solid state fermentor”
presented at SEES, NMU, Jalgaon (9th and 10th Jan.2012).