Appendix I - Abbreviations

a.b. as before a.b.d. as before described additnl. additional adj. adjoining a.f. after fvcing agg. aggregate ancills. ancillaries appd. approved ard. around art. artificial asp. asphalt attchd. attached av. average A.V. air valve

backg. backing battg. or batterg. battering bd. board bdg. boarding bearg. bearing beddg. bedding bellmth. bel/mouth benchg. benching b.f. before fixing b.i. build in bit. bitumen or bitumastic bk. brick bldg. building b.o.e. brick on end borg. boring bott. bottom b. & p. bed and point br. branch

brr. bearer b.s. both sides BS British Standard bwk. brickwork

cap. capacity cast. casement ccs. centres c. & f. cut and fit chan. channel chbr. chamber chfd. chamfered chy. chimney ci. cast iron eire. circular circum. circumferential c.m. cement mortar commg. or comncg. commencing compactn. compaction comp. composite cone. concrete conn. connection constn. construction c.o.p. circular on plan copg. coping cos. course(s) covg. covering c. & p. cut and pin Cr. Contractor c.s. cross-section csa cross-sectional area csg clear sheet glass ct. cement or coat cu cubic

228 Ovil Engineering Quantities

ddt. deduct deckg. decking dep. deposit dia. or diam. diameter dim. or dimng. diminishing dist. distance do. ditto. (that which has been said

before) DOE Department of the Environment dp. deep d. p.c. damp-proof course dr. door drvg. driving dwg. drawing

ea. each embankt. embankment eng. engineering Eng. English Engr. Engineer ent. entrance E.O. extra over ex. exceeding or extra exc. excavate excavn. excavation ext. external or externally

face wk. facework fcg. or facg. facing fdn. foundation f.f. fair face flllg. filling fin. finish fittg. fitting f.l. floor level flex. flexible floatg. floating flr. floor F.O. fix only follg. following form. formation fr.frame

frd.framed frg. framing frt.front ftg. footing fwd. forward fwk. form work fxd.fixed fxg. fixing

galvd. galvanised gen. general g.i. galvanised iron g.l. ground level g.m. gauged mortar grano. grano/ithic grd. ground greenht. greenheart groutg. grouting g.s. general surfaces gth. girth g.v.c. glazed vitrified clay

ha hectare h. b. half brick h.c. hardcore hi. high holl. hollowed hor. horizontal h.r. halfround ht. height hwd. hardwood h. w.l. high water level H.W.O.S.T. high water of spring tides

incl. including int. internal or internally inti. internal invt. invert

jt. joint jtd. jointed junctn. junction

Appendix I- Abbreviations

kg kilogramme(s) km kilometre(s) k.p. & s. knot, prime and stop

I. labour Ia.large layg. laying len. length Ig.long lin. linear ling. lining l.m. lime mortar long. longitudinal l.w.l.low water level

m metre(s) matl. or mat. material max. maximum mech. mechanically med. medium mesd. measured met. metal m.g. make good m.h. manhole min. minimum mm millimetre(s) mo. mortar m.s. mild steel m/s. measured separately

nat. natural n.e. not exceeding nee. necessary nom. nominal nr number n. & w. nut and washer n.w. narrow widths

O.D. Ordnance Datum o'hg. overhang opg. opening ord. ordinary

orig. original oslg. oversailing ov'll over all

patt. pattern pavg. paving p.c. prime cost P.ct. Portland cement perm. permanent p.hse. pumphouse pilg. piling p.m. purpose made psn. position ppt. parapet pr. pair prepd. prepared prepn. preparation proj. projection provsnl. provisional P.st. Portland stone pt. paint ptd. pointed ptg. pointing ptn. partition pumpg. pumping

qual. quality

rad. radius rakg. raking r.c. or r. cone. reinforced concrete rd. road rdd. rounded reb. rebate rec. receive red. reduced ref. reference reinfd. reinforced reinft. reinforcement reqd. required ret. retaining retd. retained or returned

229

230

retn. return r. & g. rubbed and gauged r.h. rivet head r.l. red lead rly. railway ro. rough R.S. rolled steel r.s.j. rolled steel joist

scrd. screwed sec. or sectn. section seedg. seeding settg. setting sk. sunk s.l. short length sli. slight slopg. sloping smth. smooth soc. socket soff. soffit spec. specification specd.orspecfd.specified spld. splayed sq square s.q. small quantities s. & s. spigot and socket st. stone or straight stan. stanchion stand. standard stlwk. steelwork strt. straight struct. structural surrd. surround surf. surface susp. suspended S. V. sluice valve S. W. surface water swd. softwood

Civil Engineering Quantities

t tonne tankg. tanking tapd. tapered tarmac. tarmacadam tbr. timber tempy. temporary t. & g. tongued and grooved th. thick thro. through or throated timbg. or timberg. timbering tr. trench trimmg. trimming

UB Universal beam UC Universal column u/c undercoat ufs underside

vert. vertical vol. volume

walg. waling wdw. window wethd. weathered wi. or w. with w.i. wrought iron W.O. wash-out workg. working w.p. waterproof wrot. wrought wt. weight

xtg. existing

Y.st. York stone

Note: The abbreviation CESMM has been used extensively throughout this book and refers to the Civil Engineer­ing Standard Method of Measurement.

Appendix II-Mensuration Formulae

Figure

Square

Rectangle

Triangle

Hexagon

Octagon

Trapezoid

Circle

Sector of Circle

Segment of Circle

Area

(side )2

length x breadth

! x base x height ory[s(s- a)(s- b)(s- c)] where s = ! x sum of the three sides and a, b and c are the lengths of the three sides

2.6 x (side)2

4.83 x (side )2

height x !{base + top)

(22/7) x radius2 or (22/7) x ! diameter2

(rrr2) (rr1J2 /4) circumference = 2 x (22/7) x radius or

(2rrr) (22/7) x diameter

(rrlJ)

! length of arc x radius

area of sector - area of triangle

232 Civil Engineering Quantities

Figure Volume Surface Area

Prism Area of base x height circumference of base x height

Cube (side )3 6 x (side )2

Cylinder (22/7) x radius 2 x length 2 x (22/7) x radius x ('rrr 2h) (length+ radius)

[2117(h +r)]

Sphere (4/3) x (22/7) x radius 3 4 x (22/7) x radius2

(4/37rr3) (47Tr2 )

Segment of (22/7) X (height/6) X curved surface = 2 x Sphere (3 radius2 + height2 ) (22/7) x radius x height (h)

[(1rh/6) x (3r 2 + h2 )] (27Trh)

Pyramid ~ area of base x height 1 circumference of base x slant height

Cone ~ x (22/7) x radius 2 x height (22/7) x radius x slant (~1rr2h) height(/)

( 1rrl)

Frustum of ~height[A + B + y(AB)] ! mean circumference x Pyramid where A is area of large end slant height

and B is area of small end.

Frustum of (22/7) x ~height(R 2 + r2 + Rr) (22/7) x slant height (R + r) Cone where R is radius of large end [ 1rl(R + r)]

and r is radius of small end. where I is slant height [hh(R 2 + r2 + Rr)]

For Simpson's rule and prismoidal formula see chapter 6.

Appendix III- Metric Conversion Table

Length

Area

Volume

Mass

Density

1 in.= 25.44 mm [approximately 25 mm, then (mm/100) x 4 =in.)

1ft= 304.8 mm (approximately 300 mm) 1 yd = 0.914 m (approximately 910 mm)

1 mile= 1.609 km (approximately 1~ km) 1 m = 3.281 ft = 1.094 yd (approximately 1.1 yd)

( 10 m = 11 yd approximately) 1 km = 0.621 mile (~ mile approximately)

1 ft 2 = 0.093 m2

1 yd2 = 0.836 m2

1 acre = 0.405 ha [1 ha (hectare)= 10 000 m2 ]

1 mile 2 = 2.590 km2

1m2 = 10.764 ft 2 = 1.196 yd2

(approximately 1.2 yd2 )

1 ha = 2.471 acres (approximately 2! acres) 1 km2 = 0.386 mile 2

I ft 3 = 0.028 m3

1 yd 3 = 0.765 m3

1 m3 = 35.315 ft 3 = 1.308 yd 3

(approximately 1.3 yd3 )

1 ft 3 = 28.32litre (1000 litre = 1 m3 )

1 gal= 4.546litre I litre = 0.220 gal (approximately 4! litre to the gallon)

1lb = 0.454 kg (kilogram) 1 cwt = 50.80 kg (approximately 50 kg) 1 ton= 1.016 t [1 tonne= 1000 kg= 0.984 ton) 1 kg= 2.205lb (approximately 2! lb)

llb/ft 3 = 16.019 kg/m3

1 kg/m3 = 0.062lb/ft 3

234

Velocity

Energy

Thermal conductivity

Gvil Engineering Quantities

1 ft/s = 0.305 m/s 1 mile/h = 1.609 km/h

I therm = I05.506 MJ 1 Btu= I.OSS kJ

Temperature x oF= hx- 32) °C X°C=h+32°F

Pressure

0 o C = 32 oF (freezing) 5°C=41 °F

10 °C =50 °F (rather cold) IS °C =59 °F 20 °C = 68 °F (quite warm) 25 °C = 77 °F 30 °C = 86 °F (very hot)

1lbf/in.2 = 0.0069 N/mm2 = 6894.8 N/m2

(1 MN/m2 = I N/mm2 )

1lbf/ft2 = 47.88 N/m2

1 tonf/in. 2 = I5.44 MN/m2

1 tonf/ft2 = I07.3 kN/m2

For speedy but approximate conversions

kN/m2

1lbf/ft2 = -w hence 40 lbf/ft2 = 2 kN/m2

and tonf/ft2 = kN/m2 x 10, hence 2 tonf/ft2 = 20 kN/m2

Floor loadings office floors- general usage: 50 lbf/ft2 = 2.50 kN/m2

Safe bearing capacity of soil

Stresses in concrete

office floors- data-processing equipment: 70 lbf/ft2 = 3.50 kN/m2

factory floors: 100 lbf/ft2 = 5.00 kN/m2

1 tonf/ft2 = I07.25 kN/m2

2 tonf/ft2 = 2I4.50 kN/m2

4 tonf/ft2 = 429.00 kN/m2

100 lbf/in.2 = 0.70 MN/m2

1000 lbf/in. 2 = 7.00 MN/m2

3000 lbf/in. 2 = 21.00 MN/m2

6000 lbf/in.2 = 41.00 MN/m2

Appendix III - Metric Conversion Table

Costs £1/m2 = £0.092/ft 2

I shilling (5p)/ft2 = £0.538/m2

£1/ft 2 = £10.764/m2 (approximately £11/m2 )

£2.50/ft2 = £27 /m2

£5/ft 2 = £54/m2

£7.50/ft2 = £81/m2

£10/ft2 = £108/m2

£15/ft2 = £162/m2

£20/ft2 = £216/m2

235

Index

Abbreviations, 64, 227-30 Abstract, 66, 214-15

typical sheets, 220-22 Adjustment item, 46-7 All-in contracts, 15 Anchorages, 164 Ashlar, 132-3 Asphalt, fair edge, 140

flat roof covering, 140 tanking, 137, 138

Ballast, 209, 210 Banks, soiling and seeding, 1 77, 1 7 8

trimming, 1 7 8 Beams, concrete, 105-6

steel, 168 Bellmouth, excavation, 174 Benching, 1 23 Bends, 182, 200 Bills of Quantities, coding, 37-8

contract, 13 definition of, 29, 32 descriptions, 36, 41, 42-3 functions, 1 numbering of items, 37-8 preparation, 38-9, 212-26 pricing, 46-7 principal quantities, 38-9 rates, 46, 59-61 ruling,46 units of measurement, 44

Billing-direct, 212 Billing paper, 1

procedure, 215 ruling,46 typical sheets, 223-6

Blockwork, 107-8 Bolts, 151, 152, 159, 160, 161, 169

Bond,30 Boreholes, 67-8 Box steps, 126 Breaking up brickwork, etc., 69, 70,

73 Brickwork, 1 07-8, 110-27

band courses, 1 08, 11 5 build in pipes into, 108, 124-5 built battering, 112-13 centering, 1 08 classification, 107-8 curved, 111-15 damp-proof courses, 1 08 fair faced work, 114-15, 125,

138 footings, 111 joint reinforcement, 1 08 manhole, 116-26 plinths, 115 tall chimney, 11 0-1 5 valve chambers, 201-2 walls of pumphouse, 138, 139

British Standards, 28 Building measurement, 5-6, 33

Central Electricity Generating Board, 16

Certificates, 12, 24-7 CESMM, changes, 3

definitions, 32-3 general principles, 33-4

Channels, 1 71 Chequer plate, 168 Chimney, tall brick, 11 0-15 Civil engineering contracts, 4-5,

11-15 Oaims, 18-19 Oeats, 159,160,161

238 Index

Coding, 37-8 Columns, 165 Computers, 217-19 Concrete, 60, 86-106

accessories, 91, 101, 102, 103, 124,135

bases, 1 00, 119 hatching, 86 beams, 88, 105-6 benching, 1 23 block work, 1 07-8 columns, 88 crossings, 1 80 culverts, 88 decking, 150-1 designed mix, 86, 87 fair finish, 9 5 floors, 136, 137, 139 formwork, 60, 88, 89-90, 96,

101-3, 121, 122, 131-2, 135,150,151

inserts, 96 in situ, 86,93-7,119-21,135,

137 joints, 90 lintels, 143 piers, 88 piling, 148-51 placing, 86, 87, 88, 91, 95,

100-1,119-21,135 precast, 91-2, 105-6 prescribed mix, 86, 87 prestressed, 91, 1 05-6 provision, 86, 91, 97, 100,

119-21, 135, 137 pumping chamber, 98-104 reinforced, 98-104, 139, 140,

150, 179 reinforcement, 90, 103-4, 139,

140,150,179 retaining wall, 93-7 roads, 170, 178-9 roofs, 140 sea wall, 130-2 slabs, 88,101,122,126 surround to pipes, 18 2, 186 transporting, 86 walls, 88, 101, 120

Consideration, 1 0 Construction Industry Research and

Information Association, 3 Contingencies, 20, 34

Contract, all-in, 15 bill of quantities, 13 building, 1 6 civil engineering, 11-15 cost plus fixed fee, 14 cost plus fluctuating fee, 14 cost plus percentage, 14 cost reimbursement, 15 definition, 8 documents, 15 drawings, 29 enforcement of, 9 entire, 11-1 2 fixed price, 15 General Conditions of, 16-27 lump sum, 13-14 nature and form of, 8-9 price, 1, 13 remedies for breach, 1 0-11 schedule, 14 simple, 8 structural engineering, 16 system in civil engineering, 28 target, 15 types of, 13-15 under seal, 9 validity of, 10

Copings, 1 08, 133 Cost plus fixed fee contract, 14 Cost plus fluctuating fee contract,

14 Cost plus percentage contract, 14 Covers, duct, 164

manhole, 126 pumphouse, 139

Crossings, 185, 196 Cut and shuffle, 216-1 7 Cuttings, 76-9

Damages, 11 Damp-proof course, 111, 134, 139 Daywork, 18, 33,40-1,58

methods of valuation, 18, 40 schedules of, 18, 40-1

Decking, concrete, 1 50-1 timber, 160-1

Demolition, of buildings, 69, 70, 73 brick wall, 7 3 pipe lines, 69, 70, 73

Department of the Environment, 40 Diaphragm walls, 69

Dimension paper, 61-2 numbering and titles of sheets,

65 ruling, 61 use of columns, 61-2

Dimensions, abbreviations, 64 deductions, 65 figured, 65 grouping of, 64 numbering and titles of sheets,

65 order of, 62-3 spacing of, 62 timesing, 63-4 use of waste, 62

Ditches, 185 Doors, 140 Downpipes, 155 Dredging, 7 5

Earthworks, 60, 74-85, 97 below low water level, 127-9 between tides, 127-9 classification, 45 cuttings, 76-9 disposal of excavated material,

75, 97 double handling, 7 5 excavation, 76-85 filling, 75,82-5,119,177 general, 74,83-5,118,127-9,

135,174-6 keeping clear of water, 75 kerb foundations, 1 7 4 manhole, 11 8 measurement examples, 76-85 pumping chamber, 97 pumphouse, 135 rates, 60 re-use, 118 roads, 174-8 rock, 75 sea wall, 127-30 seeding, 7 5, 8 5 stockpiling, 7 5 timbering, 7 5 topsoil, 79, 81, 83 trimming, 75, 85 tunnels, 204, 205 turfing, 75 working space, 7 5

Edging, 181

Index

Estimating, 1-2 Expansion joints, 170, 179

239

Fair-faced brickwork, 114-15, 1 25, 138

Fences, 154 Fenders, 157 Filling, 7 5, 82-5, 177 Final account, 25 Fishp1ates, 211 Form of agreement, 15 Form of tender, 30 Formwork, 60, 88, 89-90, 96,

101-3, 131-2, 135, 150, 151 French drains, 185

Gantries, 165-9 General Conditions of Contract,

16-27 General items, 41, 53-8, 59, 69,

79-82 Geotechnical processes, 69 Grand summary, 46, 47 Granular base, 178, 181 Grid of levels, 79-82 Ground anchors, 69 Guard rails, 161 Gullies, 182 Gutters, 155

Handrailing, 161, 164 Hedges, 75

Injunction, 11 Interim payments, 12, 24-5

Jetties, 156-62 Joint Contracts Tribunal, 16 Junctions, 195

Keeping excavation clear of water, 75 Kerbs, 171,179

Ladders, 164 Library of standard items, 218 Lintels, 143 Liquidated damages, 11 Lump sum contracts, 13-14

Macadam roads and paths, 181 Maintenance work, 34

240

Manhole, 116-26 benching, 123 box steps, 126 brick, 124-5 channel, 1 24 concrete, 195-6 connections, 125 cover slab, 126 covers, 126 safety bar, 126 safety chain, 126 schedule, 190-1 step irons, 126

Markers, for pipe connections, 197 for valves, 202

Masonry, 107-8, 132-3 ashlar, 132-3 copings, 133 promenade wall, 133 sea wall, 127-34

Measurement, general principles, 44 procedures, 19-20 processes, 61-6 units, 44

Mensuration formulae, 231-2 Metalwork, 163-9

anchorages, 164 bolts, 151, 152, 159, 160, 161,

169 chequer plate, 168 cleats, 159, 160, 161 crane rails, 164 erection, 159, 168 fabrication, 159, 165-8 gantries, 165-9 painting, 169 plates, 165 stairways, 164 surface treatment, 164

Method-related charges, advantages, 51-3

application, 49-51 disadvantages, 51-3 examples, 55-8 fixed, 49 general items, 53-8, 59 objectives, 48-9 time-related, 49

Metric conversion table, 233-5 Monthly payments, 25

Nominated Subcontractors, 21, 22

Index

Order for payment of debt, 11 Overbreak, 141

Painting, 108-9, 142, 162, 169 Pavings, 132-3 Penalty, 11 Piling, 144-53

ancillaries, 145 cap, 149-50 concrete, 148-51 cutting off surplus, 148, 149,

152,157 extension, 145 preparing heads, 148,149,152,

157 steel sheet, 130, 153 timber, 151-2, 157 to jetty, 157

Pipework, 183-202 bends, 182, 200 caps, 200 classification, 183-4 clay, 182, 194 concrete, 194 concrete surround, 182 connection to existing, 202 crossings, 185, 196 fittings, 184,195,199-200 flanged spigot or socket, 200 iron, 199 junctions, 195, 200 manholes, 184-5, 190-1,

195-6 marker posts, 197, 202 plugs, 200 protection, 186 reinstatement, 185, 196-7 stoppers, 1 9 5 tapers, 199 valve chambers, 201-2 valves, 184, 201

Pitching, 152 Plant, 57 Plates, 165 Post tensioned concrete, 105-6 Plinths, 133 Power stations, 6 Preambles, 33, 39-40 Precast concrete, beams, 105-6

kerbs, 181 lintels, 143 manholes, 19 5-6

Index 241

Prestressed concrete, 91 beams, 105-6 post tensioned work, 105-6

Prime cost items, 21, 43, 58 Prismoidal rule, 79 Provisional sums, 20, 21, 33, 43-4, 58 Pumphouse, 135-43

asphalt tanking, 137, 138 brick walls, 137-8 concrete floor, 136, 137 concrete roof, 140 cover, 139 door, 140-1 excavation for, 135 window, 141--2

Pumping, 56 chamber, 98-104

Quadrants, 180 Quantities, 1, 44

principal, 38-9 Quantum meruit, 12 Quay, decking, 150-1

fender piles, 151-2 piling, 148-9

Rails, 211 Railway track, 208-11

laying, 211 specification, 208-9 supply of materials, 208,

210-11 Reinforced concrete, 98-104, 122-3

pumping chamber, 98-104 road, 178-9

Reinforcement, 90,123,139,140, 150, 179

Reinstatement, 185, 196-7 Rescission, 11 Retention money, 12, 26 Rivets, 164 Roads, 170-82

channels, 1 71 concrete, 170, 17 8-9 edging, 181 excavation for, 174-8 expansion joints, 170, 179 granular base, 1 7 8, 181 gullies, 182 kerbs, 171,179 macadam, 181

setts, 180 quadrants, 180

Rock, 75, 152 Rogue items, 218 Rubbing pieces, 158-9

Samples, 67-8 Sand drains, 69 Schedules, contracts, 14

manhole, 190-1 of dayworks, 18, 40-1 sewer, 188-9

Sea wall, concrete, 130-2 excavation, 127-30 formwork, 131-2 masonry, 132-3 paving to promenade, 134 steel sheet piling, 13 0 stone faced, 127-34

Seeding, 7 5, 85, 177, 178 Setts, 180 Sewers, 194-7

in tunnel, 205-7 junctions, 19 5 markers, 197 schedule, 188-9 stoppers, 195

Sills, 1 08, 143 Silting, 75 Simpson's rule, 76-9 Site clearance, 69-73 Site investigation, 67-8 Sleepers, 151,210 Soil samples, 67-8 Specific performance, 11 Specification, 27-8 Squaring dimensions, 213 Stairways, 164 Stanchions, bases, 165

steel, 165 Standard Method of Measurement of

Building Works, 5 Steel sheet piling, boring through

obstructions, 153 connecting to existing, 153 corner piles, 153 driving, 153 method of measurement, 130

Steelwork, 159-60, 163-9 anchorages, 164 beams, 159,168

242 Index

Steelwork contd. chequer plate, 168 columns, 165 crane rails, 164 erection, 159, 168 fabrication, 159, 165-8 frames, 159 gantry, 165-9 painting, 169 plates, 165 stanchion bases, 16 5 stanchions, 165 surface treatment, 164

Stoppers, 195 Structural steelwbrk, 159-60, 163-9 Subcontractors, nominated, 21, 22

payments to, 22, 24 termination of subcontract, 23,

24 Surface, commencing, 45, 74

excavated, 33, 45, 74 final, 33, 45, 74 original, 33, 45, 74

Taking off, 1 general procedure, 61-6

Tapers, 199 Target contracts, 1 S Temporary works, 5, 56, 57 Tenders, invitation, 30-1

negotiation, 30-1 sum, 1

Testing, 54, 55, 56 Tidal work, 45 Timber piles, 151-2, 157 Timberwork, 1 54-62

braces, 158 decking, 160-1 fenders, 157 guard rails, 161 handrailing, 161 in jetties, 156-62 rubbing pieces, 158-9 sleepers, 151

Timesing, 63-4

Topsoil, 79, 81, 83 Trees, planting, 7 5

removal, 69, 71 removal of stumps, 69, 71

Trenches, 7 4 Trial holes, 67-8 Trimming slopes, 1 7 8 Tubbing, 203-7

caulking joints, 207 Tunnels, 203-7

caulking joints, 207 compressed air, 203 excavation, 204, 205 forward probing, 207 in cast iron tubbing, 205-7 linings, 204 pressure grouting, 207 stabilization, 203 standby driving, 207

Turfing, 75

Undergrowth removal, 69, 71 Units of measurement, 1, 44

Valve, 184, 201 air, 201 chambers, 201-2 gate, 201 wash-out, 201

Variation of price (labour and materials), 27

Variations, 17-19 orders for, 1 7 valuation of, 1 7

Vouchers, 21

Walkways, 164 Walls, 107-8, 124, 127-34, 138, 139 Waste, 62 Water main, 198-202 Waterproofing, 109, 138 Windows, 141 Work classification, 34-7,41 Working up, 212-17