Appendix A

Signs and Symptoms of Arthropod-Borne Diseases

The following is an alphabetical listing of common signs and symptoms of arthropod-borne diseases. Unfortunately, few signs and symptoms are specific to anyone disease. Further differen­tiation by appropriate laboratory or radiologic tests may be needed. By no means should this listing be considered as a com­plete differential diagnosis of any of the symptoms discussed.

Adenopathy: Generalized adenopathy may occur in the early stages of African trypanosomiasis-the glands of the poste­rior cervical triangle being most conspicuously affected (Winterbottom's sign). Adenopathy may also be seen in the acute stage of Chagas' disease.

Anemia: Anemia may be seen in cases of malaria, babesiosis, and trypanosomiasis. Anemia can be especially severe in falciparum malaria.

Blister: A blister may occur at arthropod bite sites. Blistering may also occur as a result from blister beetles contacting human skin.

Bulls-Eye Rash (See Erythema Migrans) Chagoma: An indurated, erythematous lesion may occur on

the body-often head or neck-caused by Trypanosoma cruzi infection (Chagas'disease). A chagoma may persist for 2-3 mo.

Chyluria: The presence of chyle (lymphatic fluid) in the urine is often seen in lymphatic filariasis . Urine may be milky white and even contain microfilariae.

Coma: Sudden coma in a person returning from a malarious area may indicate cerebral malaria. African trypanosomia­sis (sleeping sickness) may also lead to coma after a long period of increasingly severe symptoms of meningoencepha­litis. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and other rickettsial infections may also lead to coma.

203

204 Infectious Diseases and Arthropods

Conjunctivitis: Chagas' disease and onchocerciasis may lead to chronic conjunctivitis.

Dermatitis: Several arthropods may directly or indirectly cause dermatitis. Chiggers and other mites may attack the skin, causing a maculopapular rash. Scabies mites may burrow under the skin's surface making itchy trails or papules. Lice may give rise to hypersensitivity reactions with itchy pap­ules. Chigoe fleas burrow in the skin (especially on the feet), causing local irritation and itching. Macules or erythema­tous nodules may result as a secondary cutaneous manifes­tation of leishmaniasis.

Diarrhea: Leishmaniasis (and specifically visceral leishmania­sis-kala-azar) may lead to mucosal ulceration and diarrhea. In falciparum malaria, plugging of mucosal capillaries with parasitized red blood cells may lead to watery diarrhea.

Edema: Edema may result from arthropod bites or stings. Loia­sis (a nematode worm transmitted by deer flies) may also cause edema-a unilateral circumorbital edema as the adult worm passes across the eyeball or lid. Passage of the worm is brief, but inflammatory changes in the eye may last for days. Loiasis may also lead to temporary appearance of large swellings on the limbs, known as Calabar swellings at the sites where migrating adult worms occur. Unilateral edema of the eyelid, called Romana's sign, may occur in Chagas' disease. African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) may result in edema of the hips, legs, hands and face.

Elephantiasis: Hypertrophy and thickening of tissues, lead­ing to an "elephant leg" appearance, may result from lym­phatic filariasis. Various tissues may be affected, including limbs, the scrotum, and the vulva.

Eosinophilia: Helminth worms may cause eosinophilia. Atopic diseases, such as rhinitis, asthma, and hay fever also are characterized by eosinophilia.

Eosinophilic Cerebrospinal Fluid Pleocytosis: Cerebrospinal fluid eosinophilic pleocytosis can be caused by a number of infectious diseases (including rickettsial and viral infec­tions), but is primarily associated with parasitic infections.

Epididymitis: Epididymitis, with orchitis, may be an early complication of lymphatic filariaisis.

Erythema Migrans: Erythema migrans may follow bites of ticks infected with the causative agent of Lyme disease, Bor-

Signs and Symptoms 205

relia burgdorferi. Typically the lesion consists of an annular erythema with a central clearing surrounded by a red migrating border. Although erythema migrans does not always occur, it is virtually pathognomonic for Lyme disease.

Eschar: A round (generally 5-15 mm) spot of necrosis may result from boutonneuse fever (a spotted fever group ill­ness) or scrub typhus. An eschar develops at the site of tick or chigger bite.

Excoriation: Lesions produced by "self-scratching" may be a sign of imaginary insect or mite infestations (delusions of parasitosis).

Fever: Fever is a common sign of many arthropod-borne diseases, including the rickettsioses, thyphus, dengue, yellow fever, plague, the encephalitides, and others. In some cases, there are cyclical peaks of fever, such as in relapsing fever (tick-borne) or malaria. Falciparum malaria is notorious for causing extremely high fever (107°F or higher). Filariasis may be marked by fever, especially early in the course of infection.

Hematemesis: Coffee-ground color or black vomit may be a sign of yellow fever .

Hemoglobinuria: Falciparum malaria can cause "blackwater fever."

Hydrocele: Hydrocele may result from lymphatic filariasis, developing as a sequel to repeated attacks of orchitis.

Kerititis: Inflammation of the cornea is sometimes a result of ocular migration of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae. It may lead to blindness.

Leukopenia: Leukopenia is a prominent finding in cases of ehrlichiosis. It may also occur (3000-6000/ mm3) with a rela­tive monocytosis during the afebrile periods of malaria.

Lymphadenitis: Inflammation of one or more lymph nodes may be a sign of lymphatic filariasis-especially involving the femoral, inguinal, axillary, or epitrochlear nodes.

Lymphangitis: Lymphangitis can be an early symptom of lym­phatic filariasis, involving the limbs, breast, or scrotum.

Lymphocytosis: Lymphocytosis may occur in Chagas' disease. Maggots: The presence of fly larvae in human tissues is termed

myiasis. Various blow flies, bot flies, and other muscoid flies are usually involved.

Meningoencephalitis: Meningoencephalitis has many causes, but may be a result of trypanosomes in the case of African

206 Infectious Diseases and Arthropods

trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) or Chagas' disease (although generally milder). Falciparum malaria infection may be cerebral, with increasing headache and drowsiness over several days, or even sudden onset of coma.

Myocarditis: Chagas' disease may lead to myocardial infec­tion. African trypanosomiasis may also cause myocarditis to a lesser extent.

Neuritis: Neuritis may be caused by bee, ant, or wasp venom. Occasionally stings to an extremity result in weakness, numbness, tingling, and prickling sensations for days or weeks. Neuritis may also result from infection with the Lyme disease spirochete.

Nodules, Subcutaneous: Onchocerciasis may present as skin nodules (see Onchocercoma). Tick bites may also result in nodules. Fly larvae in the skin (myiasis) may also present as nodules. Common species involved are the human bot­fly larva, Dermatobia hominis, the Tumbu fly, Cordylobia anthropophaga, and rodent botfly larvae, Cuterebra spp.

Onchocercoma: Coiled masses of adult O. volvulus worms beneath the skin enclosed by fibrous tissues may occur in patients living in tropical countries endemic for ochocerciasis.

Orchitis: Orchitis may be a symptom of lymphatic filariasis; repeated attacks may lead to hydrocele.

Paralysis: Ascending flaccid paralysis may result from tick attachment. The paralysis is believed to be caused by a sali­vary toxin injected as the tick feeds.

Proteinuria: Proteinuria, with hyaline and granular casts in the urine, often occurs in falciparum malaria.

Puncta: A small, point-like pierce mark may mark the bite or sting site of an arthropod. Paired puncta may indicate spi­der bite or centipede bite.

Rash: There are myriad causes of rash, but rash may accom­pany many arthropod-borne diseases, such as Rocky Moun­tain Spotted Fever, ehrlichiosis, murine typhus, and African trypanosomiasis. The rash may appear to be ring-like, and expanding in the case of Lyme disease (see Erythema Migrans). An allergic urticarial rash may be seen in the case of bites or stings.

Romana's Sign: A common sign early in the course of Chagas' disease, Romafia's sign is a unilateral palpebral edema, involving both the upper and lower eyelids. This generally

Signs and Symptoms 207

occurs when a kissing bug (the vector of the Chagas' organsism) bites near the eye.

Shock: Shock may occur from arthropod stings (rarely bites) as a result of hypersensitivity reactions to venom or saliva. Shock may also accompany falciparum malaria.

Splenomegaly: Splenomegaly can be a result of lymphoid hyperplasia in both African and American trypanosomia­sis. It may also occur in visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar).

Tachycardia: Both African and American trypanosomiasis may produce tachycardia. In Chagas' disease tachycardia may persist into the chronic stage where it may be associated with heart block.

Ulcers, Cutaneous: A shallow ulcer (slow to heal) may be a sign of cutaneous leishmaniasis. In the New World,lesions from cutaneous leishmaniasis are most often found on the ear. Also, a firm, tender, raised lesion up to 2 cm or more in diameter may occur at the site of infection in African trypa­nosomiasis.

Urticaria: Urticaria may result from an allergic or generalized systemic reaction to arthropod venom or (more rarely) saliva.

Verruga Peruana: A benign dermal eruption (peruvian warts) is one manifestation of bartonellosis. The verrugae are chronic, lasting from several months to years, and contain large numbers of Bartonella bacilliformis bacteria.

Winterbottom's Sign: In the early stages of African trypanoso­miasis, patients may exhibit posterior cervical lymphadenitis.

Appendix B

Diagnostic Tests Used in Arthropod-Borne Diseases

1. Agglutination

Agglutinations are antibodies that cause clumping together (agglutination) of microorganisms, erythrocytes, and often anti­genic particulates. If the serum being tested is specific, aggluti­nins present will cause cultured parasites or bacteria to clump when the serum is introduced.

2. Complement Fixation

In CF tests, the suspected serum is incubated with a known source of antigen, permitting the antigen-antibody interaction to bind complement and remove it from the reaction mixture. A sheep-blood indicator is then added which hemolyzes in the pres­ence of free complement. If the sheep cells fail to hemolyze, complement is absent; its absence testifies to the prior occurrence of an antigen-antibody reaction. By varying the serum or antigen dilution, one can achieve a crude approximation of titer.

3. Direct Fluorescent Antibody

A DFA test (some texts refer to it as direct immunofluorescence or DIF) utilizes fluorescent tagging of antibodies produced against the pathogen in question. These tagged antibodies can be pur­chased commercially against a wide variety of organisms. When tagged antibodies are placed on a microscope slide containing the pathogen, the organisms fluoresce when viewed by fluorescent microscopy. DFA is a one-step procedure involving the placement of tagged antibody on a suspect smear of tissue or blood and view­ing (after a brief phosphate-buffered saline [PBS] wash) with a UV light-equipped microscope.

209

210 Infectious Diseases and Arthropods

4. Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA)

There are numerous modifications, but in general, EIA deter­mines the presence or absence of an organism by the reaction between the suspected organism's antigen or antibodies, an enzyme­coupled corresponding antibody or antigen, and an enzyme sub­strate. Color is generated by the interaction of a chromogenic substrate and an enzyme that has been coupled to the detector antibody. Degree of color change is dependent on the concentra­tion of antibody or antigen present, and can be assayed either qualitatively or quantitatively.

5. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

Similar in principal to EIA, the ELISA test may be used for quan­titative determination of either antigen or antibody. The appro­priate antigen or antibody is bound to (usually) plastic micro titer plates, and the specimen to be tested is then added and given time to react with the already present antigen or antibody. After a wash to remove any unbound test material, an enzyme-linked antigen or antibody is added. After a second wash, a substrate is added that will react with the remaining enzyme to produce a color change.

6. Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI)

The HI test measures the presence of hemagglutination-inhib­iting antibody toward a particular organism. The suspected serum is incubated with fluid medium known to be capable of aggluti­nating red cells. After the incubation period, the agglutinating potency is measured, and the absence of subsequent agglutina­tion indicates the presence of specific antibodies in the serum.

7. Indirect Fluorescent Antibody (IFA)

The IFA test is a two-step test involving the placement of patient serum suspected of containing antibodies on a slide with fixed, known antigen. After an incubation period and PBS washing, the slide is then covered with a solution containing fluorescent-tagged antihuman antibodies. After a second incubation period and PBS washing, the slide is viewed by fluorescent microscopy. Fluores­cence of antigen on the slide is considered evidence of patient

Diagnostic Tests 211

antibodies toward that particular organism. By serially diluting patient serum, a titer can be determined.

8. Leishmanin (Montenegro Test)

The leishmanin test (not available in the United States) is some­times used to help diagnose cases of cutaneous and muco-cutane­ous leishmaniasis. It involves an intradermal injection of a suspension of killed promastigotes. A high percentage of Leish­mania tropica and Leishmania braziliensis infections will test posi­tive by this test.

9. Mazzotti

The Mazzotti test is used to determine if a patient has onchocer­ciasis. It can be dangerous and is not used in many areas. It con­sists of oral administration of 25 or 50 mg of diethylcarbamazine to a patient suspected of having onchocerciasis. If the patient is infected, an intense itching occurs in a few hours (as the microfi­lariae die within the skin). The itching is then controlled by short­term administration of corticosteroids, or will subside on its own within 2-3 d.

10. Neutralization

The neutralization test (NT) is the most specific immunologic test for the majority of viral infections. The identification of an unknown viral isolate is made by analyzing the degree to which antisera of known reactivity prevent the virus from infecting tis­sue-culture cells, eggs, or animals. If neutralizing antibody is present, virus cannot attach to cells, and infectivity is blocked

11. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

The peR has dramatically changed diagnostic microbiology in recent years. peR makes specific identification of pathogens possible, even when only a few organisms are present. peR is a highly sensitive technique by which minute quantities of DNA or RNA sequences are enzymatically amplified to the extent that a sufficient quantity of material is available to reach a threshold signal for detection using a specific probe. The scientific basis of peR is that each infectious disease agent (in fact, every living

212 Infectious Diseases and Arthropods

thing) possesses a unique signature sequence in its DNA or RNA by which it can be identified. In other words, there is a unique se­quence of amino acids for each organism. By finding those unique sequences and constructing primers to amplify those specific areas of DNA, identification of an organism can be accomplished from a blood or tissue sample, or even from an infected arthropod vector. peR is carried out using a thermocycler, which produces a series of heat-cool cycles, whereby double-stranded DNA is dissociated into single strands that are in turn allowed to anneal in the presence of specific primers on cooling. Through the successive heat-cool cycles (usually about 30), the DNA sequence to be detected is amplified millions of times. The product is then visualized after separation on agarose gels by electrophoresis and appropriate staining.

Index

A

Accidental myiasis, 177-179 contributing factors, 183-184 treatment, 185-186

Adenopathy, 203 Aedes aegypti, 31

biting patterns, 33 breeding, 66 dengue virus, 55, 56, 58 geographic distribution, 59f illustration,58f YF,62

Aedes africanus YF,66

Aedes albopictus, 31, 32 biting patterns, 33 dengue virus, 55, 56, 58 geographic distribution, 59f

Aedes mosquitoes, 11 t breathing, 30f dog heartworm, 74 egg laying, 32 positions,30f

Aedes sollicitans, 31, 33, 46 Aedes triseriatus, 31, 33, 45

LAC, 52-53 Aedes vexans, 31 African sleeping sickness, 11 t,

157-161 clinical and laboratory

findings, 159 diagnosis, 159 ecology, 160

geographic distribution, 158f medical significance, 157-159 prevention and control, 160-161 symptoms, 159 treatment, 160 vectors, 160

African tick bite fever (ATBF), 82t, 89, 90

African trypanosomiasis, 13, 14, 157-161

Agglutination, 209 African sleeping sickness

diagnosis, 159 Amastigote, 155 Amblyomma, 11 t Amblyomma americanum, 93, 99,

102 geographic distribution, 96f illustration, 93f

Amblyomma hebraeum, 89,90 tick vectors, 82t

American dog tick, 84, 93, 102, 119 American trypanosomiasis, 14 Amodiaquine, 43 Amoxicillin

LD treatment, 99 Amphotericin B

leishmaniasis treatment, 146 Anaplasma marginale, 91 Anemia, 203 Anopheles darlingi

213

geographic distribution, 40f illustration, 39f malaria, 38

214

Anopheles freeborni, 23, 25 catholic feeder, 23 malaria vectors, 38, 41

Anopheles gambiae geographic distribution, 39f illustration, 38f malaria, 38

Anopheles hermsi, 25 malaria vectors, 40, 41

Anopheles leucosphyrus geographic distribution, 41£ illustration, 41£ malaria, 38

Anopheles maculipennis, 25 Anopheles mosquitoes, lIt, 17,23,

24,70 Bancroftian filariasis, 70 breathing, 30£ breeding, 31 cyclopropagative transmission,

19 dog heartworm, 74 egg laying, 32 positions,30f vector control, 41 vectors, 36

Anopheles punctipennis, 24, 25, 42 malaria vectors, 38, 42

Anopheles quadrimaculatus, 25, 32 malaria vectors, 38, 42

Anophelinae, 29 Antibody-dependent

enhancement (AOE), 61 Antimalarial drugs, 43

geographic distribution, 44£ Antiparasitic drug

onchocerciasis treatment, 163 Ants

sting apparatus, 194-196 stings, 13

Arachnids, 7, 9 characterizations,4t

Arboviral encephalitis, 106 Argasidae, 77

illustration, 78£

Arkansas strain HME,91

Index

Arthropod-borne diseases, 14 diagnostic tests, 209-212 dynamics, 17-25 signs and symptoms, 203-207

Arthropods characterizations, 3, 4t and health, 3-14 historical medical aspects, 11-12 and HIV, 201-202 human diseases transmitted,

lIt medical importance, 9 phylum list, 3 stings and bites, 13-14, 193-199

Asian tiger mosquitoes, 31, 32 dengue virus, 56

Azithromycin LO treatment, 99

B

Babesia bigemina, 105 Babesia canis, 105 Babesia divergens, 104, 105 Babesia equi, 105 Babesia gibsoni, 105 Babesia microti, 104, 106

life cycle, 106 Babesiosis, I1t, 97 Bacillus thuringiensis, 163 Bacon therapy, 186 Bacterium tularense, 102. See also

Francisella tularensis Bancroftian filariasis, 67

biological transmission, 19 geographic distribution, 69£ Wuchereria bancrofti, 70

Bartonella bacilliformis, 147 Bartonella henselae, 136 Bartonella quintana, 169 Bartonellosis, 11t, 147 Bees, 3,5

sting apparatus, 194-196 stings, 13

Index

Beetles, 3, 5, 13 larvae,6f

Benign dermal eruption, 147 Benznidazole

Chagas' disease treatment, 156-157

Biological transmission classification types, 18-20 disease agents, 18-20

example,19f Bird-biting mosquitoes, 49-50 Bite lesions, 13 Bites, 193-199

arthropods, 13-14 spiders, 13 tick

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF), 84

Bite site erythema migrans (EM), 95

Biting flies tularemia, 100

Biting midges, 11 t Black death, 128 Blackflies, llt, 162-163

filarial worms, 74 Black rat, 134 Black soldierfly, 178 Black widow spider, 8f

venom, 13 Blastomycosis, 144 Blister, 203 Blister beetles, 13 Blowflies, 184, 186

illustration, 181f larvae, 5, 7

Body lice, llt medical importance, 167-168

Borrelia burgdoiferi, 97, 98, 100 detection, 99

Borrelia hermsi, 113-115 illustration, 115f

Borrelia recurrentis, 113, 114, 171 Borrelia turicata, 114 Bot fly, 13, 180, 186

Boutonneuse fever, 82t, 88 Brown recluse, 8f Brown widow spider

venom, 13 Brugia malayi, 72

215

lymphatic filariasis treatment, 74

Brugian filariasis, 67, 72 geographic distribution, 70f

Bubonic plague form, 129

Bulls-eye rash, 203 Bunyavirus, 52-53 Burrowing fleas, 12 Bush yaws, 144 Butterflies, 3, 5

C

Calliphora vicina, 180 Campestral plague, 129 Canine ehrlichiosis, 92 Cantharidin, 13 Carios rudis, 115 Carrion's disease, 12, 149 Caterpillars, 5, 7 Cat fleas, 127, 136 Catholic feeder

Anopheles freeborni , 24 Cat-scratch disease (CSD), 137-

139 clinical presentation, 137-138 symptoms, 137 transmission modes, 138 treatment, 138-139

Cattle disease agent, 91 Cebidae monkeys

YF,66 Cefuroxime

LD treatment, 100 Centipedes, 9, 10f

characterizations,4t Central European TBE, 108 Cercopithecidae monkeys

YF,66 Cerebral malaria, 35

216

Chagas' disease, lIt, 14, 151-157 clinical and laboratory

findings, 151-154 diagnosis, 153-154 ecology, 154-156 geographic distribution, 152f medical significance, 151 prevention and control, 157 symptoms, 152 transmission mode, 18t treatment, 156-157 vectors, 151, 156t

Chagoma, 151, 203 Cheese skipper, 178

illustration, 178f Chiclero's ulcer, 144 Chigger-borne rickettsiosis, 163 Chiggers, lIt

life cycle, 166f Chigoe fleas, 12 Chilopoda

characterizations,4t Chloramphenicol, 86

louse-borne disease treatment, 171 murine typhus treatment, 136-137 scrub typhus treatment, 167 tularemia treatment, 105

Chloroquine antimalarial drug, 43

Chrysomya albiceps illustration, 183f

Chrysomya chloropyga illustration, 183f

Chrysomya flies illustration, 183f

Chrysomya megacephalus illustration, 183f

Chrysomya rufifacies, 179 Chrysops discalis, 104 Chyluria, 203 Ciprofloxacin

CSD treatment, 139 Clindamycin

human babesiosis treatment, 107

Cochliomyia macellaria, 180 illustration, 181£

Cockroaches

Index

mechanical transmission, 18 transmission mode, 18t

Colorado tick fever (CTF), 108, 110-111

diagnosis and treatment, 111 symptoms, 110

Coma, 203 Commensal rats, 136 Competent vectors, 20 Complement fixation, 209 Conenose bugs, 154. See also

Kissing bugs Conjunctivitis, 152, 204 Coquillettidia perturbans, 47

mosquito vector, 48-49 Cotton rats, 136 Cowdria ruminantium, 91 Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic

fever, lIt Ctenocephalides felis, 136 Culex mosquitoes, lIt

breathing,30f breeding, 31 dog heartworm, 74 egg laying, 33 positions,30f SLE,49-50

Culex nigripalpus SLE mosquito vector, 50

Culex pipiens SLE mosquito vector, 50

Culex quinquefasciatus Bancroftian filariasis, 70 SLE mosquito vector, 50

Culex tarsalis illustration, 51£ SLE mosquito vector, 50 WEE,52

Culex tritaeniorhynchus JE,54-55

Culicidae mosquitoes subfamilies, 29

Index

Culicinae characteristics, 29

Culicoides, I1t Culiseta me/anura

enzootic vector, 46 Cutaneous leishmaniasis, 12, 146

geographic distribution, 143f Cuterebra flies, 183 Cyclodevelopmental transmission

disease agents, 18-19 Cyclopropagative transmission

disease agents, 19

D

Daddy longlegs, 7 Dark rice field mosquitoes, 31 Deer fly, 104

illustration, 102f Deer fly fever, 101 Deer mice, 131 Deer tick, 97

geographic distribution, 96f illustration, 96£

Deer tick virus, 111 DEET, 47-48,86

leishmaniasis protection, 149 Delusions of parasitosis (DOP),

187-190 Den 1

dengue virus serotype, 55 Den 2

dengue virus serotype, 55 Den 3

dengue virus serotype, 55 Den 4

dengue virus serotype, 55 Dengue,l1t Dengue fever, 14, 55-62 Dengue fever-like group, 108 Dengue hemorrhagic fever

(DHF),56 risk factors, 58, 60

Dengue shock syndrome (D55), 56 risk factors, 58, 60

Dengue vaccine, 61-62 Dengue virus

217

geographic distribution, 57f laboratory characteristics, 58 mosquito markings, 59f serotypes,55 spread, 56, 58 symptoms, 58 treatment, prevention and

control, 61-62 Dermacentor andersoni

CTF, 103, 110 geographic distribution, 85f illustration, 85f interference phenomenon,

22 tick vectors, 82t

tick paralysis, 119 Dermacentor marginatus, 91 Dermacentor nuttalli, 91, 104 Dermacentor silvarum, 91 Dermacentor ticks, 11 t

tick paralysis, 123 Dermacentor variabilis, 84, 93

geographic distribution, 86f illustration, 85f tick paralysis, 119 tick vectors, 82t

Dermatitis, 204 Diagnostic tests

arthropod-borne diseases, 209-212

Diarrhea, 204 Diethylcarbamazine (DEC)

lymphatic filariasis treatment, 72

onchocerciasis treatment, 161 Diplopoda

characterizations, 4t Dip-S-Ticks

scrub typhus diagnosis, 165 Direct fluorescent antibody, 209 Dirofilaria immitis, 74, 75 Dirofilaria repens, 74

218

Dirofilariasis,74 Dirofilaria tenuis, 74, 75 Dirofilaria ursi, 74 Disease agents

biological transmission, 18-20 mechanical transmission, 18

Diseases transmitted by arthropods, lIt

Disease transmission direct effects, 13-14 indirect effects, 14

Dog antiparalysis serum tick paralysis treatment, 122

Dog heartworm, 74 Dog tapeworm

transmission mode, 18t Dog tick, 84 Domestic rats, 136 DOP,187-190 Doxycycline

E

CSD treatment, 139 ehrlichiosis treatment, 95 LD treatment, 102 murine typhus treatment, 136-

137 scrub typhus treatment, 167 TBRF treatment, 115

Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), 20,45-49

control, 47-49 differential diagnosis, 47f ecology, 46-47 geographic distribution, 46f life cycle, 47f onset symptoms, 45

East Side agent, 22 Edema, 204 Ehrlichia, 83, 91 Ehrlichia canis, 92 Ehrlichia chaffeensis, 92-94 Ehrlichia equi, 91-93 Ehrlichia (near) phagocytophila, 92 Ehrlichia phagocytophila, 92

Index

Ehrlichiosis, 11 t, 91-95 EIA. See Enzyme immunoassay

(EIA) Ekbom's Syndrome, 187-190 Elephantiasis, 67-68, 204 ELISA. See Enzyme-linked

immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

Encephalitides group, 108 Encephalitis viruses

mosquito-transmited, 45-55 Envenomation, 13 Envenomization, 13 Enzootic cycle, 20 Enzootic vector

Culiseta melanura, 46 Enzyme immunoassay (EIA), 210

scrub typhus diagnosis, 165 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent

assay (ELISA), 210 African sleeping sickness

diagnosis, 159 Borrelia burgdoiferi detection, 99 Chagas' disease diagnosis, 154 leishmaniasis diagnosis, 146 microfilariae identification, 68 plague diagnosis, 133 tick-borne encephalitis

diagnosis, 110 Eosinophilia, 204 Eosinophilic cerebrospinal fluid

pleocytosis, 204 Epidemic typhus, lIt, 169 Epididymitis, 204 Epizootic cycle, 20 Epizootic hosts

fleas, 20 Eristalis lena x, 178

illustration, 179f Erythema migrans, 204-205

bite site, 95 Erythromycin

CSD treatment, 139 Eschar, 205

tick bite, 90f

Index

Europe-borne typhus, 12 Excoriation, 205 Extrinsic factors

vector competence, 22

F Facultative myiasis, 179-180

contributing factors, 184 treatment, 185-186

Fa1ciparum malaria, 12,35 Fannia flies, 179 Febrile anemia, 149 Fever, 205 Fiddle back spider, venom of, 13 Field's stain

microfilariae identification, 68 Filarial worms, 74

biological transmission, 19 life cycle, 72

Fire ants venom, 13

Flea-borne diseases, 125-137 Fleas, 3, 5, 11t

biology, 127 burrowing, 12 cat, 127, 134 chigoe, 12 epizootic hosts, 20 labeled diagram structure, 126f larvae,6f mouthparts, 126f Oriental rat flea, 129, 131, 132

illustration, 130f transmission mode, 18t

Fleshflies, 184 illustration, 182f

Flies, 3, 5, 12,29 biting

tularemia, 103 blackflies, I1t, 162-163

filarial worms, 74 black soldierfly, 178 blowflies, 184, 186

illustration, 181£ larvae, 5, 7

bot fly, 13, 180, 186 butterflies, 3, 5 Chrysomya

illustration, 183f Cuterebra, 183 deer fly, 104

illustration,102f Fannia, 179 fleshflies, 184

illustration, 182f houseflies

larvae, 5, 7 life cycle, 6f

hump-backed, 180f larvae, 5, 6f, 13

219

mechanical transmission, 18 Megaseiia, 179 Musca, 178 Muscina, 179 Sachophaga

illustration, 182f sand, 11 t, 12

biology, 141 sand fly fever, lIt Sarcophaga, 179 screwworm, 13, 180

illustration, 183f Simulium, 161 soldierfly, 177

illustration, 178f tsetse, 11t, 157

illustration, 158f tularemia, 101

Fomite house YF,65

Forest scrub mosquitoes YF,66

Francisella tularensis, 101-103

G

Gamma-interferon leishmaniasis treatment, 147

Gentamicin CSD treatment, 139 tularemia treatment, 105

220

Geographic distribution Aedes aegypti, 60f Aedes albopictus, 60f African sleeping sickness

treatment, 158f Amblyomma americanum, 94f Anopheles darlingi, 40f Anopheles gambiae, 39f Anopheles leucosphyrus, 41f antimalarial drugs, 44f Brugian filariasis, 68f Chagas' disease, 152f deer tick, 96f dengue virus, 57f Dermacentor andersoni, 85f Dermacentor variabilis, 86f eastern equine encephalitis

(EEE),46f Ixodes holocyclus, 121f Ixodes scapularis, 96f Japanese encephalitis (JE), 55f LaCrosse encephalitis (LAC),

54f LBRF,172f leishmaniasis, 143f lone star tick (LST), 94f louse-borne typhus, 170f malaria, 35f, 36f Ornithodoros ticks, 116f plague, 130f scrub typhus, 164f St. Louis encephalitis, 51f tick-borne relapsing fever

(TBRF), 116f, 117f western equine encephalitiS

(WEE),53f yellow fever (YF), 63f

Giant centipede, 10f Giemsa stain

babesiosis diagnosis, 106 leishmaniasis diagnosis, 146 micro filariae identification, 68

Giemsa Wayson stain plague diagnosis, 131

Glossina, 11 t

Glossina fuscipes, 160 Glossina morsitans, 160 Glossina pallidipes, 160 Glossina palpalis, 160 Glossina sWlfnnertoni, 160 Glossina tac-hinoides, 160 Glucantime

Index

leishmaniasis treatment, 148 Grasshoppers, 3

H

Haemagogus mosquitoes sylva tic cycle, 66

Haemaphysalis tick vectors, 82t

Haemaphysalis concinna, 91 Haemaphysalisflava

tick vectors, 82t Hard ticks, 82

characteristics, 77 Harvestmen, 7 91HE17

HME,92 Head lice

life cycle, 5f Health

arthropods direct effects, 13-14 arthropods indirect effects, 14

Hemagglutination inhibition (HI), 210

Hematemesis, 205 Hemipteran insects, 151 Hemoglobinuria, 205 Hemolymph test, 22 Hermetia illucens, 177

illustration, 178f Hetrazan

lymphatic filariasis treatment, 74

HGE. See Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE)

HIV transmission and mosquitoes, 201-202

HME. See Human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME)

Index

House centipede, 10f Houseflies

larvae, 5, 7 life cycle, 6f

House mosquito Bancroftian filariasis, 70

Howler monkeys YF,66

Human babesiosis, 105-108 clinical and laboratory

findings, 106 ecology, 106-107 medical significance, 105-106 treatment and control, 107-109

Human botfly, 13, 180, 186 Human diseases transmitted

arthropods, 11 t Human ehrlichiosis, 14 Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis

(HGE),92 ecology, 95

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),201-202

Human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME),92

Hump-backed flies, 180f Hyalomma, 11t

tick vectors, 82t Hyalomma iongicornis

tick vectors, 82t Hydrocele, 205 Hymenoptera

sting apparatus, 194-196 Hypereosinophilia,68

I

IF A. See Indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA)

Imaginary insect and mite infestation, 187-190

contributing factors, 188 differential diagnosis, 188-189 treatment strategies, 189-190

Immunoglobulin M LD,98

Indigenous leishmaniasis, 148 Indirect fluorescent antibody

(lFA), 21O-211 African sleeping sickness

diagnosis, 159

221

Chagas' disease diagnosis, 154 ehrlichiosis diagnosis, 93 leishmaniasis diagnosis, 146 micro filariae identification, 68 murine typhus, 135 plague diagnosis, 133 scrub typhus diagnosis, 165

Infected tick bite Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

(RMSF), 84 Infective sporozoites

malaria, 35-36 Inland floodwater mosquitoes, 31 Insect

characterizations, 3, 4t forms of development, 3, 5 and HIV, 201-202 pathogen pick up, 20

Insecta characterizations,4t

Insect infestation imaginary, 187-190

Insect mouthparts description, 194 illustration, 194f list, 193

Insect pupae, activity of vs. mosquito pupae, 29, 31

Insect stings or bites, 193-199 diagnosis, 197-198 infectious complications, 197 medical significance, 193 pathogenesis, 193-197 recognition, 197-198

Interference phenomenon, 22 Intrinsic factors

vector competence, 22 Ivermectin

lymphatic filariasis treatment, 72 onchocerciasis treatment, 161, 163

222

Ixodes cookei, 111 Ixodes cornuatus, 122 Ixodes dammini, 95, 97, 98, 106 Ixodes holocyclus, 91, 121

geographic distribution, 121f illustration, 120f tick vectors, 82t

Ixodes ovatus tick vectors, 82t

Ixodes pacificus, 99, 107 Ixodes persulcatus, 109 Ixodes ricinus, 103-104, 106, 109

illustration, 104f Ixodes scapularis, 95, 97, 98-100,

106, 107 geographic distribution, 96f illustration, 96f new TBE virus, 111

Ixodes ticks, llt, 77-79 illustration, 78f

Ixodidae, 77, 80

J Japanese encephalitis (JE), 54-55

geographic distribution, 55f Japanese spotted fever, 82t Jungle YF cycles, 66

K

Kerititis, 205 Kissing bugs, llt, 151, 154

beak,155f illustration, 155f transmission mode, 18t

Kyasanur forest disease, 110

L

LaCrosse encephalitis (LAC), 52-53

geographic distribution, 54f Larvae

mosquitoes, 29 Latex agglutination (LA) tests,

133 Leishmania aethiopia, 140

Index

Leishmania braziliensis, 142, 144 Leishmania chagasi, 141, 143, 144 Leishmania donovani, 142, 143 Leishmania guyanensis, 142 Leishmania infantum, 142, 143 Leishmania major, 140, 143 Leishmania mexicana, 142, 144 Leishmania panamensis, 142 Leishmania parasites, 130-147 Leishmaniasis, I1t, 139-147

clinical manifestations, 140-144 diagnosis, 144 ecology, 144-146 forms, 144 geographic distribution, 141f life cycle, 145f medical significance, 139-140 treatment and control, 146-147

Leishmania tropica, 140, 143 Leishmanin test, 144, 211 Leptopsylla segnis, 134 Leptotrombidium akamushi

5T vector species, 167t Leptotrombidium arenicola

5T vector species, 167t Leptotrombidium deliense

5T vector species, 167t Leptotrombidium fletcheri

5T vector species, 167t Leptotrombidium mites, 11 t Leptotrombidium pallidum

5T vector species, 167t Leptotrombidium pavlovsky

5T vector species, 167t Leptotrombidium scutellaris

5T vector species, 167t Leptotrombidium species, 166 Lesions

bite, 13 Leukopenia, 205 Lice, 3

head life cycle, 5f

Liponyssoides sanguineus, 82t Loiasis, 72

Index

Lone star tick (LSI), 93-95, 103 geographic distribution, 94f illustration, 94f

Louping ill, 108, 109 Louse-borne diseases

treatment, control, and prevention, 171

Louse-borne infections, 167-171 medical importance, 167-168

Louse-borne relapsing fever (LBRF),171

geographic distribution, 172f Louse-borne typhus, 12, 169

geographic distribution, 170f Lutzomyia, lIt Lutzomyia anthophora, 145 Lutzomyia Colombiana, 147 Lutzomyia mexicana, 145 Lutzomyia verrucarum, 147 Lyme disease (LD), 11t, 14, 95-100

clinical and laboratory findings, 98-99

ecology, 99-100 history, 96-98 symptoms, 95 tick bite, 17 treatment, 100

Lymphadenopathy, 138 Lymphangitis, 205 Lymphatic filariasis, lIt, 65-72

clinical and laboratory findings, 66-68

ecology, 68-72 medical significance, 65-66 symptoms, 65 treatment, 72

Lymphocytosis, 205

M

Maggot infestation, 186 Maggots, 5, 13, 181, 183-184,205 Malaria, 11 t, 14, 34-45

causative agent, 35-38 diagnosis, 34-35 epidemiology, 24

223

geographic distribution, 35f, 36f

history, 34 life cycle, 35-38, 36, 37f mosquitoes, 23 mosquito vectors and

behavior, 38-41 symptoms, 34-35 transmission mode, 18t treatment and control, 41-43

Malaria organism vectors mosquitoes, 17

Malaria plasmodia cyclopropagative transmission,

19 Malaria vaccine, 40-41 Malaria vectors

Anopheles mosquitoes, 38, 41 Malayan filariasis, 65, 70 Mansonella ozzardi, 72 Mansonella perstans, 72 Mansonella streptocerca, 72 Mansonia, 70 Mazzotti test, 211

onchocerciasis diagnosis, 162 Mechanical transmission

disease agents, 18 Mectizan

lymphatic filariasis treatment, 72

onchocerciasis treatment, 161, 163

Mediterranean spotted fever, 88 Mefloquine, 43 Megaselia flies, 179 Melarsoprol

African sleeping sickness treatment, 160

Mel-B7 African sleeping sickness

treatment, 160 Meningoencephalitis, 206 Merozoites

malaria, 36 Microfilaramia, 66

224

Microfilariae identification microscopic view, 69f sheath showing, 69f

Millipedes, 9, lOf, 14 characterizations, 4t

Mite infestation imaginary, 187-190

Mite islands, 163, 166 Mites, 7, 8f, 9, 82t

characterizations,4t Leptotrombidium, 11 t pathogen pick up, 20 trombiculid,166

Montenegro test, 211 Mosquito biology, 29-34 Mosquito-borne diseases, 29-73 Mosquito-borne encephalitis, 20 Mosquitoes, lIt, 12, 14

Aedes, lIt breathing,30f dog heartworm, 72 egg laying, 32-33 positions,30f

Anopheles, lIt, 17,24,70 Bancroftian filariasis, 68 breathing,30f breeding, 31 cyclopropagative

transmission, 19 dog heartworm, 72 egg laying, 32 positions, 30f vector control, 42 vectors, 36

Asian tiger, 31, 33 dengue virus, 56

biological transmission, 19 bird-biting, 49-50 biting patterns, 33-34 changing transmission, 25 characteristics, 29 Culex, lIt

breathing, 30f breeding, 31 dog heartworm, 72

egg laying, 33 positions,30f SLE, 49-50

Culicidae subfamilies, 29

dark rice field, 31

Index

dengue virus markings, 57f female bite

dengue virus, 54, 56 filarial worms, 72 forest scrub

YF, 64 Haemagogus

sylvatic cycle, 66 head and mouthparts, 32f HIV transmission, 201-202 house

Bancroftian filariasis, 68 illustration, 102f infected, 24 inland floodwater, 31 larvae, 29 malaria, 23 malaria organism vectors, 17 mechanical transmission, 18 Plasmodium

malaria, 35-36 vectors, 38

Psorophora biting patterns, 34 egg laying, 33 VEE, 51-52

pupae, 29 Salt marsh, 33 salt marsh, 31

biting patterns, 34 epizootic vector species, 45

transmission mode, 18t tree canopy, YF and, 64 tree hole, 31

LAC, 50-51 tularemia, 101 tumblers, 29 wigglers, 29 yellow fever, 31

Index

Mosquito house YF,63

Mosquito pupae activity

insect pupae, 29, 31 Mosquito-transmited encephalitis

viruses, 43-53 Mosquito vectors

malaria, 36, 40 SLE,50

Moths, 3,5 larvae,6f

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, 144

geographic distribution, 141 f illustration, 143f

Murine typhus, 11t, 131-135 clinical and laboratory

findings, 132-133 ecology, 133-134 medical significance, 131-132 vs. Rocky Mountain spotted

fever (RMSF), 133 symptoms, 132-133 treatment, 134-135

Mu sca flies, 178 Muscina flies, 179 Myiasis, 13, 177-186

contributing factors, 183-185 prevention, treatment, and

control, 185-186 Myocarditis, 206

N

Near phagocytophila, 92 Neuritis, 206 Neutralization, 211 Nifurtimox

Chagas' disease treatment, 156-157

Nodules, subcutaneous, 206 North Asian tick typhus, 82t, 90-

91 Norway rat, 134 Nosopsyllus fasciatus, 134

225

o

Obligate myiasis, 180-183 contributing factors, 184-185 treatment, 185-186

Obstructive filariasis, 66 Oculoglandular tularemia, 101 Omsk hemorrhagic fever, 108 Onchocerca volvulus, 161 Onchocerciasis, 11t, 72, 161-163

clinical and laboratory findings, 161-162

diagnosis, 162 ecology, 162-163 medical significance, 161 treatment, prevention, and

control, 163 vectors, 162-163

Onchocercoma, 206 Opiliones, 7 Orbivirus,110 Orchitis, 206 Oriental rat flea , 129, 131, 132

illustration, 130f Orientia tsutsugamushi, 163, 167 Ornithodoros, l1t Ornithodoros erraticus, 115

geographic distribution, 117f Ornithodoros hermsi, 114

geographic distribution, 116f Ornithodoros moubata, 115

geographic distribution, 117f Ornithodoros parkeri, 115

geographic distribution, 116f Ornithodoros porcinus

geographic distribution, 117f Ornithodoros rudis

geographic distribution, 116f Ornithodoros tholozani

geographic distribution, 117f Ornithodoros turicata, 114, 115

geographic distribution, 116f illustration, 117f

Oropharyngeal tularemia, 102 Oropouche fever, lIt

226

Oroya fever, 149 Otobius megnini

illustration, 78f

p

Panstrongylus megistus Chagas' disease vectors, 156f

Papatasi fever, 147-148 Paralysis, 206 Parasite transmission

modes,18t Parinaud's oculoglandular

syndrome, 136 Pathogen transmission

mechanical vs. biological, 17-20 modes,18t

PCR. See Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Pediculus,l1t Pediculus humanus corporis, 167 Pentavalent antimonials

leishmaniasis treatment, 146 Pentostam

leishmaniasis treatment, 146 Permanone 7B, 88f Permanone Repel, 86 Permethrin products, 86 Peromyscus leucopus, 107 Peruvian warts, 149 Phaenicia sericata, 179, 184 Phlebotominae, 144 Phlebotomus, 11t Phlebotomus papatasi, 150 Phormia regina, 180 Pian bois, 142 Pimozide

imaginary insect and mite infestation treatment, 189-190

Piophilia casei, 178 illustration, 178f

Piroplasmordia, 105 Plague, 11t, 20, 127-131

clinical presentation, 127 diagnosis, 131

Index

ecology, 129-131 geographic distribution, 128f

state by state, 130f history, 128-129 life cycle, 21£ transmission mode, 18t treatment, 131

Plague of Justinian, 128 Plasmodium falciparum, 23,35-36,

106 Plasmodium malariae, 23, 35-36 Plasmodium mosquitoes

malaria, 35-36 vectors, 38

Plasmodium ovale, 35-36 Plasmodium species, 23 Plasmodium vivax, 23, 35-36 Pleomorphic coccobacilli, 91 Pneumonic

plague form, 129 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR),

211-212 Borrelia burgdoiferi detection, 99 Chagas' disease diagnosis, 154 CSD detection, 136 ehrlichiosis diagnosis, 93

Powassan encephalitis (POW), 108, 109

Promastigotes, 146 Propagative transmission

disease agents, 19 Prophylaxis, 43 Proteinuria, 206 Pseudomyiasis, 177-179, 184-185 Psorophora columbiae, 31, 33 Psorophora mosquitoes

biting patterns, 34 egg laying, 33 VEE,53-54

Psychodidae, 146 Puncta, 206 Pupae

mosquitoes, 29 Pyrimethamine

antimalarial drug, 41

Index

Q

Queensland tick typhus (QTT), 82t, 91

Quinidine antimalarial drug, 41

Quinine antimalarial drug, 41

Quinine sulfate human babesiosis treatment, 107

R

Rabbit fever, 101 Radio-immunoassay (RIA)

Chagas' disease diagnosis, 154 Rash,206 Rats, 134 Rat-tailed maggot, 178

illustration, 179f Rattus felis, 134 Rattus norvegicus, 134 Rattus rattus, 129, 134 Rattus typhi, 134 Red-tailed monkeys

YF,64 Reduviidae, 151 Relapsing fever, 11 t

louse-borne vs. tick borne, 113-114

Reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR new TBE virus

Ixodes scapularis, 111 Rhipicephalus

tick vectors, 82t Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, 88 Rhipicephalus snaguineus, 88 Rhodnius,l1t Rhodnius prolixus

Chagas' disease vectors, 156f Rice culture, 24-25 Rice rats, 134 Rickettsia africae, 82t, 90 Rickettsia akari, 82t Rickettsia australis, 82t, 91 Rickettsiaceae, 91

Rickettsia conori, 82t, 88 Rickettsiae, 81 Rickettsia japonica, 82t Rickettsial disease, 131 Rickettsial pox, 82t Rickettsia montana, 23 Rickettsia peacocki, 22 Rickettsia prowazekii, 169 Rickettsia rhipicepahali, 23 Rickettsia ricketts ii, 22, 82t, 83 Rickettsia siberica, 82t, 90 Rickettsia typhi antigens

murine typhus, 133 Rifampin

CSD treatment, 137 Riparian habitat, 24-25 River blindness, 161 Rochalimaea henselae, 136 Rochalimaea quintana, 169 Rocky Mountain spotted fever

(RMSF), 22, 81-88 characteristics, 83-84

227

clinical and laboratory aspects, 83-84

ecology, 84 infected tick bite, 84 vs. murine typhus, 135 prevention, 86 symptoms, 83-84

Rocky Mountain wood tick, 102-103,122

Romana's sign, 152, 153f, 207 Roof rat, 134 Russian spring-summer

encephalitis (RSSE), 108

S

Sachophaga flies illustration, 182f

Salivary excretions arthropods, 13

Salt marsh mosquitoes, 33 Salt marsh mosquitoes, 31

biting patterns, 34 epizootic vector species, 45

228

Sand flies, 11t, 12 biology, 139

Sand fly fever, 11t, 147-148 Sand fly-transmitted diseases,

139-148 Sarcophaga flies, 179 Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis, 180 Scorpion

stinging position, lOf venom, 13

Scorpions, 9 characterizations, 4t

Screwworm flies, 13, 180 illustration, 183f

Scrub typhus, 11t, 163-167 clinical and laboratory

findings, 164-165 diagnosis, 165 ecology, 166-167 geographic distribution, 164f medical significance, 163-164 treatment, prevention, and

control, 167 vectors, 166-167

Sensu latu, 23 Septicemic

plague form, 127 Shock,207 Siberian tick typhus (STT), 81, 82t,

90-91 Simulium, 11 t Simulium damnosum, 163 Simulium flies, 161 Simulium metallicum, 163 Simulium neavei, 163 Simulium ochraceum, 163 Skin biopsies

onchocerciasis diagnosis, 162 Sleeping sickness, 12, 14 Social insects, 13 Soft ticks, 80, 114

characteristics, 77 illustration, 78f

Soldierfly, 177 illustration, 178f

Spider monkeys, YF and, 64 Spiders, 8f

bites, 13 black widow, 8f

venom, 13 brown widow

venom, 13 characterizations, 4t, 7 daddy longlegs, 7 fiddle back

venom, 13 venom, 13

Splenomegaly, 207 Spotless RMSF, 93

Index

Spotted fever group, 22, 81 epidemiologic information, 82t

Spotted fever rickettsioses, 11 t St. Louis encephalitis, 43, 47-50

control, 50 ecology, 47-50 geographic distribution, 49f life cycle, 48f symptoms, 47

Sting apparatus, 194-196 Stings, 193-199

arthropods, 13-14 Streptomycin

plague treatment, 131 tularemia treatment, 105

Sulfonamides antimalarial drug, 43

Suramin African sleeping sickness

treatment, 160 onchocerciasis treatment, 161

Sylva tic plague, 127 Sylva tic YF, 64 Symbiotic rickettsial organism,

121 Systemic tick-borne illness, 95

T

Tachycardia, 207 Tapeworm

transmission mode, 18t

Index

Tarantula,8f Tests

arthropod-borne diseases, 209-212

Tetracycline, 88 antimalarial drug, 43 ehrlichiosis treatment, 97 louse-borne disease treatment,

171 murine typhus treatment, 134-135 plague treatment, 131 TBRF treatment, 115 tularemia treatment, 105

Theileria, 106 Three-day fever, 149-150 Tick-borne diseases, 14,77-122 Tick-borne encephalitis, lIt, 47,

108-110 diagnosis and treatment, 109-

110 Tick-borne relapsing fever

(TBRF),111-116 clinical and laboratory

findings, 112-113 diagnosis, 112-113 ecology, 114-115 geographic distribution, 116f,

117f vs. louse-borne, 113-114 medical significance, 111 symptoms, 111 treatment and control, 115

Tick paralysis, 116-122 clinical features, 119 mechanisms, 119-121 medical significance, 116-118 prevention and treatment, 121-

122 Tick removal

method,89t Ticks, 7, 8f, 9, lIt, 23

American dog, 84, 93, 103, 119 biology, 77-81 bite, 114

eschar,90f

229

Lyme disease, 17 Rocky Mountain Spotted

Fever (RMSF), 84 characterizations,4t deer, 97

geographic distribution, 96f illustration, 96f

Dermacentor, lIt dog, 84 hard,80

characteristics, 77 illustration, 102f interference phenomenon, 22 Ixodes, lIt, 77-79

illustration, 78f life cycle, 79f lone star tick (LST), 93-95, 103

geographic distribution, 94f illustration,94f

pathogen pick up, 20 removal, 84, 89t Rocky Mountain wood tick,

102-103, 122 saliva, 114, 121 soft, 80, 114

characteristics, 77 illustration, 78f

testing method, 22 tularemia, 101 western black-legged, 105

Timoran filariasis, 65 TMP-SMX

CSD treatment, 137 Toxorhynchitinae

characteristics, 29 Transmission of pathogens

mechanical vs. biological, 17-20 Tree canopy mosquitoes

YF,66 Tree hole mosquitoes, 31

LAC, 52-53 Trench fever, 11 t, 168, 169 Triatoma brasiliensis

Chagas' disease vectors, 156f Triatoma bugs, lIt, 154

230

Triatoma dimidiata Chagas' disease vectors, 156f

Triatoma infestans Chagas' disease vectors, 156f

Triatominae, 151, 154 Trombiculid mites, 166 True bugs, 3, 151 Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, 157,

159, 160 Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiensei,

157, 159, 160 Trypanosoma cruzi, 151, 154-157 Trypanosoma rangeli, 154 Trypomastigote, 155 Tsetse flies, 11 t, 157

illustration, 158f Tularemia, 101-105

arthropod transmission, 102-105

clinical and laboratory findings, 101-102

medical significance, 101 treatment, 105

Tumblers mosquitoes, 29

Typhus island, 163

U

Ulceroglandular, 101 Ulcers, cutaneous, 207 Urban YF cycles, 64 Urine tests

onchocerciasis diagnosis, 162 Urticaria, 207 Uta, 12, 142

V

Vectors,ST and, 167t Vector-borne diseases, 17-18, 20,

151-171 Vector competence, 20-25 Vector mosquitoes

sylva tic cycle Haemagogus mosquitoes,

64

Index

Vectors, 17 African sleeping sickness,

160 Anopheles mosquitoes, 36 Chagas' disease, 151, 156t competent, 20 incrimination, 23-25 onchocerciasis, 162-163 Plasmodium mosquitoes, 38 scrub typhus, 166-167 tick,82t

Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE), 51-52

Venom, 13 black widow spider, 13 brown widow spider, 13 fiddle back spider, 13 fire ants, 13 scorpion, 13 spiders, 13

Verruga peru ana, 149, 207 Viral encephalitis, 11 t Viruses

tick transmission, 108-111 Visceral filariasis, 11 t Visceral leishmaniasis, 146

geographic distribution, 143f

w Wasps, 3,5

sting apparatus, 194-196 stings, 13

Western black-legged tick, 107 Western equine encephalitis

(WEE), 52 geographic distribution, 53f

White-footed mouse, 107 White-tailed deer, 93 Wigglers

mosquitoes, 29 Wild rats, 134 Winterbottom's sign, 207 Wood rats, 134 Wright's stain

plague diagnosis, 131

Index

Wuchereria bancrofti Bancroftian filariasis, 68 life cycle, 71f lymphatic filariasis treatment, 72

Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories lymphatic filariasis treatment, 72

X

Xenopsylla,l1t Xenopsylla cheopis, 129, 131, 132

illustration, 130f

Y

Yaws, 144, 146 Yellow fever mosquitoes, 31

231

Yellow fever (YP), 11 t, 60-65 geographic distribution, 61f history, 62-66 jungle vs. urban, 64 medical significance, 60-62 treatment and prevention, 64-

65 Yellowjacket

sting apparatus illustration, 195f

Yersinia pestis, 20, 127

Z

Zoonoses encephalitis, 43