Appendix A Definition of the Acronyms

ACR . . . . . . . . . .. Active Cavity Radiometer (ATLAS Sensor) ACRES ........ Australian Centre for Remote Sensing (Belconnen Australia) ACRIM ...... .. Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor (EOS Program Sensor) ACSE . . . . . . . . .. Association Control Service Element (Application Layer) AEPI .......... Atmospheric Emissions Photometric Imaging Experiment (ATLAS

Sensor) AFC . . . . . . . . . .. Affiliated Data Center (these are institutional facilities that are affili-

ated with EOSDIS, in particular NOAA facilities are AFCs) ADEOS ........ Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (NASDA), Al AGARD ....... Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development AIAA .......... American Institute of Astronautics and Aeronautics (New York) AIRS .......... Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (EOS Sensor) ALADIN ....... Atmospheric Laser and Doppler Instrument (ESA sensor for POEM) ALISSA. . . . . . .. l' Atmoshere par Udar Sur SAliout (the French sensor was atfirst pro-

posed by CNES for a Salyut flight) ALMAZ ....... ALMAZ = 'rough Diamond' (Earth observation series of the Soviet

Union), A2 AM ............ Amplitude Modulation (Type of modulation of the main carrier) AMAS ......... Advanced Millimeter-Wave Atmospheric Sounder (ATMOS Sensor) AMI ........... Active Microwave Instrument (ERS-I Sensor) AMR .......... Active Microwave Radar (TRMM Sensor) AMSU ......... Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (NOAA Sensor) AO ............ Announcement of Opportunity (usually for sensor on a particular mis­

sion) APL ........... Applied Physics Laboratory (a facility of Johns Hopkins University in

Baltimore) APT . . . . . . . . . .. Automatic Picture Transmission (one type of NOAA downlink trans­

mission; APT transmits data from two channels of the AVHRR at a re­duced resolution of 4 Km in the VHF frequency band (at 137.50 and 137.62 MHz)).

AOCS ......... Attitude and Orbit Control System ARGOS ........ Argos (CNES System) is a data collection and location system with a

space segment and a ground segment. ARGOS is operational on NOAA polar-orbiting SIC. A46.2

ARISTOTELES. Applications and Research Involving Space Techniques Observing The Earth's Field from Low Earth Orbiting Satellite (planned ESA Mis­sion), A3

ASF ........... Alaska SAR Facility in Fairbanks, Alaska (DAAC of NASA EOS Pro­gram). ASF will in effect be a US-PAF for ERS-I data as weB as for JERS-I and RADARSAT data.

ASI ............ Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (formerly PSN) ASTER ........ Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer

(Japanese Sensor on EOS missions) ATLAS ......... Atmospheric Laboratory for Application and Science (NASA Pro­

gram, Payload series on Shuttle), AA

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ATLID . . . . . . . .. Atmospheric Lidar (Sensor), an ESA Backscatter Lidar ATN ........... Advanced TIROS-N Series (NOAA, launched from 1983 on) ATS ........... Application Technology Satellite (ESSA Satellite) ATSR . . . . . . . . .. Along-Track Scanning Radiometer and Microwave Sounder (ERS-1

Sensor) ATMOS . . . . . . .. Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATLAS Sensor) ATMOS ........ Planned German Earth Observation mission (plus Partners), AS AVCS . . . . . . . . .. Advanced Vidicon Camera System (NOAA Sensor) AVHRR . . . . . . .. Advanced Very- High Resolution Radiometer (NOAA Sensor,

AVHRR/3 on NOAA-K,L,M,N is to be renamed in VIRSR for NOAA-O,P'Q)

AVISO ......... Archivage Validation and Interpretation des donnees des Satellites Oceanographiques (CNES oceanographic data center in build-up phase for Topex/Poseidon)

AVNIR ........ Advanced Visible and Near- Infrared Radiometer (NASDA Sensor onADEOS)

BMFf ......... Bundesmisterium fUr Forschung und Technologie (German Ministry for Research and Technology)

BNSC . . . . . . . . .. British National Space Council BPDF . . . . . . . . .. Bidirectional Polarization Distribution Function BRDF ......... Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function BUV .......... Backscatter Ultraviolet Spectrometer (NOAA Sensor) CAO .......... Central Aerological Observatory (Moscow) CAST . . . . . . . . .. Chinese Academy of Space Technology (Beijing/Shanghai! etc.) CBERS ........ China/Brazil - Earth Resources Satellite, A6 CCD ........... Charged Coupled Device (Detector) CCITT . . . . . . . .. Comite Consultatif International Telephonique et Teh~graphique

(one of three bodies for the definition of OSI, CCITT is a perm ant or­gan ofITU)

CCSDS ........ Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems CCRS . . . . . . . . .. Canadian Center for Remote Sensing (Ottawa, Ontario) CDA . . . . . . . . . .. Command and Data Acquisition (NOAA Antenna, downlink concept) CDDIS ......... Crustal Dynamics Data Information System (database at GSFC) CEC ........... Commission of European Communities (Brussels) CEES . . . . . . . . .. Committee on Earth and Environmental Sciences (US interagency

committee) CEOS ......... Committee on Earth Observation Satellites CERES ........ Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System (EOS Sensor) CIESIN ........ Consortium for International Earth Science Information Network.

(The University of Michigan is a member of CIESIN. CIESIN provides EOS data to non - research users, such as government or the general public).

CIGNET . . . . . .. Cooperative International GPS Network of lAG (international Asso­ciation of Geodesy), A23.3

CIS . . . . . . . . . . .. Commonwealth of Independent States (Previously Soviet Union or USSR)

CLAES ........ Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer (UARS Sensor)

CMS .......... . CNES ......... .

CNIE ......... .

CNR/PSN ..... . CNRS ........ .

COSMOS ..... .

COSPAR ...... . COSPAS

COTES ....... .

CRA .......... . CRC .......... .

CRISTA ....... .

CSA .......... . CSMNCD ..... .

CSR .......... . CSTG ......... .

CZCS ......... . DAAC ........ .

DARA ........ .

DBMS ........ . DBS .......... . DCP .......... .

DCS .......... .

DEM ......... . DFD .......... .

DGFI ......... . DGON ........ . DGPF ........ .

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Centre de Meteorologie Spatiale, (in Lannion, France) Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (Space Agency of France, Tou­louse) Comision Nacional de Investigaciones Espaciales (Space Agency of Argentina) Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche/Piano Spaziale Nationale (Italy) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Service D' Aeronomie ), in Verrieres Le Buisson, France USSR program series with experimentaVtechnological payloads (re­search, or preoperational meteorological satellites, etc. there were also many satellites with military payloads under this designation) Committee on Space Research (UN sponsored) Space System for the Search of Distressed Vessels (Soviet Union's equipment flown on polar-orbiting SIC. Conventional Terrestrial Reference System (an IERS program for the specifications of positions on or near the Earth's surface )244

Centro Ricerche Aerospaziali (Rome/Italy) Communication Research Center (a facility of the Canadian Depart­ment of Communications) Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere (ATLAS Sensor) Canadian Space Agency Carrier Sense Multiple Access I Collision Detection (commercially known under Ethernet) Centro de Sensores Remote (Italy) Commission on International Coordination of Space Techniques for Geodesy and Geodynamics (since 1979), (Commission VIII of the In­ternational Association of Geodesy) Coastal Zone Color Scanner (NIMBUS-7 Sensor) Distributed Active Archive Center (NASA EOS Program; a total of 7 DAACs are planned, each with a different focus on science) Deutsche Agentur fur Raumfahrtangelegenheiten, Bonn (German space agency since 1989) Database Management System Direct Broadcasting Satellite Data Collection Platform (ground segment platform for environmen­tal data measurement, Meteosat, GOES, GMS) Data Collection System (NOAA- GOES series, Meteosat series, GMS series, geostationary satellites). Digital Elevation Model Deutsches Fernerkundungsdatenzentrum (German Remote Sensing Data Center, DLR in Oberpfaffenhofen) Deutsches Geodatisches Forschungsinstitut (Munchen) Deutsche Gesellschaft fUr Ortung und Navigation (Diisseldorf) Deutsche GeseIIschaft fur Photogrammetrie und Fernerkundung

244 ) See: "1he International Earth Rotation SelVice". in The Interdisciplinary Role of Space Geodesy'. Springer Verlag. 1989. pp. 229-232

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DGPS ......... Differential GPS, A.23.4 DFN .......... . DIAL ......... . DLR .......... . DMSP ........ . DOAS ........ . DOC DOD ......... . DOE ......... . DORIS ....... .

DRS .......... .

EARTHNET ....

ECMWF ...... . ECOS ........ . ECS .......... . EDC .......... .

EDI .......... .

EDIFACT

EDIS ......... .

EECF ......... . ERIC ......... . EIRP ......... . E-Mail ....... . EMIS ......... . ENACEOS .... . ENAP ........ . EO ........... . EOS .......... . EOSAT ....... .

EOSDIS ...... . EOSP ......... . EOS-SAR .... . EPA .......... . EPOCS ....... . EPOP ......... . EPOPP ....... . ERB .......... .

Deutsches Forschungsnetz Differential Absorption Lidar (NASA airborne Lidar since 1988) Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fiir Luft- und Raumfahrt Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (USA), A.7 Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy Department of Commerce (USA) Department of Defense (USA) Department of Energy (USA) Determination Orbite Radiopositionnement Integres Satellite (CNES one-way tracking system for the measurement of precision orbits) Data Relay Satellite (ESA system to relay information from the Euro­pean space plane) ESA Program since 1977. Earthnet refers to an ESA organization re­sponsible for for the ground segment of Earth Observation. Functions: acquisition, archiving .... and distribution of Earth science data. European Centre for Medium - Range Weather Forecasts Proposed Russian EO Satellite mission, A.8 EOSDIS Core System EROS Data Center of the US Geological Survey in Sioux Falls, S.D. (DAAC of NASA EOS Program) Electronic Data Interchange, (Format Specification according to ANSI Standard X.12; (an existing but non - ISO Protocol) Electronic Data Interchange for Administration, Commerce, and Transport Erderkundungs- Daten & Informations System (Earth-Observation Data and Information System, DLR) Earthnet ERS-1 Central Facility (ESA facility at ESRIN, Italy) Energetic Heavy Ion Composition Experiment Effective Isotropic Radiated Power Electronic Mail EDIS Management and Information System (DLR) Energetic Neutral Atom Camera for EOS (EOS Sensor) Energetic Neutral Atom Precipitation (ATLAS Sensor) Earth Observation Earth Observation System (NASA), A.9 and A.1O Earth Observation Satellite Company (Commercial distributor of Landsat science data, NOAA contractor, in Lanham, Md) EOS Data and Information System Earth Observing Scanning Polarimeter (EOS Program Sensor) EOS Synthetic Aperture Radar (EOS Sensor) Environmental Protection Agency (USA) Equatorial Pacific Ocean Climate Studies European Polar Platform (old name, now POEM) Earth Observation Preparatory Programme (ESA) Earth Radiation Budget (NIMBUS-7 Sensor)

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ERBE ......... Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (NOAA Sensor on NOAA - 9 and -10)

ERBS .......... Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (NASA), A,ll ERIM ......... Environmental Research Institute of Michigan (USA) EROS ......... Earth Resources Observation System (Data Center of USGS in Sioux

Falls, S.D., Archive of Landsat Data) ERS-l,2 . . . . . .. European Remote Sensing Satellite (ESA Program), A,12 and A,13 ERS ........... Earth Resource Satellite ERfS-l ....... Earth Resources Technology Satellite (NASA satellite, was later re-

named to Landsat -1) see Landsat A,32 ESA ........... European Space Agency ESA - IRS ...... ESA - Information Retrieval Service (online database at ESRIN) ESNPB- EO ... ESNProgramme Board - Earth Observation ESIS ........... European Space Information System (ESA data system) ESOC ......... European Space Operation Centre (ESA facility in Darmstadt, Ger-

many) ESMR ......... Electronic Scanning Microwave Radiometer (NOAA Sensor) ESRIN . . . . . . . .. European Space Research Institute (ESA facility in Frascati, Italy) ESSA . . . . . . . . .. Environmental Science and Services Administration (this was a prede-

cessor organization of NOAA) ESTEC ........ European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESA facility in

Noordwijk, Holland) ETALON ....... Russian passive satellite series for geodetic measurements, A,14 ETM .......... Enhanced Thematic Mapper (Landsat-6 sensor) EUMETSAT .... European Meteorological Satellite Organization (Darmstadt) EURISY ....... European Association for ISY (one of two ISY organizers in Europe, •

SAFISY) FAA . . . . . . . . . .. Federal Aviation Administration (USA) FAO ........... Food and Agriculture Organization (ofthe UN) FODI . . . . . . . . .. Fiber Distributed Data Interface Fengyun (FY) ... Chinese meteorological satellite series, A,15 and A,16 FILE .......... Feature Identification and Location Experiment (part of OSTA-l

payload on shuttle STS-2 in Nov. 1981) FM . . . . . . . . . . .. Frequency Modulation (Type of modulation of the main carrier) FMS . . . . . . . . . .. Filter Wave Spectrometer (NOAA Sensor) FOV . . . . . . . . . .. Field of View FPR ........... Flat Plate Radiometer (NOAA Sensor) FTAM ......... File Transfer Access and Management (OSI File Transfer Method) GAC ........... Global Area Coverage GAF ........... Gesellschaft fUr Angewandte Fernerkundung (German commercial

distributor of Earth observation data, such as Resurs data, Landsat da­ta (via EOSAT), etc.

GARP ......... Global Atmospheric Research Programme GCMD ........ Global Change Master Directory (NASA) GCOS ......... Global Climate Observing System (Program) GCTE ......... Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems (Program) GEMINI ....... NASAprogramofthesixties,A,17

GEO-IK ..... . GEOS ........ .

GEOS ........ . GEOSAT ...... . GEWEX ...... . GFZ .......... .

GGI .......... . GIPME ....... . GIS ........... .

GKSS ......... .

GLIS ......... .

Glavkosmos .....

GLOBSAT

GLONASS GLRS ........ . GMS ......... .

GOES

GOFS ........ . GOME ....... . GOMOS ...... . GOMS ........ .

GORC ........ . GOS .......... . GOSIP ........ .

GPS .......... . GSFC ......... .

GSOC ........ . GTC .......... . GTS .......... .

HALOE ....... . HB ........... . HCMM ....... .

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Russian SIC for solid Earth research, A.18 Geodynamics Experimental Ocean Satellite, A.19 (NASA, GEOS-3 launch: April 10 1975, altitude = 840 km, inclination = 144.960 ;

GEOS-3 is the first radar altimeter mission, end of mission in 1978) Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite US Navy satellite (altimeter mission), A.20 Global Energy and Water Experiment (Program) Geo-Forschungs-Zentrum, Potsdam (GFZ is a new World Data Center for the Lithosphere, in the planning phase as of 1991) GPS Geoscience Instrument (EOS Sensor) Global Investigation of Pollution in the Marine Environment Geographic Information System (an archive in particular for forestry data) Gesellschaft fUr Kernergieverwertung in Schiffbau und Schiffahrt (Geesthacht) Global Land Information System (an online directory, guide, and in­ventory system being developed by USGS at EROS Data Center) Russian space organization agency with the objective to develop the commercial side of space activities (created in 1985) Proposed Earth Observation Satellite by the French Earth Science Community. A.21 Global Orbiting and Navigation Satellite System (USSR), A.22 Geoscience Laser Ranging System (EOS Sensor) Geostationary Meteorological Satellite, Operational Program of JMA (Japan Meteorological Agency), A.24 Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (NOAA Series), A.45 Global Ocean Flux Study (Program) Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (Sensor on ERS-2) Global Ozone Monitoring By Occultation of Stars (French Sensor) Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (planned Soviet geostationary meteorological satellite series (at longitude 76 deg. East), A.25 Global Ocean Carbon Research Program Geomagnetic Observing System (EOS Sensor) Government Open System Interconnection Profile ( US Government Standard, GOSIP is a subset of OSI) Global Positioning System, A.23 Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. (DAAC of NASA EOS Program) German Space Operations Center (DLR facility in Oberpfaffenhofen) Global Tropospheric Chemistry Program Global Telecommunications System (of the World Meteorological Or­ganization) Halogen Experiment (UARS Sensor) Heat Budget Instrument (NOAA Sensor) Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (NASA Sensor), A.26

HCMR ........ . HDDT ........ . HDT ......... . HDLC ........ . HEPAD ....... . HH ........... . HIMSS ........ . HiRDLS ...... . HIRIS ........ . HIRS ......... . HMS ......... . HRIR ......... . HRPT ........ .

HRV .......... . HV ........... . HYDROMET ..

Hz ........... . IAF .......... . lAG .......... . IEEE ......... . IGBP ......... . ICC .......... . ICSU ......... . ICWG-EO .... . IDCS ......... . IDHT ......... .

IDN .......... .

IERS IEOS

IFEOS ........ .

IFOV ......... . IGAC ......... . IGBP ......... . IGARSS ...... . IGU .......... . IKF ........... .

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Heat Capacity Mapping Radiometer (sensor of HCMM) High Density Digital Tape High Density Tape High-Level Data Link Control (Bit-oriented Protocol) High Energy Proton and Alpha Particle Detector (NOAA Sensor) Horizontal transmit - Horizontal receive Polarization High - Resolution Microwave Spectrometer Sounder (EOS Sensor) High - Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (EOS Sensor) High - Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (EOS Sensor) High - Resolution Infrared Sounder (NOAA Sensor) Heterodyne Millimeter-wave Spectrometer (MOSES Sensor) High-Resolution Infrared Radiometer (NOAA Sensor) High Resolution Picture Transmission (NOAA Broadcast Technique in S-Band at frequencies of 1698.0 and 1707.0 MHz; data from all AVHRR channels (plus TOVS and SEM) is provided at full 1.1 km res­olution) Haute Resolution Visible (High- Resolution Visible Sensor of Spot) Horizontal transmit - Vertical receive Polarization Committee for Hydrometeorology (USSR/CIS agency in the field of Meteorology) Hertz International Astronautical Federation (Paris) International Association of Geodesy Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (USA) International Geosphere-Biosphere Program Instrument Control Center (EOSDIS Facility) International Council of Scientific Unions International Coordination Working Group for Earth Observation Image Dissector Camera System (NOAA Sensor) Instrument Data Handling and Transmission (ERS-l S-Band An­tenna) International Directory Network (CEOS-defined for databases, for­mer designation PID .) International Earth Rotation Service (Geodetic research) International Earth Observing System (Committee dealing with the policies and principles of data exchange, etc. ; partner agencies are: ESA, EUMETSAT, NASA, NOAA, STA (Japan), NASDA, MITI, JMA, and CSA (Canada» International Forum on Earth Observations Using Space Station Ele­ments (since 1986) Instantaneous Field of View International Global Atmosphere Chemistry (Program) International Geosphere/Biosphere Programme International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society International Geographical Union Institut flir Kosmosforschung, Berlin. (Note: as of Jan. 1992 the IKF is renamed "Institute of Space Sensors", it is part of DLR)

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IKI ............ Space Research Institute (of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Mos-cow; extraterrestrial physics and remote sensing)

ILAS .......... Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (Sensor on ADEOS) IMG . . . . . . . . . .. Interferometric Monitor for Greenhouse Gases (Sensor on ADEOS) IMS ........... Information Management System at GSFC (The top-level function of

EOSDAACs) INCA. . . . . . . . .. Indian National Cartographic Association INMARSAT .... International Maritime Satellite Organization INPE .......... Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais (Civil Aerospace Agency of Brazil,

Sao Jose dos Campos, S.P') INSAT ......... Indian National Satellite (series, employed for meteorology and com­

munication), A.27 Intercosmos . . . .. USSR space program for collaborative science projects among its nine

members and with other nations. Intercosmos was created in 1967 in­viting the Soviet-affiliated countries (like, East-Germany, Hungary, Bulgaria, Poland, etc.) to participate in the Soviet space program with their own national contributions (one area of participation was in re­mote sensing, building sensors for specific missions, dissemination and scientific interpretation of data, etc. ). Activities in international manned space flight missions were also under the label of Intercosmos. There are also satellites in the Intercosmos program named 'Intercos­mos-n', etc.

INTA .......... Instituto National de Tecnica Aeroespacial (space agency of Spain) IOC ........... Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (of UNESCO) IPCC .......... Inter-Governmental Panel for Climate Change (set up by WMO) IPEI ........... Ionospheric Plasma and Electrodynamics Instrument (EOS Sensor) IPOMS ........ International Polar-Orbiting Meteorological Satellite (Group) IR . . . . . . . . . . . .. Infrared 5 Channel Scanner (NOAA Sensor) IRE ........... Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics (of the Russian Acade­

my of Sciences in Moscow; IRE is involved in remote sensing, etc., also providing general management services)

IRIS . . . . . . . . . .. Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer (NOAA Sensor) IRIS . . . . . . . . . .. International Radio Interferometric Surveying (Subcommittee of the

International Association of Geodesy) IRLS .......... Interrogation, Recording and Location Subsystem (NOAA) IRP . . . . . . . . . . .. Infrared Passive (NOAA Sensor) IRS ............ Information Retrieval System (ESA data system) IRS ............ Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (ISRO), A.28 (IRS-IA, lB, IC, ID,

lE) IRIS. . . . . . . . . .. Infra-Red Temperature Sounder (NOAA Sensor) ISA ............ Institute of Space Aeronomy (Brussels) ISAMS . . . . . . . .. Improved Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder (UARS Sensor) ISAS ........... Institute for Space and Astronomical Science (of Japan) ISDN .......... Integrated Services Digital Network ISIS ........... Intelligentes Satellitenbild Informationssystem (a DFD archival sys­

tem and service in the development phase) ISLSCP ........ International Satellite Land-Surface Climatology Programme

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ISPRS ......... International Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing ISO. . . . . . . . . . .. International Standards Organization (one ofthree bodies responsible

for the definition of OSI) ISRO .......... Indian Space Research Organization 1ST ............ Instrument Support Terminal (EOSDIS Facility) ISTP . . . . . . . . . .. International Solar-Terrestrial Physics Program ISY ............ International Space Year (1992) ITIR245 ........ Intermediate ThermalInfrared Radiation (EOS Sensor); mR was re­

named in 1990 in ASTER = Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer

ITPR .......... Infrared Temperature Profile Radiometer (NOAA Sensor) ITOS .......... Improved TIROS Operational System (NOAA) ITT . . . . . . . . . . .. International Telephone and Telegraph Co. ITU ........... International Telecommunication Union (body for frequency alloca­

tions, Geneva) JERS .......... Japanese Earth Resources Satellite, A.29 JEM . . . . . . . . . .. Japanese Experiment Module (Japan's pressurized module directly at­

tached to the Space Station Freedom, JEM-1 (1998) and JEM-2, STS launch)

JEOS .......... Japanese Earth Observation System JGOFS ......... Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (Program) JPL . . . . . . . . . . .. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena (DAAC of NASA EOS Program) JPOP .......... Japanese Polar Platform (launchplanned for 1998), A.30 JRC ........... Joint Research Centre (umbrella agency of CEC coordinating 8 re-

search institutes; Ispra (Italy) is a remote sensing centre of JRC) JSC . . . . . . . . . . .. Johnson Space Center (Houston) JWGA ......... Joint Working Group ATMOS Ke V ........... Kilo Electron Volt LAGEOS-I,II .. Laser Geodynamics Satellite (NASNASI), A.31 LAN ........... Local Area Network LANDSAT ..... Land (Remote Sensing) Satellite, US EO program, A.32 LAP - B ........ Link Access Protocol (for B Channels) LARC ......... Langley Research Center, Hampton Va. (DAAC of NASA EOS Pro-

gram) LASA . . . . . . . . .. Lidar Atmospheric Sounder and Altimeter (EOS sensor) LASER ........ Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation LASSO ........ Laser Synchronization from (Geo)Stationary Orbit (ESA, Meteosat) LAWS ......... Laser Atmospheric Wind Sounder (EOS Sensor) LEDA ......... Landsat On - Line Earthnet Data Availability (ESA Database File) LEO' . . . . . . . . . .. Low Earth Orbit (usually for all satellite orbits up to 1000 or 1200 km

altitude; this is to be seen in contrast to geostationary orbits at altitudes of 36000 km)

LFC ........... Large Format Camera, A.33 LIDAR ........ Light Detection and Ranging LIMS .......... Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (NIMBUS-7 Sensor) LIS ............ Lighting Imaging Sensor (EOS Sensor)

245) 'The Earth ObselVer", Vol. 2 No. 10, Dec. 1990, pp. 3

LISS .......... . LITE ......... . LRIR ......... . LRPT ......... .

LRR .......... . LS ............ . LUT .......... . Magnolia/MFE ..

MAPS ........ .

MAS .......... . MASER ....... . MAXIE

MCC ......... . MCHIP/s ...... .

MCP .......... .

MDT ......... . MERIT ....... .

MEPED ....... . MERIS ....... . MESSR ....... . METEOR ..... . METEOSAT ... . MeV .......... . MHS ......... . MHS ......... . MIMR ........ . MIPAS ........ .

MIR .......... . MIRAS ....... .

MIRP ......... . MISR ......... . MITI ......... . MLS .......... .

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Linear Imaging Self-Scanning Sensor (ISRO sensor series) Lidar In-space Technology Experiment, shuttle mission, A.34 Limb Radiance Infrared Radiometer (NOAA Sensor) Low Resolution Picture Transmission (NOAA Downlink Technique in S-Band) Laser Retro Reflector (ERS-l Sensor) Landsat Satellite Series of NOAA Local User Terminal (NOAA concept for S&R reception) (MFE = Magnetic Field Experiment) A joint FrenchlUS program (proposal status) for long-term (>5 years) monitoring ofthe Earth's magnetic field and its temporal variations (objectives: main field mod­el, secular variations, core motion determination, electrical conductiv­ity of the mantle) Measurement of Air Pollution from Space Radiometer (shuttle OSTA-l experiment ofSTS-2 in Nov. 1981) Millimeterwave Absorption Sounder (ATLAS Sensor) Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Magnetospheric Atmospheric X-Ray Imaging Experiment (NOAA sensor) Mission Control Center CHIP stands for Yes/No sequences in data transmissions.. One MCHIP/s = 1 Million information sequences/s Meteorological Communications Package. MCP permits a direct data access to the operational meteorological instruments in full resolution during a pass. MCP allows in addition the transmission of global data sets for central ground stations. Mean Down Time Measure Earth Rotation and Intercompare the Techniques (an In­ternational Earth Rotation Service Program) Medium Energy Proton and Electron Detector (NOAA Sensor) Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (ESA Sensor) Multispectral Electronic Self-Scanning Radiometer (MOS Sensor) Russian meteorological satellite family, A.35 - A.37 European meteorological satellite series of EUMETSAT, A.39 Mega Electron Volt Message Handling System (MOTIS is the ISO definition of MHS) Microwave Humidity Sounder (NOAA Sensor) Multi-frequency Imaging Microwave Radiometer (ESA sensor) Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (AT­MOS Sensor) Russian Space Station, A.40 MIR Infrared Spectrometer (note: this is a modified GRILLE sensor by ISA on the shuttle ATLAS-l mission) Manipulated Information Rate Processor (NOAA SIC subsystem) Multi-Angle Imaging Spectro- Radiometer (EOS Sensor) Ministry of International Trade and Industry (Japan) Microwave Limb Sounder (UARS and EOS Sensor)

MODIS ....... . MOMS ........ .

MOP ......... .

MOPITf ...... . MOS

MOS ......... . MOSES ....... .

MRIR MSFC

MSR .......... . MSS .......... . MSU ......... . MSU-E ...... . MSU-K ...... . MSU-M ...... . MSU-S ....... . MSU-SK ..... . MTBF ........ . MTS .......... . MUSE ........ . MUVIS ....... . MW .......... . N/A .......... . NASDA ....... . NAVSTAR-GPS

NCAR ........ . NCDC ........ .

NEMS ........ . NEDRES NESDIS ....... .

NGDC ........ . NIMBUS ...... . NIR .......... . nm ........... . nT ............ . NOAA ........ .

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Moderate- Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (EOS Sensor) Modular Optoelectronic Multispectral Scanner ( Shuttle payload of 1983 and 84), A.41 and A.42 Meteosat Operational Programme (European series of weather satel­lites from EUMETSAT) Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (EOS Sensor) Marine Observation Satellite (NASDA Satellite, MOS-l Launch: 1987, MOS-lb launch: Feb. 1989), A.43 Modular Optoelectronic Scanner (IKF Sensor on PRIRODA) Molecules in Outer Space and Earth Stratosphere (Swedish Mission, renamed to ODIN), A.47 Medium Resolution Infrared Radiometer (NOAA Sensor) Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala. (DAAC of NASA EOS Program) Microwave Scanning Radiometer (MOS Sensor) Multi Spectral Scanner (Landsat Sensor) Microwave Sounder Unit (NOAA Sensor) Multispectral Scanner - Electronic Scanning (CIS) Multispectral Scanner - Circular Scanning (CIS) Multispectral Scanner - Low Resolution (CIS) Multispectral Scanner-Moderate Resolution (CIS) Multispectral Scanner-Moderate Resolution,Conical Scanning (CIS) Mean Time Between Failure Microwave Temperature Sounder (NOAA Sensor) Monitor of Ultraviolet Solar Energy (NOAA Sensor) MOSES UVIsible Spectrometer (MOSES Sensor) Microwave Not Applicable National Space Development Agency (of Japan) Navigation System with Time and Ranging - Global Positioning Sys­tem (Precision real-time position determination system of the US Airforce) National Center for Atmospheric Research (NOAA, Boulder Col.) NASA Climate Data Center (of GSFC, also NCDS (for System). Sci­ence data archive for atmospheric chemistry and climate(ERBE, etc. » Nimbus E Microwave Spectrometer (NOAA Sensor) National Environmental Data Referential Service (NOAA service) National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service (a NOAA database service program, Suitland Md.) National Geophysical Data Center (NOAA facility at Boulder Co.) NASA EO missions series, A.44 Near Infrared (spectrum, from 0.75 to about 1.3 !IDl) Nanometer (10-9 m) Nano Tesla (l0-9T) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA is an insti­tution of the US Commerce Department)

NOAADIR .....

NODC ........ . NODS ........ .

NPO .......... .

NPO Energia ...

NPO Planeta ....

NPOP ........ . NROSS ....... . NRSA NRSC ........ .

NSCAT ....... . NSF .......... . NSIDC ........ .

NSSDC ....... . OCE .......... . OCEAN ....... . OCTS ......... . ODA ......... . ODIN ........ .

ONERA ...... . OPS .......... . OSDPD ....... . OSI ........... . OSTA ......... .

PAF .......... .

PAN .......... . PCM .......... . PI ............ . PID .......... .

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NOAA Earth System Data Directory (since 1988, still in develop­ment), also known under NESDD National Oceanographic Data Center (US) NASA Ocean Data System (located at JPL; Measurements in the ar­chive are related to altimetry, scatterometry, and microwave radiome­try. NODS will archive and distribute data products for TOPEX/PO­SElDON) Naulshno Proizwodstwennoje Objedijenie (Scientific Production Association) Russian space industry consortium (Moscow), builders of SIC (i.e. MIR), payloads, sensors, etc. Russian space industry consortium (Moscow), providers of services mainly in the area of meteorology (sensors, data, etc.) NASA Polar Platform Navy Remote Ocean Sensing System (US satellite) National Remote Sensing Agency (of India, Balangar Hyderabad) National Remote Sensing Centre (UK, this agency was privatized in 1989, commercial sale of remote sensing data) NASA Scatterometer (NASA Sensor) National Science Foundation (USA) National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, Co. (University of Colo­rado, NOAA Facility). NSIDC will be a DAAC site of the EOS Pro­gram. NSIDC has extensive holdings of cryospheric and polar ocean surface-flux data, routine production of sea ice maps from SSM/l sen­sor). NASA Space Science Data Center (at GSFC) Ocean Color Experiment (part of OSTA -1 payload on shuttle) Ocean Color Environment Archive Network (ESA Program) Ocean Color Temperature Scanner (Sensor on ADEOS) Office Document Architecture Proposed Swedish astronomy and aeronomy mission (A.47, in Norse mythology Odin (also called Woden or Wotan) is one of the principal gods) Office National d'Etudes et Recherches Aerospatiales (France) Optical Sensor (JERS-1 Sensor) Office of Satellite Data Processing and Distribution (of NOAA) Open System Interconnect (a Standard for open communication) Office of Space and Terrestrial Applications (a designation that was also given to the early shuttle payloads) Processing and Archiving Facility (a specific DFD facility configura­tion for the ERS-l mission) Panchromatic Camera (ISRO sensor) Pulse Code Modulation Principal Investigator Prototype International Directory (CEOS-defined Directory Inter­change Format (DIF»; CEOS members operating an archive with PID capability are: CCRS, DLR-DFD, ESA-ESRIN, NASA, NASDA,

PIXEL ........ . PM ........... . PMR ......... . PN ........... . PNR .......... . PRN .......... . POCC ........ . POEM-MI ... .

POEMS ....... . POES ......... .

POGO ........ . POLDER ..... .

PPF .......... .

PPS ........... . PRARE ....... .

PRIRODA .... . PRN .......... . PSK .......... . PSLV ......... . PSN .......... .

PIT

PIT RADAR ...... . RADARSAT ... . RAE .......... . RAIDS ........ .

RAL .......... . RBV .......... . RCVR ........ . RF ........... . RIS ........... . RLSBO ....... . ROSIS ........ . Resurs-Okean .. SAFIRE ....... . SAFISY ....... .

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NOAA, RAE, etc .. Hence, standardized archival access is possible (see. IDN). Picture Element Phase Modulation (Type of modulation of the main carrier) Pressure Modulated Radiometer (NOAA Sensor) Pseudo Noise Pseudo Noise Number (a GPS series designation) Pseudo Random Noise Payload Operations and Control Center Polar-Orbit Earth-Observation Mission - Morning Orbit (planned ESA Series) see A49 Positron Electron Magnet Spectrometer (EOS Sensor) Polar Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellites (NOAA series of operational polar orbiting satellites), A46 Polar-Orbiting Geophysical Observatory Polarization and Directionality of Earth's Reflectances (CNES Sen­sor) Polar Platform (ESA Columbus program, PPF is utilized for POEM payloads) Precise Positioning Service (GPS) Precision Rate and Range Rate Equipment (ERS-1 Experiment), A50 and B.1.6 Research module ofthe Space Station MIR (A51) Pseudo Random Noise Phase Shift Keyed (a modulation technique) Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (ofISRO) Piano Spaziale Nationale (previous name of Space agency of Italy, now • ASI) Platform Transmitter Terminal (data collection platform for ARGOS system) Public (Postal) Telephone and Telegraph (utility company) Radio Detection and Ranging A Canadian (CSNCCRS) EO mission with a SAR instrument (A52) Royal Aerospace Establishment (Farnborough, UK) Remote Atmospheric and Ionospheric Detection System (NOAA, USAF sensor) Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (Chilton, Oxon, UK) Return Beam Vidicon Camera (Landsat Sensor) Receiver Radio Frequency (for data transmission link) Retroreflector in Space (Sensor on ADEOS) Radial okazionnaja Sistema Bokowo Obzora (Side view radar system) Reflective Optics Imaging Spectrometer (ATMOS Sensor) Soviet satellite series for the observation of ocean surfaces (A48) Spectroscopy of the Atmosphere Far Infrared Emission (EOS Sensor) Space Agency Forum for the International Space Year in Europe (in 1992)

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SAGE III . . . . . .. Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III (EOS Sensor) SAMIR ........ Satellite Microwave Radiometer (ISRO sensor on Bhaskara SIC) SAN MARCO. .. Cooperative ltalianINASA mission (A56) SAM - II ....... Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement- II (NOAA Sensor) SAMS ......... Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder (NIMBUS-7 Sensor) SAR . . . . . . . . . .. Synthetic Aperture Radar (a high - rate imaging technique) S&R . . . . . . . . . .. Search and Rescue (Emergency System on NOAA SIC) S&RSAT ....... Search and Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking System (Canada/Francel

NOAA). A46.3 SAS&R ........ Satellite Aided Search & Rescue (INSAT - 2 system) SBUV ......... Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (NOAA Sensor on NIMBUS-7, TI-

ROS, POES) SIC . . . . . . . . . . .. Spacecraft SCAMS ........ Scanning Microwave Spectrometer (NOAA Sensor) SCARAB . . . . . .. Scanner for Radiation Budget (Sensor, French, USSR, German), A21

and A37 SCATT ......... (Wind) Scatterometer (ESA) SCD1 .......... SateIite de Coleta de Dados (Data Collection Satellite of Brazil), A57 SCIAMACHY .. Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Cartog-

raphy (ATMOS Sensor) SCMR ......... Surface Composition Mapping Radiometer (NOAA Sensor) SCR ........... Selective Chopper Radiometer (NOAA Sensor) Seasat . . . . . . . . .. NASNJPL EO mission (A58) SeaStar ........ A NASNGSFC mission with the sensor Sea WiFS (A59) Sea WIFS . . . . . .. Sea Wide Field Sensor (this sensor is considered the CZCS successor) SEM . . . . . . . . . .. Space Environment Monitor (NOAA Sensor; SEM consists of two sep-

arate instruments: TED and MEPED, and a data processing unit) SFDU ......... Standard Format Data Unit (a CCSDS format concept) SGGM ......... Superconducting Gravity Gradiometer Mission (planned to fly after

the year 2000) SIR. . . . . . . . . . .. Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR - A with Payload A; SIR - B with Payload

B, etc.), see A60 - A62 SIRS ........... Satellite Infrared Spectrometer (NOAA Sensor) SKYLAB . . . . . .. Sky Laboratory, NASA Space Station ofthe seventies (A63) SLR ........... Satellite Laser Ranging SMM .......... Solar Maximum Mission (NASA) SMMR . . . . . . . .. Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (NIMBUS-7 and

Seasat Sensor) SMS ........... Synchronous Meteorological Satellites (designation of the first US

weather satellites (1974); this series was later renamed to GOES, (NOAA) )

SNR ........... Signal-to-Noise Ratio SNSB .. . . . . . . .. Swedish National Space Board SOCC ......... Satellite Operations and Control Center SOLSTICE ..... Solar Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment (NASA Sensor) SPACELAB . . . .. Space Laboratory on NASA shuttle missions (A64 - A65)

SPAN ......... .

SPIE .......... .

SPM .......... . SPOT ......... .

SPOT Image ... . SPS ........... . SR ........... . SRL .......... .

SSM/I ......... .

SSC .......... . SST ........... . SSU .......... . STA .......... . Starlette ....... .

STC .......... . Stella

STIB STIKSCAT .... . STS ........... . SUSIM ........ .

SVN .......... . SWIR ......... . SWIRLS ...... . TB ........... . TBD .......... . TCP/lP ........ . T&DR ........ . TDRSS ....... . TED .......... . TES .......... . TFOV ........ . THIR ......... . TIR .......... . TIROS ........ .

TIROS-N .....

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Space Physics Analysis Network. (The US - SPAN (NASA) Service is going to be discontinued at the end of 1990; the E-SPAN (ESA) Ser­vice will be continued). SPAN permits user access to data archives. The successor of SPAN is NSI/DECnet (NASA Science Internet/DECnet. Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineering (internation­al) Solar Proton Monitor (NOAA Sensor) Systeme Probatoire d'Observation de la Terre (French Earth Observ­ing Satellite), (A.66) Spot image data distributor (Toulouse and Reston Va.) Standard Positioning Service (GPS) Scanning Radiometer (NOAA Sensor) Space Radar Laboratory (shuttle missions of SIR-C/X-SAR pay­loads) Special Sensor Microwave/lmage (US Department of Defense, US Air Force Sensor) Swedish Space Corporation Sea Surface Temperature Stratospheric Sounding Unit (UK sensor on NOAA SIC) Science and Technology Agency (of Japan) CNES 'Solid Earth' mission, a passive satellite for geodetic studies with SLR observations (A.67) Star Tracker Camera CNES experiment onboard Spot-3 for gravity field studies of the Earth (A.68) Stratosphere Troposphere Interactions and the Biosphere (Program) Stick Scatterometer (EOS sensor) Space (Shuttle) Transport System Stratosphere Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor (ATLAS Sen­sor) Satellite Vehicle NAVSTAR (a GPS series numbering system) Short Wave Infrared (spectrum, from about 1.3 flm to 3-6 flm) Stratospheric Wind Infrared Limb Sounder (EOS Sensor) Terabyte (1012 Byte) To be defined (or to be determined) Transmission Control Protocol/lnterchange Protocol Tracking and Data Relay (NOAA) Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (NASA) Total Energy Detector (NOAA Sensor) Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (EOS Sensor) Total Field of View Temperature Humidity Infrared Sounder (NIMBUS-7 Sensor) Thermal Infrared (spectrum, from about 6 flm to about 20 flm) Television and Infrared Observation Satellite (US Environmental/Me­teorological Remote Sensing Program; TIROS 1-10 = 1. generation, ESSA 1-9 = 2. generation, ITOS (TIROS- M) = 3. generation,) TIROS-NOAA (fourth-generation TIROS satellite series)

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TLM . . . . . . . . . .. Telemetry TM . . . . . . . . . . .. Thematic Mapper (Landsat Sensor) TOGA ......... Tropical Oceans and Global Atmosphere Experiment (Program) TOMS ......... Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (NOAA Sensor) TOMS ......... NASA missions (A69) Topex/Poseidon .. Topography Experiment for Ocean Circulation (NASNCNES EO

Mission), A 70 TOS ........... TIROS Operational System (NOAA) TOVS . . . . . . . . .. TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (NOAA, a three instrument sys­

tem consisting of: HIRS-2; SSU; and the MSU) TRACER ...... Tropospheric Radiometer for Atmospheric Chemistry and Environ­

ment Research (EOS Sensor) TRAMAR . . . . .. Tropical Rain Mapping Radar (EOS Sensor) TREES ........ Tropical Ecosystem Environment Observation by Satellites (Joint

CEC (Commission of the European Community) and ESA Program for long-term monitoring of global forest cover and the rate of defor­estation. The program will use data from the following satellites: NOAA-ll, NOAA-12, Landsat-5,6 , Spot, ERS-l,2, etc.f46

TRMM ........ Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (NASA - NASDA Mission), A 71 TT&C ......... Telemetry, Tracking & Command (Data for SIC Operations) TV ............ Television Cameras, 1/2" Vidicon (NOAA) TWERLE Tropical Wind Energy Conversion Reference Level Equipment

(NOAA sensor on NIMBUS-6) !l or!lm ........ micron, = 10-6 m UARS ......... Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (NASA Satellite, launch: Sept.

1991) A72 UHB .......... User Home Base UHF .......... Ultra High Frequency (ITU frequency band) UNEP ......... United Nations Environmental Program UNEP/GRID ... UNEP Global Resource Information Database USAF. . . . . . . . .. US Air Force USDA ......... US Department of Agriculture USGCRP . . . . . .. US Global Change Research Program USGS. . . . . . . . .. United States Geological Survey (an agency ofthe Department of the

Interior, DOl) USSR. . . . . . . . .. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics UTC . . . . . . . . . .. Universal Time Coordinated VAS ........... VISSR and Atmospheric Sounder (NOAA Sensor) VDA .......... VHF Collection System Antenna (NOAA) VH . . . . . . . . . . .. Vertical transmit - Horizontal receive Polarization VHF. . . . . . . . . .. Very High Frequency (ITU frequency band) VHRR . . . . . . . .. Very High - Resolution Radiometer (Insat sensor) VIR ........... Visible Infrared (spectrum) VIS ............ Visible (spectrum 0.4 - 0.7 !lm) VIS. . . . . . . . . . .. Visible Radiometer (NOAA Sensor) VISSR ......... Visible Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer (NOAA Sensor on GOES)

246 ) 'European Initiative to Assess Global Forest Damage', Space News June 10-16, 1991, p. 24

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VLBI .......... Very Long Baseline Interferometry VNIR .......... Visible Near Infrared (spectral range) VOXEL . . . . . . .. Volume Element VRA . . . . . . . . . .. VHF Realtime Antenna (NOAA) VSAT . . . . . . . . .. Very Small Aperture Terminal (small ground antenna for satellite com-

munication) VIRSR . . . . . . . .. Visible Infra - Red Scanning Radiometer (NOAA Sensor) VNIIEM ....... The All-Russian Research Institute of Electromechanics VNIR .......... Visible and Near-Infrared (spectrum) VT ............ Virtual Terminal VTIR . . . . . . . . .. Visible and Thermal Infrared Radiometer (MOS Sensor) VTPR ......... Vertical Temperature Profile Radiometer (NOAA Sensor) vv ............ Vertical transmit - Vertical receive Polarization WCRP ......... World Climate Research Program WEFAX . . . . . . .. Weather Facsimile (NOAA broadcast service of GOES SIC; transmis­

sion of environmental data in WEFAX format to ground receiving sta­tions)

WGS .......... World Geodetic System (DOD reference system for GPS) WiFS .......... Wide Field Sensor (ISRO sensor) WMO . . . . . . . . .. World Meteorological Organization (Geneva. Switzerland) WOCE ......... World Ocean Circulation Experiment (Program) WV ............ Water Vapor (in the 5.7 - 7.1 !Jlll water vapor absorption band) WWW ......... World Weather Watch (Program) XIE ........... X-Ray Imaging Radar (EOS Sensor) XTR . . . . . . . . . .. Transmitter YAG ........... Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (a type of solid state crystal laser)

AppendixB Index Table of Sensors

A AATSR = Advanced Along Track Scan­

ning Radiometer, 60,140

AATSR = Advanced ATSR, 59

AC = Actinometric instrument (radiation budget sensor), 98,104

ACR = Active Cavity Radiometer, 13

ACRIM = Active Cavity Radiometer Ir­radiance Monitor, 38,190

ADALT = Advanced Radar Altimeter, 90

AEPI = Atmospheric Emissions Photo­metric Imaging Experiment, 14

AIRS = Atmospheric Infrared Sounder, 39,49,50

ALADIN = Atmospheric Laser and Doppler Instrument, 142,221

ALAE = Atmospheric Lyman-Alpha Emissions, 14

ALISSA= I'Atmosphere par Udar Sur SAliout, 32, 112, 151, 221

ALT = Altimeter (active microwave sen­sor), 39, 51

Altimeter, further considerations, 58, 66, 140, 164, 181

AMAS = Advanced Millimeter-Wave Atmospheric Sounder, 16, 33, 195, 212

AMI = Active Microwave Instrument, 55, 140 further considerations, 59

AMSR = Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer, 89, 212

AMSU = Advanced Microwave Sound­ing Unit, 39, 49, 50, 212 further considerations of, 126

ARGOS = Remote Data Collection Sys­tem, 125, 126, 129, 130, 133, 140,227

ASAR = Advanced SAR (ESA sensor), further considerations, 142

ASCAT = Advanced Wind Scatterome­ter,142

ASSI = Airglow Solar Spectrometer Instrument, 160

ASTER = Advanced Spaceborne Ther­mal Emission and Radiation Radiom­eter, 39, 49

ATLID = Atmospheric Lidar, 142,221

ATMOS = Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy, 13, 173

ATSR = Along Track Scanning Radiome­ter and Microwave Sounder, 56, 211

AVes = Advanced Vidicon Camera Sys­tem (NOAA), 134

AVHRR = Advanced Very-High Reso­lution Radiometer, 228 further consideration, 122, 134, 196 further mention, 43

AVNIR = Advanced Visible and Neat­Infrared Radiometer, 6

B BUY = Backscatter Ultraviolet Spec­

trometer, 134, 228

c CCD Camera (Charged Coupled De­

vice),21

CERES = Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System, 39, 49, 50 further considerations, 68, 126, 185,

195

CLAES = Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer, 187

COSPAS = Space System for the Search of Distressed Vessels, 131, 132,229

CRISTA = Cryogenic Infrared Spectrom­eter and Telescopes for the Atmo­sphere, 14

czes = Coastal Zone Color Scanner, 43,117 further mention, 134

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o DBI = Drag Balance Instrument, 160

DCS =Data Collection System, 21, 77, 82,83,106,120,121,130,133,134, 140

Device 174 K = IR Spectrometer, 137

DORIS = One-way Tracking System, 182 further consideration, 126, 175

DPR = Dual- Frequency Precipitation Radar, 90

E EFI = Electric Field Instrument, 161

EHIC = Energetic Heavy Ion Composi­tion, 124, 125, 230

ENACEOS = Energetic Neutral Atom Camera, 45

EOS-SAR = EOS Synthetic Aperture Radar, 40, 54

EOSP = Earth Observing Scanning Po­larimeter, 40, 49, 50

ERB = Earth Radiation Budget, 117 further mention, 134

ERBE = Earth Radiation Budget Experi­ment, 124 further consideration, 134 mention, 39, 53, 68, 122

ESMR = Electronic Scanning Microwave Radiometer, 134,211,231

ETM = Enhanced Thematic Mapper (LS-6),94

F FAUST = Far Ultraviolet Space Tele-

scope, 14

FMS = Filter Wave Spectrometer, 231

FPR = Flat Plate Radiometer, 134, 231

Fragment 2 = Experimental multichannel opto-mechanical system, 102, 103

G Gemma = Spectrometer System, 109

GGI = GPS Geoscience Instrument, 40, 49,51

GU = Global Imager, 89

GU-C = Global Imager Continuous Spectrum, 89

GLRS = Geoscience Laser Ranging Sys­tem, 42, 51, 52, 221

GOES- Imager = Visible and Infrared Radiometer (NOAA), 120

GOES-SOUNDER = Infrared Sounder (NOAA),121

GO ME = Global Ozone Monitoring Ex­periment, 59

GOMOS = Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars, 32, 66 further considerations of GOMOS,

140

GOS = Geomagnetic Observing System, 45

GPSDR = GPS Demonstration Receiver, 181

GRADIO = Gradiometer, 12

Greben = Precision Radar Altimeter (CIS), 112, 149, 218

GRILLE = Infrared Spectrometer, 14, 172

H HALOE = Halogen Occultation Experi­

ment, 187

HB = Heat Budget Instrument, 134, 232

HCMR = Heat Capacity Mapping Radi­ometer,81

HEPAD = High Energy Proton and Al­pha Particle Detector, 134, 233

HIMSS = High - Resolution Microwave Spectrometer Sounder, 45

HiRDLS = High-Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder, 42, 51

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HIRIS = High- Resolution Imaging Spectrometer, 42, 49

HIRS = High Resolution Infrared Radi­ation Sounder, 123 further consideration, 134 further mention, 43

HRDI = High Resolution Doppler Imag­er,189

HRV = High Resolution Visible (Sen­sor), 175, 196

HRVIR = High Resolution Visible and Infrared (sensor), 176

IASI =Improved Atmospheric Sounder Interferometer, 67, 140, 142

IDCS = Image Dissector Camera Sys­tem, 134, 233

lKAR-D = MW radiometer, D=scan­ning (CIS), 112, 147, 152, 212

lKAR - P = MW scanning Radiometer -Panorama (CIS), 112, 148, 152, 212

lKAR=N = Apparatus of 5 Scanning Ra­diometers- Nadir (CIS), 112, 147, 152,212

ILAS = Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer, 6

1MB = Investigator of the Micro-Bio­sphere, 89

IMG = Interferometric Monitor for Greenhouse Gases, 6

IPEI = Ionospheric Plasma and Electro­dynamics Instrument, 45, 234

IR = TV IR instrument, 98, 103, 104

IR - MSS = Infrared Multispectral Scan­ner,21

IRES = Interferometer for Reconnais­sance of the Environment, 31

IRIS = Infrared Interferometer Spec­trometer, 134, 234

IRP = Infrared Passive, 134, 234

IRR = Infrared (Imaging) Radiometer (part of ATSR), 56

IRR = Infrared Radiometer (Meteor, also known by the name of SM), 101, 104

IRIS = Infrared Temperature Sounder, 127,129,140,234

ISD-l = Imaging Spectrometer, 31

ISO = Imaging Spectrometric Observato­ry,14

ISP-2 = Solar Irradiance Sensor, 35

ISTOK -1 = IR Spectroradiometric Sys­tem (CIS), 111, 149

ITIR = Intermediate Thermal Infrared Radiation, renamed into ASTER, 235

ITPR = Infrared Temperature Profile Radiometer, 134, 235

ITS-7D = IR Telescope Spectrometer (MIR),111

IVI = Ion Velocity Instrument, 161

K KAP-350 = Space Camera for Remote

Sensing, 109, 111

KATE-140 = Camera Ststem, 159

KATE-200 = Camera System, 156

KFA = Camera System, 109, 156

KL-103 W = Klest (Crossbill name of a bird), MIR, 111

L Laser Reflector Package, 182

LAWS = Laser" Atmospheric Wind Sounder, 42, 52, 221

LAZA = Laser Atmospheric Sounder and Altimeter, 33

LEFI = Local Electric Field Instrument, 127

LFC = Large Format Camera, 96

LlMS = Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere, 117 further mention, 134

- 247-

LIS = Lighting Imaging Sensor, 43, 185

LISS (I and II) = Linear Imaging Self­Scanning Sensor, 84, 86

LISS-III = Linear Imaging Self-Scan­ning Sensor, 86

LITE = Lidar In-space Technology Ex­periment, 96, 221

LRIR = Limb Radiance Infrared Radi­ometer, 134, 236

LRR = Laser Retro Reflector, 56, 140 further considerations, 59

M MAHRSI = Middle Atmospheric High

Resolution Spectrograph Investiga­tion,15

MAS = MiIlimeter- Wave Atmospheric Sounder, 13, 211

MAXIE = Magnetospheric Atmospheric X - Ray Imaging Experiment, 124, 125,236

MCP = Meteorological Communications Package, 126, 140

MCS Multichannel Spectrometer (Me­teor, also known under the name of KLIMAT), 101, 104

MEOSS = Monocular Electro-Optical Scanner, 86

MEPED = Medium Energy Proton and Electron Detector, 134, 236

MERIS = Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer, 67 further consideration, 45, 140, 195

MESSR = Multispectral Electronic Self-Scanning Radiometer, 116

Metric Camera, 172

MHS = Microwave Humidity Sounder (old AMSU-B), 49,127,129,140, 212,236

MILIZA = Microwave Limb Atmospher­ic Sounder, 33

MIMR = Multi-frequency Imaging Mi­crowave Radiometer, 43, 48, 49, 50, 141,212 further considerations, 46, 129, 140,

212

MIPAS = Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding, 16,32, 195 further considerations, 67, 140

MIRAS = MIR Infrared Atmospheric Spectrometer, 32, 236

MISR = Multi-Angle Imaging Spectro­Radiometer, 43, 49, 50

MK -4 = Apparatus with four photographic lenses, 156

MKF = Multispectral Camera, 159

MKF-6MA = Multispectral Space Cam­era (IKF), 111

MKS- M = Multichannel Spectrometer, 109,111

MLS = Microwave Limb Sounder, 43, 51, 187,212

MODIS = Moderate- Resolution Imag­ing Spectrometer, 43, 49, 50

MOMS = Modular Optoelectronic Mul­tispectral Scanner, 113, 172 further consideration, 113, 151

MOPITI = Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere, 44, 49

MOS = Modular Optoelectronic Scan­ner,150

MOS-Obsor-A = Modular Optoelec­tronic Scanner, 31, 112, 150

MOS-Obsor- B = Modular Multispec­tral Scanner, 150

MR-2000 = TV Camera System, 100, 104

MR-900B = TV Camera System (CIS), 100,104

MRIR = Medium Resolution Infrared Radiometer, 134, 237

MRSE = Microwave Remote Sensing Experiment, 172

-248 -

MSR = Microwave Scanning Radiome­ter, 117,211

MSS = Multispectral Scanner System, 93, 95, 196

MSU = Microwave Sounding Unit, 123, 129, 195 further consideration, 134, 211

MSU - E = Multispectral Scanner -Electronic Scanning (CIS), 9, 30, 103, 112,150,152,157

MSU - M = Multispectral Scanner -Low Resolution (CIS), 103, 138

MSU-S = Multispectral Scanner­Moderate Resolution (CIS), 103, 138

MSU-SE = Multispectral Scanner -me­dium resolution, experimental, 103

MSU-SK = Multispectral Scanner­Moderate Resolution and Conical Scanning (CIS), 9, 30, 103, 112, 150, 152, 158

MSU - VE = Multispectral Scanner -high resolution, experimental, 103

MTS = Microwave Temperature Sound­er, 126, 129, 140,212,237

MTZA = Atmospheric Temperature Sounding Module, 32

MUSE = Monitor of Ultraviolet Solar Energy, 134, 237

MVZA = Atmospheric Moisture Sound­ing Module, 32

MWR = Microwave Radiometer (part of ATSR), 56, 211

MZOAS = Ocean, Atmosphere and Land Sounding Module, 32

MZS = Microwave Stratospheric Sound­er,32

N NEMS = Nimbus E Microwave Spec­

trometer, 134, 211, 237

NSCAT = NASA Scatterometer, 6, 212

o OCE = Ocean Color Experiment, 167

OCS = Ocean Color Scanner, 168

ocrs = Ocen Color and Temperature Scanner, 5

Odin Optical Spectrometer, 136

OLS = Operational Linescan System (DMSP),23

OPS = Optical Sensor, 87

Ozon-M = Multichannel UV Spectrom­eter on MIR, 111, 150

p PAN = Panchromatic Camera, 85

PANORAMA = Scanning MW Radiom­eter,32

PEM = Particle Environment Monitor, 189

PFS = Planetary Fourier Spectrometer, 31

PGS = Precision Gammy- Ray Spec­trometer, 35

PMR = Pressure Modulated Radiometer, 134,239

POEMS = Positron Electron Magnet Spectrometer, 45

POLDER = Polarization and Direction­ality of Reflectances, further consider­ations,126

POLDER = Polarization and Direction­ality of the Earth's Reflectances, 6

PR = Precipitation Radar, 90, 183

PRARE = Precise Range and Range Rate Equipment, 56 further considerations, 12, 58, 59, 126

PRAREE = PRARE Extended, 140, 144

Priroda - 5 = KFA -1000 Camera Sys­tem, 109, 111

R R-400 = MW Radiometer (CIS), 148,

152,212

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Radar Altimeter, further considerations, 56,59,65,66

Radar Scatterometer, 164

RAIDS = Remote Atmospheric and Ion-ospheric Detection System, 125, 126

RBV = Return Beam Vidicon, 93, 95

RETICON = MOMS-01 Sensor, 113

RIS = Retroreflector in Space, 7

RLSBO = Side-Looking Real Aperture Radar, 138

RMK = Radiation Measurement Com­plex (Meteor), 101, 103, 104

RMS = Radiation Measurement System, 79

ROSIS = Reflective Optics System Imag­ing Spectrometer, 18, 31, 195 further considerations of ROSIS, 67

RU -08 = UHF Scanning Radiometer, 138

s S&R = Search & Rescue, 134

S&R = Search and Rescue (System), 125, 126,128,129,131,140,240

S&RSAT = Search and Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking System, 129, 131,240

S-193 = Microwave Radiometer (Sky­lab),211

S-194 = Microwave Radiometer (Sky­lab),211

S190A = Multispectral Photographic Camera (Skylab), 171

S190B = Earth Terrain Camera (Skylab), 171

S191 = Infrared Spectrometer (Skylab), 171

S192 = MultspectraIOptical-mechani­cal Scanner (Skylab), 171

S193 = Passive MW Radiometer/Active Scatterometer (Skylab), 171

S194 = Passive Microwave Radiometer (Skylab), 172

SAFIRE = Spectroscopy of the Atmo­sphere Far Infrared Emission, 44, 51

SAGE III = Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III, 44, 49, 50, 51

SAGE-II = Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II, 53

SAM II = Stratospheric Aerosol Mea­surement II, 117

SAMS = Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder, 117, 187 further mention, 134

SAR = Synthetic Aperture Radar, 8 further considerations, 55, 87, 148,

154, 164, 167, 168, 170

SAS&R = Satellite Aided Search and Rescue (Indian system), 83, 240

SBUV = Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet, 13,118,127 further considerations, 125 further mention, 134

SCAMS = Scanning Microwave Spec­trometer (NOAA), 134, 211

SCARAB = Scanner for the Radiation Budget, 31, 67 further consideration, 102, 140

SCIAMACHY = Scanning Imaging Ab­sorption Spectrometer for Atmospher­ic Cartography, 17, 195 further considerations of, 32, 67, 126,

140 mention of, 136

SCMR = Surface Composition Mapping Radiometer, 134, 240

SCR = Selective Chopper Radiometer, 134,240

SeaWifs = Sea-viewing Wide-Field Sensor, 165

SEM = Space Environment Monitor, 21, 77, 120, 124, 125, 127, 134, 140

SEPAC = Space Experiments with Par­ticle Accelerators, 14

SHF = Passive MW Radiometer (CIS), 103, 104

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SHIRAS = Spaceborne High Resolution Atmospheric Spectrometer, 32

SI -GDR = Spectrometer/lnterferome­ter (GDR sensor), 103

SIRS = Satellite Infrared Spectrometer, 134,240

SLICES = Stratospheric Limb Infrared Emission Spectrometer, 89

SMIRR = Shuttle Multispectral Infrared Reflectance Radiometer, 167

SMMR = Scanning Multichannel Micro­wave Radiometer, 119, 164,211,240 further mention, 134

SMR = Sub-Millimeter-wave Radiom­eter, 136, 212

SOLCON = Solar Constant Sensor, 13

SOLSPEC = Solar Spectrum Measure­ment, 13

SOLSTICE = Solar Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment, 45, 188

SPM = Solar Proton Monitor, 134,241

SR = Scanning Radiometer, 134,241

SSALT = Single - Frequncy Solid - State Altimeter, 181

SSB = Gamma Tracker (DMSP), 24

SSB/A = X-Ray Spectrometer (DMSP), 26

SSB/O = Omnidirectional Gamma De­tector (DMSP), 26

SSB/S = Scanning X - Ray Detector (DMSP),26

SSC = Snow Cloud Discriminator (DMSP),25

SSD = Atmospheric Density Sensor (DMSP),25

SSE = Temperature Sounder (DMSP), 24

SSH = Infrared Spectrometer (DMSP), 26

SSI/E = Topside Ionospheric Plasma Monitor (DMSP), 25

SSJ = Auroral Electron and Ion Spec­trometer, 24

SSJ* = Space Radiation Dosimeter (DMSP),25

SSL = Lightning Detector (DMSP), 23

SSM = Triaxial Fluxgate Magnetometer, 25

SSM/I = Microwave Imager (DMSP), 24, 211

SSM/T = Temperature Sounder (DMSP), 24,211

SSU = Stratospheric Sounding Unit, 123 further consideration, 125, 134

STIKSCAT = Stick Scatterometer, 44, 49,51,212

STR = Scanning TV Radiometer (GOMS sensor), 79

SUSIM = Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irra­diance Monitor, 13, 188

SWIRLS = Stratospheric Wind Infrared Limb Sounder, 45

SXI = Solar X-Ray Imager (NOAA), 121

T TED = Total Energy Detector, 241

TERSE = Tunable Etalon Remote Sounder of Earth, 89

TES = Tropospheric Emission Spectrom­eter, 45, 49, 51

THIR = Temperature Humidity Infrared Radiometer, 119 further mention, 134

TM = Thematic Mapper, 93, 196 further mention, 43

TMI = TRMM Microwave Imager, 184, 212

TMR= Topex Microwave Radiometer, 181,212

TOMS = Total Ozone Mapping Spec­trometer,6 further considerations, 101, 102, 104,

118, 127, 129, 134

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TOMUIS = Total Ozone Mapping with UV Imaging Spectrometer, 89

TOVS = TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder, 134, 242

TRACER = Tropospheric Radiometer for Atmospheric Chemistry and Envi­ronment Research, 46

TRAMAR = Tropical Rain Mapping Ra­dar, 46

TRAVERS = Sideview Radar System, 112,148

TV = TV instrument (framing tech­nique), 98, 103, 104

u UVD-1,2 = Ultra-Violet Imaging

Camera, 31

v VAS = VISSR Atmospheric Sounder,

120,134,242

VEGETATION = Spot-4 sensor, 176

VHRR = Very High - Resolution Radi­ometer (INSAT sensor), 82

VHRSR = Very High Resolution Scan­ning Radiometer, 62

VID-1,2 = Visible Imaging Camera, 31

VIRS = Visible Infrared Scanner, 184

VIRSR = Visible Infrared Scanning Ra­diometer (old AVHRR-4), 126, 129, 140

VIS = Visible Radiometer, 242

VISSR = Visible Infrared Spin Scan Ra­diometer, 77, 106, 120 further mention, 134

VTIR = Visible and Thermal Infrared Radiometer, 116

VTPR = Vertical Temperature Profile Radiometer, 134, 243

w WAOSS = Wide Angle Optoelectronic

Stereo Camera, 30

WATI = Wind and Temperature Spec­trometer, 160

WEFAX = Weather Facsimile (a widely used retransmission service), 108, 120, 134

WFI = Wide-Field Imager, 21

WiFS = Wide Field Sensor, 86

WINDI = Wind Doppler Imaging Inter­ferometer, 32, 189

x X-SAR = SAR in X-Band, 170

XIE = X-Ray Imaging Radar, 46