Appendix 8 - NTEPA · 2016-07-01 · Appendix 8 Browns Oxide Project Tailings Storage Facility...

Appendix 8

Browns Oxide Project Tailings Storage Facility Batchelor NT Preliminary Design Report

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81a Co l lege St ree t Ba lma in N SW 2041 Aus t ra l ia

T 61 2) 9810 8100 F 61 2) 98105542 E [email protected] W www.geochemistry.com.au

E n v i r o n m e n t a l G e o c h e m i s t r y I n te r n a t i o n a l P t y L t d A B N 1 2 0 0 3 7 9 3 4 8 6

TO: AUSTRALIAN TAILINGS CONSULTANTS PTY LTD

ATTENTION: Keith Seddon

FROM: John Jeffery

DATE: 22 August 2005

SUBJECT: Browns Oxide Project - Acid forming characteristics of tailings

As requested, EGi have carried out geochemical testing of two tailings samples from the Browns Oxide Project

in the Northern Territory. One sample was representative of Black Shale tailings and the other sample was

representative of Supergene tailings. The samples were provided as water slurries containing approximately

200 g of solids. The test program conducted by EGi included the following assays and calculations:

Solids

• Total sulphur content

• Acid neutralising capacity (ANC)

• Maximum potential acidity (MPA)

• Net acid producing potential (NAPP)

• Net acid generation (NAG) capacity

• Kinetic NAG testing

• Acid buffer characteristic curve

• Multi-element composition

Liquor

• pH

• Electrical conductivity (EC)

An explanation of these measurements is provided in Appendix A, and the results are summarised in Table 1

(acid forming characteristics), Table 2 (multi-element composition), Figure 1 (acid buffer characteristic curve)

and Figure 2 (kinetic NAG).

Acid Forming Potential of Supergene Tailings

The results indicate that the sample representing supergene tailings was non-acid forming. The total sulphur

content was low (0.16 %S) and, given the weathered nature of the material, it is likely that the sulphur present

was mainly non-pyritic. The acid neutralising capacity of the supergene tailings was also low, equivalent to only

2 kg H2SO4/t. Although the NAPP for this sample was slightly positive (3 kg H2SO4/t) there was no indication of

any acid generation when the sample was oxidised with hydrogen peroxide in the NAG test.

E n v i r o n m e n t a l G e o c h e m i s t r y I n te r n a t i o n a l P t y L t d

2

Table 1. Acid forming characteristics of tailings samples

Assay Unit Supergene

Tailings Black Shale

Tailings

Liquor pH 7.2 8.2

Liquor EC !S/cm 2430 2210

Total Sulphur %S 0.16 1.06

Maximum Potential Acidity (MPA) kg H2SO4/t 5 32

Acid Neutralising Capacity (ANC) kg H2SO4/t 2 1

ANC/MPA Ratio - 0.4 0.03

Net Acid Producing Potential (NAPP) kg H2SO4/t 3 31

Net Acid Generation (NAG) kg H2SO4/t 0 11

NAGpH - 5.3 2.8

Classification - NAF PAF

# Classification Key

PAF = Potentially Acid Forming

NAF = Non-Acid Forming

Acid Forming Potential of Black Shale Tailings

The characteristics of the sample representing black shale tailings indicate significant acid forming potential.

The black shale tailings had a sulphur content of 1.06 %S and virtually no ANC. The net acid producing

potential (NAPP) based on the sulphur and ANC results was 31 kg H2SO4/t, and the tailings acidified to pH 2.8

when the sulphides within the tailings were oxidised in the NAG test. The amount of acidity generated in the

NAG test was 11 kg H2SO4/t. Based on the positive NAPP and NAG test results the black shale tailings were

classified as potentially acid forming (PAF).

It is worth noting, however, that the amount of acidity generated in the NAG test was only approximately one-

third of the NAPP. The lower NAG value may indicate incomplete oxidation of sulphides during the NAG test

and/or some of the sulphur occurs in forms that are not acid generating.

To ensure complete oxidation of all sulphides, a sequential NAG test was carried out on the black shale tailings.

This involved reaction of the solids three times with hydrogen peroxide. The pHs of the NAG liquor after each

stage were 2.8, 3.7 and 4.8, respectively. The acidities after each stage were 9, 2 and 0 kg H2SO4/t,

respectively. These results indicate that most sulphide was oxidised in the first stage, and the remainder

oxidised in stage 2. There was no evidence of sulphide oxidation or acid generation in stage 3.

Therefore, the difference in the NAPP and NAG results suggests that a significant amount of the sulphur within

the black shale tailings occurs in forms that are either not acid generating (e.g. sulphate) or generate less

acidity than pyrite when oxidised (e.g. sphalerite and galena).

[NOTE: the multi-element data, when available, should shed more light on this]


3

Acid Buffer Characteristic Curves

Acid buffer characteristic curves were produced for the two tailings samples to verify the low ANCs (Figure 1).

The buffer characteristic curve is determined by slow addition of weak acid to a sample, and it represents a far

less aggressive treatment of a sample than that applied in the ANC method. The acid buffer curve provides an

indication of the presence of more soluble carbonates within a sample such as calcite and dolomite.

The shapes of the curves in Figure 1 suggest there is little, if any, reactive carbonate within either of the two

tailings samples. When carbonate mineralisation is present, and is the main contributor of ANC, it typically

produces a plateau region in the buffer curve between pH 7 to 8. Clearly, no plateaus were produced by the

tailings, and the curves indicate that an addition of only 2 kg H2SO4/t was sufficient to acidify the tailings to

around pH 4.

Figure 1. Acid buffer characteristic curves for tailings samples

Kinetic NAG Test

Given the low acid buffer capacity within the black shale tailings it might be expected that such tailings would

acidify rapidly (i.e. have a short lag) if exposed to atmospheric conditions within a tailings storage. However,

the results of the kinetic NAG test (Figure 2) suggest that the sulphides within the tailings are not highly reactive

and that it may take some time for a low pH condition to be reached. The pH profile indicates a small amount of

buffering at around pH 5.7 during the first two hours, after which the tailings steady acidified to pH 2.8.

The overall time for acidification was relatively slow for a PAF material under NAG test conditions. Based on

EGi's experience with similar behaving materials from other mine sites, the kinetic NAG results suggest a lag of

several months or more. Further clarification of the likely lag period will require longer-term column testing.


4

Another feature of the kinetic NAG test was that there was only limited heating of the NAG liquor during the test.

Typically, samples that contain more than 1 %S as pyrite produce a significant temperature increase, often to

the point of the NAG liquor reaching boiling point. The temperature increase can be attributed primarily to

catalytic decomposition of the peroxide (which is an exothermic, or heat generating, process) which usually only

occurs in the presence of significant pyrite content (i.e. at least 0.5 %S as pyrite). The absence of this type of

response with the black shale tailings is consistent with the expectation that only some of the sulphur within the

tailings occurs as pyrite. Sphalerite, which probably accounts for the majority of the sulphur, does not generate

acidity when oxidised, nor does it result in catalytic breakdown of the hydrogen peroxide.

Figure 2. Kinetic NAG profiles for the Black shale tailings

Multi-Element Composition of Tailings

Multi-element analyses of the tailings solids were carried out by Genalysis Laboratory Services Pty Ltd using

NATA registered procedures. Samples were digested by multi-acid addition and the digests were analysed for

a suite of 29 elements.

The multi-element data for the tailings solids are given in Table 2, together with the respective geochemical

abundance indices (GAI). The GAI for a particular element provides an indication of the relative enrichment of

that element within the tailings solids compared to the median soil abundance. The GAI is expressed on a log 2

scale which includes 7 integer increments (0 through to 6, respectively). A GAI of 0 indicates the element is

present at a concentration similar to, or less than, median soil abundance and a GAI of 6 indicates

approximately a 100-fold, or greater, enrichment above median soil abundance. The main purpose of the GAI

is to identify elements that occur at concentrations that may be environmentally significant.

[NOTE; Multi-element data will be included when available]


5

Table 2. Multi-element composition of tailings samples

Element

Unit

Composition

Supergene

Tailings

Composition

Black Shale

Tailings

Median

Soil

GAI

Supergene

Tailings

GAI

Black Shale

Tailings

Al % 7.1

Ca % 1.5

Fe % 4.0

K % 1.4

Mg % 0.5

Na % 0.5

S % 0.03

Si % 33.0

As ppm 6

Ba ppm 500

Be ppm 0.3

Cd ppm 0.35

Co ppm 8

Cr ppm 70

Cu ppm 30

F ppm 200

Hg ppm 0.06

Mn ppm 1000

Mo ppm 1.2

Ni ppm 50

P ppm 800

Pb ppm 35

Sb ppm 1

Se ppm 0.4

Sn ppm 4

Sr ppm 250

Th ppm 9

U ppm 2

Zn ppm 90

# Median soil abundance data were taken from Bowen, H.J.M. (1979). Environmental Chemistry of the

Elements, Academic Press, New York, p36-37.


6

Appendix A

Determination of Acid Forming Characteristics

Total Sulphur Content

The total sulphur content of each sample was determined by the Leco furnace method. Sulphur assays were

carried out by Sydney Environmental Laboratory Pty Ltd under a quality assurance system certified as

complying with ISO 9002.

Maximum potential acidity (MPA) of the contained sulphur

The MPA is the maximum amount of acid that could be generated by the sulphur contained within a sample

assuming that all the sulphur occurs as reactive pyrite. The MPA of each sample was calculated from the total

sulphur content as follows: MPA (kg H2SO4/t) = (Total %S) x 30.6.

Acid neutralising capacity (ANC)

The acid produced by pyrite oxidation will to some extent react with other minerals contained within a sample.

This inherent acid buffering is quantified in terms of the ANC, which has the same units as MPA. The ANC was

determined using the Sobek Method. This involved reacting a sample with a known amount of acid at a pH of

less than 1 for 1 to 2 hours, then back-titrating the residual acidity to determine the amount of acid consumed by

the sample.

Net acid producing potential and ANC/MPA Ratio

The NAPP is the amount of acid that potentially can be produced by a sample after allowing for ANC. It is

calculated by subtracting the ANC value from the MPA value. If the NAPP is negative then it is likely that the

material has sufficient inherent buffer capacity to prevent acid generation. Conversely, if the NAPP is positive

then the material may be acid generating.

The ANC/MPA ratio is essentially another way of looking at the balance between ANC and MPA, and provides

an indication of the relative margin of safety with respect to the acid forming potential of a sample. A ratio less

than 1 corresponds to a positive NAPP and indicates a material may be acid generating. Conversely, an

ANC/MPA ratio of 2 or more generally signifies that there is a high probability that the material will remain

circum-neutral in pH (i.e. the material should not be problematic with respect to ARD).

Net acid generation (NAG)

NAG is an alternate method of estimating the acid forming potential of a sample. The NAG test involves

reaction of a sample with hydrogen peroxide to rapidly oxidise any sulphide minerals present. Both acid

generation and acid neutralisation occur simultaneously during the NAG test, hence the end result represents a

direct measurement of the net amount of acid that a sample can generate. If the sample after reaction has a pH

of 4.5 or less (i.e. NAGpH"4.5) then it is considered to be acid forming. The actual amount of acidity generated

can be determined by titration of the mixture.


7

Sequential NAG Test

The sequential NAG test is a multi-stage procedure involving a series of single addition NAG tests on the one

sample (i.e. 2.5 g of sample was reacted three times with 250 mL aliquots of 15% hydrogen peroxide). At the

end of each stage, the sample is filtered to separate the solids and NAG liquor. The NAG liquor is assayed for

pH and acidity, as per a standard NAG test. The solids are recovered for repeat oxidation using another aliquot

of hydrogen peroxide the solid residue. The overall NAG capacity of the sample is determined by summing the

individual acid capacities from each stage.

Kinetic NAG Testing

The kinetic NAG test provides an indication of the reactivity of sulphides within a sample and provides a quick,

qualitative assessment of the likely lag time for acidification to occur under field conditions. The method is

similar to the standard NAG test, except that pH and temperature are constantly recorded during the test. The

reaction kinetics exhibited in the NAG test are extrapolated to the field situation on the basis of correlations

previously derived by EGi from numerous leach column tests and field observations at other mine sites.

Measurement of acid buffering characteristic curves (ABCC)

The ABCC is determined by slowly acidifying a sample with dilute acid to around pH 3 over a 16 to 24-hour

period. It therefore represents a far less aggressive treatment of a sample than that applied in the ANC method,

and it typically only accounts for more readily-available carbonates such as calcite and dolomite. When present

in sufficient quantity, these minerals will typically buffer a waste rock at near-neutral pH, which is essential for

maintaining low metal solubilities.

ARD Classification Scheme

The acid forming potential of a sample is classified on the basis of the NAPP and NAG test results into one of

the following categories:

Non-acid forming (NAF) A sample classified as NAF may, or may not, have a significant sulphur content but

the content and reactivity of carbonate minerals and ANC within the material is more than adequate to

neutralise all the acid that theoretically could be produced by any contained sulphide minerals. Material

classified as NAF is considered unlikely to be a source of acidic drainage. The criteria used to define a NAF

material are a negative NAPP and a NAGpH greater than 4.5.

Potentially acid forming (PAF) PAF material always has a significant sulphur content, the acid generating

potential of which exceeds the inherent acid neutralising capacity of the material. This means there is a risk that

such a material, even if pH circum-neutral when freshly mined and processed, could oxidise and generate acidic

drainage if exposed to atmospheric conditions. The criteria used to define PAF material are a positive NAPP

and a NAGpH less than, or equal to 4.5.

Uncertain (UC) An uncertain classification is used when there is an apparent conflict between the NAPP and

NAG results (i.e. when the NAPP is positive and NAGpH > 4.5, or when the NAPP is negative and NAGpH "

4.5). Uncertain samples are generally given a tentative classification that is shown in brackets e.g. UC(PAF),

but further testing would be required to confirm the tentative classification.

Appendix 8 - NTEPA · 2016-07-01 · Appendix 8 Browns Oxide Project Tailings Storage Facility...

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