Appendix 22 a

Primary 4/Unit 2: Water PART III: Water in the World Appendix_22A

THE AMAZON RIVER

Fact File about the Amazon

The Amazon River is 6,280km long and its source is located in Calillona, Peru. The mouth is

located in North Eastern Brazil (South America).It is the world's second longest river. Only the Nile, in Africa, is longer. But, if you measure a river by the volume of water that flows along it, the Amazon is the biggest river in the world.It collects water from over 1,000 tributaries, 17 of which are over 1600 kilometres long.From Iquitos in Peru all the way across Brazil to the Atlantic, the Amazon is between six and ten kilometres wide.The first European who found the Amazon noticed he was sailing in fresh water when he was 321 km out to sea.

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The Danube is the second longest river in Europe behind the Volga and the only major European river to flow from West to East.It takes its source in the Black Forest Mountains of Germany, and empties after 2850 km in the Black Sea on the Romanian coast. Along its way, the Danube flows through nine countries (Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, and Ukraine).Among the important cities on the river, three are national capitals: Vienna (Austria), Budapest (Hungary), and Belgrade (Serbia).


The Nile River

The Nile River is the longest river in the world.

The two main rivers that feed the Nile are the Blue Nile (which begins at Lake Tana, in Ethiopia) and the White Nile (which begins at Lake Victoria, in Uganda).

These two rivers join at Khartoum, the capital of Sudan, before crossing into Egypt. Finally, after 6,670 kilometres the Nile flows into the Mediterranean Sea.

The Nile is the longest river in the world.


http://www.hewett.norfolk.sch.uk/curric/NEWGEOG/Africa/Sudan.htm

http://www.hewett.norfolk.sch.uk/curric/NEWGEOG/Africa/egypt.htm


The Volga RiverThe Volga River is the longest river in Europe, about 3,700 km. It

originates at an elevation of only 225 m in the Valday Hills northwest of

Moscow and flows into the Caspian Sea in a wide delta near

Astrakhan.

It is navigable for about 3200 km and large numbers of ships transport

cargo and passengers. The Volga has more than 200 tributaries (about

70 of which are navigable). Many canals connect the river with the

Baltic Sea and other rivers. The river is known in Russian folklore as

Mother Volga.



Highest waterfall

ANGEL FALLS

Angel Falls (“Salto Angel”) is the highest waterfall in the world. It is in Venezuela (South America), in the Churun river, a branch of the main river, Carrao.The Angel Falls is 1,002 metres high. It is the world’s highest uninterrupted waterfall, fifteen times higher than Niagara falls.The Angel Falls is called by the natives “Kerepakupai-Merú”, which means "jump from the deepest place".Angel Falls was officially discovered in 1937 by James Angel, an American pilot.



VICTORIA FALLS

One of the world's mightiest waterfalls is in east-central Africa, on the border

between Zambia and Zimbabwe, in the Zambezi River.

There is a steel-arch railway and highway bridge 200 meters long and 128 meters

above high-water level. When it was opened in 1905, the Falls Bridge was the

highest in the world. Also in the area are Victoria Falls National Park in Zimbabwe

and Livingstone Game Park in Zambia.

Victoria Falls is about twice as wide and twice as high as Niagara Falls in North

America. It is divided by islands into four main cataracts, or waterfalls. The mist

from the falling water is especially dense during the rainy first half of the year and is

visible for miles.

In 1855 British explorer David Livingstone was the first European to see Victoria

Falls. He named it after Queen Victoria of Great Britain.


Victoria Falls was named for Queen Victoria of Great Britain, after British explorer David Livingstone became the first European to see it in 1855.

Victoria Falls, on the Zambezi River is twice as wide as Niagara Falls. More than 33,000 cubic feet of water flow per second.


NIAGARA FALLSOrigin of the name Niagara. The word "Onguiaahra" appears on

documents in 1641, and a little later "Ongiara" . Both are Indian words

meaning "The Straight". A more

romantic meaning

"Thunder of Waters "

is also given

Measures. The Niagara River links Lake Erie and Lake

Ontario. It is 56 kilometres long. Elevation between the two lakes is 99 metres.

The first human to jump and survive the Falls.

In October 1829, Sam Patch jumped twice from a platform on Goat

Island, 33.50 metres. He survived but killed himself the following year at

the Genesee Falls, Rochester, in a similar attempt.

Annie Telson Taylor is the first person who went over the tumultuous

Canadian Falls in a wooden barrel and survived, on 24th October 1901.

The f irst tightrope walker, Jean Francois Blondin .

Jean Francois Gravelet was the first of many tightrope walkers to

appear at Niagara Falls on June 30, 1859.

He crossed his rope on a bicycle, walked blindfolded, pushed a

wheelbarrow, cooked an omelette in the centre and made the trip with

his hands and feet manacled.



IGUAZU FALLS

The falls are located in the northwest extreme of Misiones province,

1400 km from Buenos Aires. These spectacular falls, just east of the

confluence of the Iguazu and Paraná rivers carry at least 5000 cubic

metres of water per second. They are 70 metres high.

"Iguazu" means "Great Waters" in the language of the Guarani Indians

that lived in this region.

A few kilometres from the falls stands the Itaipu Dam. This dam is 8 km

long and can pour 60,000 m2 per second. It has a channel and a lake

with a surface of 1350 km.

The area is also famous for its historic ruins of Jesuit missions which

also draw many visitors. San Ignacio Miní, built in a style of architecture

known as 'Guaraní baroque', is especially popular.

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HOOVER DAM DID YOU KNOW THAT . . . . ?

1. Hoover Dam is 221 m. tall.2. At its base, Hoover Dam is as

thick (201 m.) as two football fields measured end-to-end.

3. As many as 20,000 vehicles a day drive across the 13,7 m. wide top of the dam between Nevada and Arizona.

4. During peak electricity periods, enough water runs through the generators to fill 15 average

sized swimming pools (75,708 litres each) in 1 second. 5. Hoover Dam is shaped like a huge curved axe head, 13,7

m. wide at the top and 201 m. thick at the bottom.6. If you drink water from the tap at Disneyland, Anaheim or

Sea World in San Diego -- that water is coming from the Colorado River and Lake Mead, 482 km away.

7. It can supply electricity to 1,700,000 houses.8. It has 17 generators. Each generator weights 1,814,369

kg.9. More than 3,855,535 kg. of dynamite was used to blast

the foundation for the dam and 12,8 km. of tunnels through the canyon walls.



LAKE ARGYLE and ORD RIVER DAM

Lake Argyle is situated in the Kimberly

Region of Western Australia. It is located on

the Ord River, 50 km upstream from

Kununurra. The Lake is man-made and was

made primarily to supply irrigation water.

There are a small number of hydro-electric

power stations operating within Western

Australia, but the largest is located at the Ord

River Dam on Lake Argyle, 80 km south of

Kununurra in the north of Western Australia.

In 1972, the Ord River Dam was built on Lake Argyle with the idea of

producing hydro power.

Ord Dam, in the north of

Western Australia, retains

Australia's second largest

reservoir, Lake Argyle



ASWAN DAM & LAKE NASSER

The Aswan High Dam is found at Aswan in Egypt. Egypt is in the continent of Africa.

Facts The Aswan High Dam is 3600 metres

long and 111 metres high. Construction started on the dam in

1960 and it was completed in 1971. The Aswan High Dam took 11 years to

build. 30 000 Egyptian people worked day

and night to build the Aswan High Dam.

Lake Nasser was created behind the Aswan High Dam. It is the largest artificial lake in the World (310 miles in length). It is named after Gamal Abdul Nasser, the former President of Egypt.

Advantages of the Aswan High Dam1- The Aswan Dam is a hydro-electric power station.2- Water from Lake Nasser is pumped into people's homes

all over Egypt and is used for washing and drinking. 3- Factories also use the water for cooling and for making

things.4- Big boats can now travel down the River Nile. 5- Farmers use water from the River Nile to irrigate their

crops.

Disadvantages of the Aswan High Dam1- The land of Nubia was flooded to create the reservoir.

Religious buildings, homes and cemeteries were lost. 2- 10 000 people had to move from their homes in Nubia to

other places in Egypt. 3- Sometimes the Aswan High Dam gets blocked by mud. It

has to be cleaned, which is expensive. 4- The Nile delta is becoming smaller and wildlife (animals

and plants) is losing its home.



Atlantic Ocean

It is the second largest of the earth's four

oceans and the most heavily travelled.

Only the Pacific Ocean is larger. The

Atlantic is divided into two nominal

sections: The northern part of the equator

is called the North Atlantic; the southern

part of the equator, the South Atlantic.

The ocean's name is derived from Atlas,

one of the Titans of Greek mythology.

Size

The Atlantic Ocean extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the

Antarctic continent in the south and is situated between America and

Europe and Africa.

The Atlantic Ocean has a surface area of about 82 million square km.

Islands

The largest islands of the Atlantic

Ocean are Newfoundland, the British

Isles, the Antilles (including Puerto

Rico, Hispaniola, Jamaica, and

Cuba), Iceland, Bermuda, the Azores

and Canaries.



Pacific Ocean

It is the largest and deepest of the world's

oceans, covering more than a third of the

earth's surface. It is divided into two sections:

the northern part of the equator is called the

North Pacific; the southern part of the equator,

the South Pacific. The name Pacific, which

means peaceful, was given to it by the

Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan in

1520.

Size

The Pacific Ocean is bounded on the east by America; on the west by Asia, and

Australia; and on the south by Antarctica.

It has an area of about 165 million square km,

larger than the entire land surface of the globe. Its

maximum length is about 15,500 km from the

Bering Strait to Antarctica, and its greatest width is

about 17,700 km from Panama to the Malay

Peninsula. Its average depth is 4282 m. The

greatest known depth s 11,033 m in the Mariana

Trench.

Islands

The Pacific Ocean contains more than 30,000 islands. The largest islands include

Japan, Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea, and New Zealand.



Indian Ocean

It is the smallest of the earth's three great

oceans.

Size

It is bounded on the west by Africa, on the

north by Asia, on the east by Australia and

on the south by Antarctica.

The total area of the Indian Ocean is about 73.4 million square km. The ocean is

divided by the Indian peninsula into the Bay of Bengal on the east and the Arabian

Sea on the west. The average depth of the Indian Ocean is about 4210 m and the

deepest known point is about 7725 m.

Islands

The Indian Ocean contains numerous

islands, the largest of which are

Madagascar and Sri Lanka.

This ocean is notable for seasonal winds

called monsoons.



Grand Canyon

It is a very deep canyon in north Arizona, excavated by the Colorado River. The

Grand Canyon is about 446 km long, up to 29 km wide, and more than 1500 m

deep. The entire canyon is extremely beautiful and spectacular. The Grand Canyon

National Park receives about four million visitors a year.

The Grand Canyon has been sculpted by the Colorado River, which flows through

the canyon's lowest portions.

Geology

The Grand Canyon is of relatively recent origin; apparently the river began its work

of erosion about six million years ago.

History

The first Europeans to see the canyon were members of a group headed by the

Spanish explorer Francisco Vazquez de Coronado in February 1540.



Mediterranean Sea

It is an inland sea of Europe, Asia, and Africa, linked

to the Atlantic Ocean at its western end by the Strait

of Gibraltar. Known to the Romans as Mare

Nostrum (our sea), the Mediterranean is almost

landlocked.

The Mediterranean Sea covers an area of about 2,510,000 sq km. It has an eastern

to western extent of some 3860 km and a maximum width of about 1600 km. It

reaches a maximum depth of 5150 m off the southern coast of Greece.

The Mediterranean was squeezed almost shut in the Oligocene Epoch, 30 million

years ago. There are islands with volcanoes such as Etna, Vesuvius, and Stromboli,

all in Italy.

Islands

Important islands are Malta, Sicily, the Balearic Islands (Spain), Corsica (France),

Sardinia (Italy), Cyprus, and the Ionian, Cyclades, Dodecanese, and Aegean islands

(Greece).

Genoa, Trieste, and Haifa are important seaports in the region. Major rivers entering

the Mediterranean are the Ebro, Rhône, Po, and Nile.



Caribbean Sea

It is on the Atlantic Ocean, partially enclosed on the

north and east by the islands of the West Indies,

and bounded on the south by South America and

Panama, and on the west by Central America.

The name of the sea is derived from the Carib people, who inhabited the area when

Spanish explorers arrived there in the 15th century. The Caribbean is approximately

2415 km long east and west and between about 640 and 1450 km wide.

It has an area of about 1,942,500 sq km. At the northwestern extremity it is

connected with the Gulf of Mexico by the Yucatán Channel.

Important islands are Cuba, Jamaica and Puerto Rico.

Large areas of the sea exceed 3660 m in depth; the greatest depth measured thus

far is Cayman Trench (7535 m). Navigation is open and clear, making the Caribbean

a major trade route for Latin American countries.

The Caribbean Sea is noted for its mild tropical climate.



Dead Sea

It is a salt lake in southwestern Asia. Bounded on

the west by Israel and on the east by Jordan, the

Dead Sea forms part of the Israeli-Jordanian

border.

The surface of the Dead Sea, at 400 m below sea

level, is the lowest water surface on earth. The

lake is 76 km long and has a maximum width of

about 16 km ; its area is about 1049 sq km.

To the south the lake is shallow, less than 6 m deep; in the north it reaches its

greatest depth of 399 m below surface level, and 799 m below sea level.

The Dead Sea has no outlet, and the heavy inflow of fresh water is carried off solely

by evaporation, which is rapid in the hot desert climate.

Nearly seven times as salty as the ocean, the Dead Sea contains many solid

substances: sodium chloride (common salt), magnesium chloride, calcium chloride,

potassium chloride, magnesium bromide, and many other substances. Because of

the density of solids in the water, the human body easily floats on the surface. The

lake contains no life of any sort except for a few kinds of microbes; sea fish put into

its waters soon die.


Appendix 22 a

Education

Transcript of Appendix 22 a