Appendix 1 Env Baseline Geo Track Changesgreenalt.org/webmill/data/file/Appendix_...

samcxe-javaxeTis gzebis reabilitaciis proeqti garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefaseba

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gzis monakveTi I TeleTi-manglisi (km 1 – 48)

marSrutis aRwera TeleTidan proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli gza iwyeba, daaxloebiT, 700 m simaRleze da gadis soflebze kumisi, koda (~7km), asureTi (~ 17 km) , jorjiaSvili (~ 22 km) da saRaraSeni (~ 25 km). kodadan gza dasavleTisken uxvevs, mdinare algeTis velze, TiTqmis, 23-e km-is manzilze Sedis da mas miuyveba, daaxloebiT, 29e km-mde. amis Semdeg gza vels Crdilo-aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT scdeba, gadis sofel amlevze (~ 32km) da isev uerTdeba mdinare algeTis vels daaxloebiT 39-e km-is manZilze. Semdgom manglisis maxloblad, sofel algeTTan gza aRwevs 1000 m simaRles. landSafti da miwis gamoyeneba qvemo qarTlis plato gzis pirveli monakveTis dasawyisSi warmoadgens Ria, kultivirebul landSafts, romelic moicavs saxnav miwebs, patara soflebs, mindvrebsa da saZovrebs, umetesad - soflebis maxloblad. saxnavi miwebi xSirad SemosazRvrulia darguli alvis xeebis rigiT, xolo xexili umetesad soflis irgvlivaa gaSenebuli. platos bolosken, asureTis gavlisas gza gadis sasoflo sameurneo landSaftze, sadac mohyavT kartofili da aseve, miwa ZiriTadad saZovrebad gamoiyeneba. sofel farcxisis SemogarenSi (~ km 25), landSafti mkveTrad icvleba da gza farTofoTlovan tyeebze gadis - zeaRmaval landSaftze, daaxloebiT, 40km. amis Semdeg tyes TandaTan cvlis Ria mindvrebi, romlebic, ZiriTadad, XVI-XVII ss-Sia gaCenili da romlebic sazafxulo saZovrebad da saTib mindvrebad gamoiyeneba. monakveTi farcxissa da agleTs Soris gansakuTrebiT mimzidvelia esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT - mravalferovani, bunebrivi, Seuryvneli landSaftiT, romelic gadascqeris tyeebs, garSemormortymul mTaTa qedebs da algeTis velis lamaz mindvrebs. saqarTveloSi ganTqmulia am regionis bunebrivi silamaze. zafxulis periodSi manglisi izidavs uamrav damsvenebels, visac saSualo mTiani klimati izidavs da am regionis rekriaciul potencials afasebs. daaxloebiT, 32-33-e km-ze mdebareobs sof. Aamlevi, sadac aSenebulia sagarako saxlebi. klimati klimati am areSi _ TeleTsa da mangliss Soris sub-kontinenturia, naxevrad mSrali, zomierad civi zamTriT da cxeli zafxuliT. yvelaze civi Tveebia ianvari da Tebervali(–1.1-dan –2.5°C-mde) da yvelaze cxeli Tveebia ivlisi da agvisto. absoluturi minimumi dafiqsirebulia TebervalSi (–28°C), absoluturi maqsimumi agvistoSi (+35°C). meteorologiuri sadgurebis monacemebis mixedviT TeTriwyaros, kojorisa da manglisis haeris saSualo wliuri temperatura meryeobs


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8.4-dan 13.4°C-mde. 0°C–ze dabali temperaturiT dReebis saSualo raodenobaa 17 _ kumisSi da 81 _ manglisSi. Tovlis safariani dReebis raodenoba, aseve, izrdeba simaRlis zrdasTan erTad da aris 62 _ TeTriwyaroSi da 153 _ manglisSi. Tovlis safariani periodi, Cveulebriv, noembris bolo 10 dRis ganmavlobaSi iwyeba. saSualo wliuri naleqebi meryeobs 599 mm-dan farcxisSi 777 mm-mde manglisSi wliuri naleqebis 2/3-iT, martsa da oqtomberSi. manglisis meteorologiuri sadguris mixedviT, am areSi gavrcelebulia samxreT- aRmosavleTis (24%) da Crdilo-dasavleTis (42%) qarebi. geomorfologia, geologia da niadagebi geomorfologiis TvalsazrisiT, pirveli monakveTi Sedgeba 2 gamokveTili formaciiT:

• asureTi-walasyuris platosgan, romelic aris qvemo qarTlis depresiis nawili da

• aWara-TrialeTis naoWa sistemis TrialeTis qedis aRmosavleTis mTis Zirisgan, romelic ukidures aRmosavleT nawilSi mdebareobs TeleTis antiklinur qedsa (CrdiloeTidan) da ialRujas inversiul sers Soris (samxreTidan).

asureTi-walaskuris vake reliefi warmoqmnilia md. mtkvris, xramis da algeTis terasuli zedapirebis Serwymis Sedegad, romelic arsebul gzas gverdiT miuyveba mraval km-ze; qmnis 5 terasas, romlebic mdinaris kalapotidan sxvadasxva simaRlezea ganlagebuli.

meore terasa ganlagebulia 10-15 m-is simaRleze mdinaris kalapotidan; yvelaze ganieria, iq sadc yvelaze zeda terasa wyalgamyofs qmnis. md. algeTis xeobis morfolgia asimetriulia Zveli marabda da Savi saydaris soflebs Soris da ganpirobebulia marneulis lavuri nakadis arsebobiT, romlis zeda nawilSic ganlagebulia intensiurad gamorecxili Tixa da TabaSiri; am xeobis marjvena ferdobebi maRalia da cicabo.

mewyerebi, umetesad, gvxvdeba intensiurad gamorecxil mdinaris marcxena sanapiroze. asureTi – walasyuris terasuli reliefi iwyeba sofel jorjiaSvilTan, grZeldeba samxreT-aRmosavleTiT sofel soRanluRamde da mTavrdeba samxreTiT iaRlujis borcvian serTan. iaRlujas seri agebulia zeda miocenuri molasebiT (konglomeratebi, Tixebi) da warmoadgens teqtonikuri rRvevebiT SemosazRvrul sinklinur horsts. asureTi-walaskuris vake daxrilia aRmosavleTiT kumisis tbis qvabuliT. geologiurad qvabuli gamomuSavebulia sinklinur depresiaSi maikopuri wyebis TabaSiriT, rac farTod vrceldeba Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT, xolo Crdilo-dasavleTidan da samxreT-aRmosavleTidan mas borcvebi ebjineba.


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TrialeTis qedis aRmosavleT nawilis daboloeba kveTs TeleTi-manglisis gzas da Sedis md. algeTis rezervuarSi, sadac cicaboferdobian, terasul, dabal borcvebs qmnis; borcvis zeda nawilebi ganviTarebulia zeda eocen–oligocenisis qanebSi. cicabo kldiani reliefi ganviTarebulia Sua eocenis da carcul periodebSi. TrialeTis qedis reliefi asimetriuli agebulebisaa, rac ganpirobebulia Semadgeneli qanebis liTologiurobiT, simtkiciT da SreTa gawolis xasiaTiT. md. algeTis xeobaSi, abrameTis qvemoT 9 terasaa ganviTarebuli, yvela maTgani dafarulia aluviuri masaliT. geologiuri TvalsazrisiT, TeleTi-manglisis monakveTi miekuTvneba bolnisis vulkanur-teqtonikur depresias, romelic, Tavis mxriv, antikavkasiuri naoWa sistemis qvezonas warmoadgens. gzis am monakveTis stratigrafia warmodgenilia eocenis vulkanogenuri da danaleqi qanebiT, iseve, rogorc oligocenisa da oligocen-miocenis terigenuli naleqebiT. paleocenisa da gviani carcis karbonatul-vulkanogenuri formaciebi SedarebiT nakleb farTobze aris warmodgenili. paleocenis da adre eocenis warmonaqmnebi faravs zeda carcis danaleqebs. carcis am danaleqebiT (fliSur-vulkanogenuri formacia) agebulia mdinare algeTis xeobis Sua weli da bedenas antiklinuri qedis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi ferdobi. gzis am monakveTze qanebi liTologiurad warmodgenilia sxvadasxva Seferilobis qviSaqvebis, karbonatuli Tixebis, qviSiani kirqvebis, mergelebis, kvarciani da karbonatuli qviSaqvebis, tufoqviSaqvebis, tufobreqCiebis da tufebis monacvleobiT. Sua eocenis epoqa warmodgenilia vulkanogenuri danaleqebiT, romlebiTac agebulia TeleTis antiklini. Sua eocenis naleqebi warmodgenilia naklebad stratificirebuli tufogenuri SreebiT, xolo zeda nawili _ sqelSreebrivi, masiuri vulkanuri breqCiiT da konglomeratebiT. oligocen-miocenis naleqebi warmodgenilia TabaSiriani, karbonatuli Ffiqlebrivi TixebiT, qviSaqvebiT da uxeSmarcvlovani arkozuli qviSaqvebiT. Tixnar Sreebs gzis am monakveTis 70% ukavia da zigomorfuli ganSreveba axasiaTebs. zogadad, teritoria, romelic agebulia zeda eocenis da oligocen-miocenis naleqebiT, sensitiuria mewyruli da eroziuli procesebis mimarT. vulkanogenur-karbonatuli formaciis Sreebi gzis monakveTis mcire nawils ikavebs. isini warmodgenilia kirqvebiT, mergelovani TixebiT, tufobreqCiebiT, tufoqviSaqvebiT, tufebiT da kvarcporfiris SuaSreebiT. mdinare algeTis maRali terasebi, TiTqmis, yvelgan agebulia sxvadasxva simZlavris aluviuri naleqebiT. isini warmodgenilia kargad damuSavebuli sxvadasxva liTologiis, ZiriTadad, uxeSmarcvlovani qviSaqvebis qvargvalebiT, xolo aluvionze ganviTarebuli niadagi msubuqi qviSnaris Semadgenlobisaa.


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gzis pirvel monakveTTan gavrcelebuli niadagis tipebi aris karbonatuli kambizolebi da kalcis kastanozemebi (# 1 niadagebis rukaze), romlebic, ZiriTadad, gvxvdeba km 10 da 30-s Soris. cinnamonic – eutric kambizolebi da kalcis kastanozemebi (no 3), nacrisferi cinnamonic muqi kalcis kastanozemebi (no 6); gavrcelebulia metad SezRudulad da gvxvdeba km 2.5-sa da 10-s Soris. am niadagebis sivrculi gavrceleba niadagebis rukazea mocemuli. mdelos yavisferi – karbonatuli da kalcitis Semcveli wabla niadagebi (3) advilad ganirCevian Seswavlili teritoriis farglebSi imis mixedviT, Tu rogori genezisis qanebze arian ganviTarebulni. isini lamiseburi Tixnaris Sedgenilobis arian da karbonatebis maRali SemcvelobiT xasiaTdebian. C da B horizontebi mkafiod gansxvavebulia da es ukanaskneli zogjer eweri niadagis tipisaa. kalcitis ZarRvakebi xSiri movlenaa zemoT xsenebul SreebSi. akumulaciuri Sris sisqe 15 sm-s ar aRemateba. humusis Semcveloba zogjer 3,5%-s aRwevs. monacrisfro yavisfer da kalcitis Semcvel muq wabla niadagebs (6) SezRuduli gavrceleba aqvs da gzis 2,5_e da 10_e km-ze gvxvdeba. am tipis niadagi mikro-agregatuli struqturiT xasiaTdeba. maTi monacrisfro-yavisferi Seferiloba qimiuri SedgenilobiT aris ganpirobebuli, romelSic SiO2-is (57-60%) da Al2O3 –is (21-25%) maRali Semcvelobebi aRiniSneba. humusis raodenoba 2,2%-s ar aWarbebs da TandaTanobiT mcirdeba qvemoT, sagebisken. am niadagebis sivrcobrivi ganawileba niadagebis rukazea asaxuli. geologiuri saSiSroeba gzis pirvel monakveTze uamravi adgilia TvalsaCino eroziuli procesebiT da uamravi mewyeriT, RvarcofiTa da xSiri qvaTa cveniT. mewyeruli procesebi gansakuTrebiT xSiria im areebSi, sadac geologiuri qveda fenebi Sedgeba eocenisa da oligocenis Tixis Sreebisgan, romelic gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiarea maRali naleqebis da yinvis miarT, aseve ragirebs yinvisa da naleqebisas miwis Seuferebeli anTropogenuli gamoyenebisas (ix. ruka geologiuri saSiSroeba). am areSi xSiria 8-9-baliani miwisZvrebi, rac zemoT aRniSnuli geologiurad saSiSi procesebis siZlieres zrdis. geoteqnikuri kvlevebis farglebSi sxvadasxva warmoSobis seriozuli geosaSiSroebebis identificireba moxda. Semdeg furcelze mocemulia amonabeWdi geoteqnikuri angariSidan, sadac miTiTebulia is adgilebi, romlebic saWiroeben teqnikuri RonisZiebebis gatarebas _ magaliTad, gzis profilis erTgvar koreqcias, gzispira sadrenaJo kiuvetebis da gabionebis konstruqcias da a.S. geosaSiSroebebis is ubnebi, romlebic ar saWiroeben specifikuri sainJinro gadawyvetilebebis miRebas an maTi normalizeba gaumjobesebuli movla-patronobiTaa SesaZlebeli, miTiTebulia FS Seswavlis angariSSi.


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geologiuri safrTxe 5.0-e kilometrze (kumisi) daaxloebiT 4.2-e kilometrze arsebuli gza maRldeba da aRwevs platos. ramdenime wlis win daiwyo gzis aRniSnuli monakveTis Semosavleli gzis mSenebloba, Tumca samSeneblo samuSaoebi SeCerda miwis samuSaoebis etapze. aRiniSna, rom xsenebuli Semosavleli gzis daniSnulebas warmoadgenda mewyerovani zonis Semovla, romelzedac gadioda arsebuli gza. miTiTebul iqna, rom wina periodSi maRlobis ferdobis Tavze miwis irigaciam gamoiwvia wylis Warbi Camodineba qviSiani niadagis mqone ferdobze, ramac ganapiroba aRniSnul monakveTze ferdobis Camoqceva da erozia.

xsenebul monakveTze arsebuli mdgomareoba SesaZlebelia daxasiaTdes Semdegnairad: 5.0-e kilometrze gzis marcxena mxares yrilis kalTis mniSvnelovan nawils, maT Soris araasfaltirebul gzispirs, axasiaTebs Camowola. gadanacvlebuli monakveTis zeda nawili aRwevs asfaltis safars. SesaZlebelia aRiniSnos, rom mocemul dros zedapiruli wyali

gzidan miedineba xsenebuli mimarTulebiT da ganapirobebs mocemuli monakveTis niadagis damatebiT erozias da saturacias. mimdebare nawili savsea qveniT, asfaltis namtvrevebiT da betoniT. arsebuli yrilis ZirSi, sul cota, or adgilas yrilis niadagSi SeRwevadi wyali warmoqmnis wylis gubeebs. geologiuri safrTxe 5.4-e kilometrze gzis marcxena mxares 5.4-e kilometrze arsebuli gzispiri erodirebulia. amis mizezs aSkarad warmoadgens saniaRvre sistemis Seusabamoba, ris gamoc, zedapiruli wyali yovelgvari kontrolis gareSe miedineba gzis safarze da yrilis ferdobze. aRniSnulis garda, marcxena mxares wyali gubdeba gzis yrilsa da axali Semosavleli gzis yrils Soris. wylis dagubebis mizezia Semavali arxis, TiTqmis, sruli dafarva mcenareebiT da Zvel - gamomaval da axal - Semaval arxebs Soris gamyofi arxis ararseboba. geologiuri safrTxe 12.0-e kilometrze daaxloebiT, 12-e kilometrze, gzis marcxena mxares gzis yrilis mimdebare teritoriaze, wyalsataris gamomavali arxis gaswvriv warmoqmnilia mewyeri. mewyeris warmoqmnis aSkara mizezs warmoadgens Zalzed Rrma wyalsataris gamomavali arxis gaswvriv arsebuli erozia.


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geologiuri safrTxe 15.6-e kilometridan me-16.1 kilometramde (asureTi) maRlobidan, daaxloebiT, 15.5-e kilometrze proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli gza eSveba mdinare asureTis dablobze da sofel asureTis mimarTulebiT, amaRlebamde 16.1-e kilometrze mcire zomis Zveli xidiT kveTs mdinares.

arsebuli gza SeWrilia mdinaris napiris zemoT mdebare borcvis ferdobebze. marcxena mxares cicabo ferdobebi eSveba mdinaremde. gzis marjvena mxares borcvis ferdobebs wina periodSi momxdari mewyerebis niSnebi emCneva. gzis marjvena mxares borcvebis mTeli sistema gruntis Camowolis aSkara niSnebs atarebs. niadagis didi monakveTebi mdinare asureTis mimarTulebiTaa gadaadgilebuli. aRniSnul adgilze mewyerebis

warmoqmnis mizezs kvlavindeburad warmoadgens zogadi geologiuri stratigrafia. mewyerebi ganpirobebulia niadagS wylis SeRweviT da mdinaris napiris eroziiT. niadagis Camowola xdeba, ZiriTadad, mdinarisken da mxolod mcire moculobiT Ygzis mimarTulebiT. geologiuri safrTxe 33-e kilometrze daaxloebiT, 33-e kilometridan 34.5-e kilometramde gza uaxlovdeba mcire borcvs. gzis marjvena mxares, mimdebare mcire simaRlis borcvis ferdobze ganviTarebulia mewyerovani procesebi.

mocemul monakveTze gzis safari mTlianad gamorecxilia gzis safaris safuZvlis damatebiT fenamde da aRniSnuli fenis qvemoT. gzis nawili gadaqceulia xramad. Zlieri erozia ganpirobebulia gzaze gverdiTi saniaRvre sistemis an am sistemis teqnikuri momsaxurebis ararsebobis gamo, anda gzis gaswvriv da gzis gadakveTaze momdinare zedapiruli wyliT.


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geologiuri safrTxe 39-e kilometridan 46-e kilometramde gza aSenebulia mdinare algeTis marcxena ferdobze da mihyveba mdinaris kalapots Crdilo-dasavleTis da samxreT-aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT. gzis aRniSnuli monakveTis gaswvriv arsebobs adgilebi, sadac mdinaris zemoqmedebis Sedegad erodirebuli da gamorecxilia maRali da cicabo ferdobi, rac ganapirobebs mis Camoqcevas.

mdinare algeTis xeobis mTel sigrZeze mdebareobs cicabo ferdobebi, romlebic eroziis zemoqmedebis Sedegadaa warmoqmnili. ramdenime adgilze mdgomareoba kritikulia, vinaidan eroziam miaRwia gzispirs. maRali da cicabo ferdobebis Camoqcevam, romlebic mdinaris napirs an xeobis marcxena mxares warmoadgens, miaRwia araasfaltirebul gzispirs.

Mmdinaris zemoqmedebiT ganpirobebuli ferdobebis qveda nawilis eroziis garda, mocemul monakveTze adgili aqvs ferdobis zeda nawilis eroziasac, rac maRlobis ferdobebidan da gzidan Camomdinari zedapiruli wyliTaa gamowveuli. 8 da 9-baliani miwisZvrebi xSiri movlenaa raionSi, rac iwvevs zemoT aRniSnuli saSiSi geologiuri procesebis gaaqtiurebas da gaZlierebas. Cveulebriv, miwisZvrebis maRali intensiurobis gamovlinebaa raionis teritoriaze arsebuli aqtiuri siRrmuli rRvevebi, romlebic naCvenebia geologiur rukebze. gzis am monakveTze mxolod erTi aseTi rRvevaa dafiqsirebuli, 34-e km-ze. misi mimarTulebaa Crdilo-aRmosavleTidan samxreT-dasavleTisaken. zedapiruli da gruntis wylebis hidrologia gzis pirvel monakveTze ZiriTadi zedapiruli wylebia md. algeTi Tavis SenakadebiT da algeTis rezervuari. md. algeTi saTaves iRebs TrialeTis qedis aRmosavleT ferdobis, 1900 m. abs. simaRlidan. misi sruli sigrZe 118 km-ia, saerTo vardna 1625 m, auzis farTobi 763 km2. mdinaris saSualo mravalwliuri xarji Seadgens 2.58 m3/wm, xolo SesarTavTan 3.36 m3/wm. mdinaris wylis donis meryeoba mravalwliur reJimSi Seadgens 3.17 m (saSualo). mdinareSi yinulovani movlenebis maqsimaluri periodia, saSualod, 48 dRe. sezonuri wyaldidobebi xdeba gazafxulze da zafxul-Semodgomis periodSi,


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wyalmciroba umetesad zamTris periodSi aRiniSneba. gazafxulis wyaldidobebi gamowveulia mTian zonaSi Tovlis dnobiT, romelic iwyeba martis TveSi. rodesac Tovlis dnobas erTvis Tavsxma wvimebi, wylis donem SeiZleba gadaaWarbos 3.5-4 m-s. wylis donis amplituda sof. farcxisTan aRwevs 3.2 m-s, da aWarbebs 4-5 m-s mdinaris Seviwroebul kalapotSi. Mmdinare, ZiriTadad, mdnari TovliTa da wvimis wylebiT sazrdoobs. miwisqveSa wylebiT kveba minimaluria. zemo welSi wyali sufTaa da sasmelad vargisi. mdinaris mimarTulebiT is TandaTan imRvreva da sasmelad ar gamoiyeneba. qvemo welSi (q. marneulTan) mdinare gamoiyeneba sarwyavad, sadac, saSualod, 3.18 m3/wm. wyals iyeneben 3158 ha. miwis mosarwyavad. mdinaris kalapotis sigane meryeobs 2 m-dan (s. arxotTan) 12 m-mde (sof. kotiSTan). saSualo sigane zemo welSi 4 m-ia, qvemo dinebaSi 8 m. mdinaris siCqare dinebis mimarTulebiT mcirdeba 0.7-1.6 m/wm-dan 0.4-0.8 m/wm-mde. mdinaris napirebis simaRle zemo welSi 3-4 m-ia da umTavresad agebulia riynar-kenWnariT, qvemo dinebaSi misi simaRle 1.2-2 m-s ar aRemateba advilad recxvadi Tixnar-kenWnaris Semadgenlobisaa. md. algeTs sul aqvs 188 Senakadi, romelTa Sesaxeb hidrologiuri monacemebi araa xelmisawvdomi.

kumisis tba kodadan aRmosavleTiT, 4 km-is daSorebiT mdebareobs; 2-

3 m siRrmisaa da faravs 5km² farTobs. tbaSi Caedineba mdinareebi _ koda, gulelisi da kojori, Tumca misi zedapiri mniSvnelovnad Semcirda maRali aorTqlebis maCvenebliT. bolo dros, tbis wylis marilianobis Sesamcireblad da TevzmeurneobisaTvis xelsayreli pirobebis Sesaqmnelad, tbaSi axdenen md. mtkvridan wylis gadmoqaCvas. napirebze arsebuli Slami gamoiyeneba samkurnalo miznebisaTvis. algeTis rezervuari mdebareobs 768 m simaRleze da aSenebulia 1983 wels. misi samuSao simZlavrea 60 mio/m³, da sazrdoobs md. algeTiT, romelic wylis 80 mio/m³-s iZleva wliurad. rezervuari, ZiriTadad, gamoiyeneba 14 500 ha-s sarwyavad TeTriwyarosa da marenulis raionebSi. Tbilisi-kumisis arxi (romelic iwyeba algeTis rezervuarSi) awvdis wylis marags TeTriwyaros raions da, aseve, kumisis tbaze TevzsaSens. marenulis raionSi saxnavi miwebi irwyveba md. algeTis qveda nawilSi agebuli arxebiT. Ggzis pirveli monakveTis gaswvriv 4km-ian koridorSi Semdegi hidrologiuri kompleqsebia aRsaniSnavi (ixile hidrologiuri ruka): wyali, romelic didi raodenobiTaa meoTxeulis naleqebis sistemaSi, moicavs meoTxeulis aluviur da meoTxeulis tbiur naleqebs. amgvarad naleqebi, ZiriTadad, warmodgenilia wvrilmarclovani da saSualo zomis qvargvalebiT, qviSian-Tixiani SemavsebliT, romlebic, ZiriTadad, gadafarulia deluviuri TixebiT. tbiuri naleqebi warmodgenilia qvargvalebiT, qviSiani TixnariT da qviSebiT. yvela es naleqi xasiaTdeba susti wyalSemcvelobiT, maSin, roca zeda pliocenur-meoTxeulis andezit-bazaltebi da dolerituli lavebi saukeTeso winapirobas qmnis wvimis wylis CadinebisaTvis mZlavri wyalSemcveli horizontebis formirebisaTvis.


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am qanebidan gamomavali wyaroebis debiti sakvlev farTobze icvleba 0.1 l/wm-0.3 l/wm-mde. oligocen-miocenur kompleqsSi qviSaqvebi, TabaSiriani Tixebi wyliT gaSiSvlebulia. gviani eocenis qviSaqvebi wyliT gajerebulia. eocenur vulkanur naleqebidan gamomdinare debiti umniSvneloa (icvleba 0.01 l/wm-daan 1.2 l.wm-Si). am naleqebSi formirebuli umniSvnelo debitis mqone wyaroebi, ZiriTadad, dakavSirebulia tufobreqCiebTan da kirqvian qviSaqvebTan. maTi debiti icvleba 0.05 l/wm-dan 0.25 l/wm-mde. zeda carcul (toronul-daniuri) karbonatuli wyalSemcveli kompleqsi SemosazRvrulia qvemodan SedarebiT sustad wyalgamtari vulkanogenuri danaleqi qanebiT, xolo zevidan gadafarulia paleocen-qveda eocenis Tixian-qviSaqviani naleqebiT, romelic, praqtikulad, wyalgaumtaria. Ees xelsayrel pirobebs qmnis, Caketili auzis SemTxvevaSi, wneviani horozontis warmoqmnisaTvis. gviani carculi naleqebis vulkanuri kompleqsis gruntis wylebis Semadgenloba damokidebulia napralebis zomebze albitofirebSi, kvarcSi. kvarc-porfiritebSi, tufobreqCiebsa da tufoqviSaqvebSi, rac, praqtikulad, SeuZlebels xdis, davadginoT horizontis sivrciTi wyalSemcveli gavrceleba. flora da fauna geo-botanikuri klasifikaciis mixedviT, gzis aRniSnuli monakveTi miekuTvneba sub-xmelTaSua regions, romelic dayofilia geo-botanikur provinciebad da raionebad. am monakveTis didi nawili miekuTvneba kavkasionis provincias, TrialeTis regions; xolo mcire nawili mtkvari-araqsis provinciis qvemo qarTlis regionSi Sedis da uerTdeba gardabanis raions, romelic moicavs gardabanis platos (karaias plato), kumisi-asureTis platoebs, kumisis vels da iaRlujas sers, 270-dan 766 m absoluturi simaRlis cvalebadobiT (ix. suraTi A1).

suraTi A1: kumisis plato qvemo qarTlSi gardabanis geo-botanikuri regioni, romelSic pirveli monakveTi mdebareobs (km 0-5) xasiaTdeba mSrali kontinenturi klimatiT. misi


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bunebrivi mcenareuloba, ZiriTadad, warmodgenilia stepebiT romelis gavrcelebuli tipia balaxis stepi Botriochloa ischaemum. am stepis biocenozi moicavs 150-dan 200-mde mcenaris saxeobas, magram endemurebi iSviaTia am areebSi. reliefi talRovan-borcvovania da meryeobs 270-400 m absolutur simaRleze. ZiriTadad, sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobis gamo, adrindeli bunebrivi mcenareuloba Secvala baRebma, venaxebma, bostnebma da saTesma miwebma.

suraTi A2: tipiuri sasoflo sameurneo landSafti qvemo qarTlis platoze (TeleTi) ramdenime adgilas Botriochloa balaxis stepi fitocenologiurad mravalferovania da Sedgeba Artemisia fragrans-isgan. Botriochloa ischaemum –salsola nodulosa SedarebiT iSviaTia. adre gazafxulze wliuri mcenareebis saxeobebi Cndeba Botriochloa mindvrebze. aprilsa da maisSi efemeruli mcenareebi icvleba sxva xangrZlivvadiani mcenareebiT. sabolood, Botriochloa mindvrebi ikaveben did teritoriebs, Cagraven sxva mcenareebs wminda Botriochloa-steppes-iT. TrialeTis floristikuli raioni TrialeTi–kodas CaTvliT – manglisis monakveTi moicavs floris or regions _ kerZod, qvemo qrTlsa da TrialeTs, romelic bunebrivad xasiaTdeba naxevrad udabnos, stepebis, gorebis, tyeebis dabali, saSualo da maRali sartyelebiTa da nawilobriv alpuri da sub-alpuri mcenareebiT. dRes am areSi bunebrivi mcenareuloba (km 5-30) Seicvala, ZiriTadad, kulturuli landSaftebiT, romlebzec moSenebulia baRebi, venaxebi, bostnebi, saTesi miwebi, gansakuTrebiT _ platoebze. asureTis plato mdebareobs md. algeTis qveda nawilSi, daaxloebiT, 270-400 m absolutur simaRleze. am areSi Botriochloa mindvris stepi (Botriochloa ischaemum) farTodaa gavrcelebuli. es stepebi meoreuli


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warmoSobisaa da ganviTarda yofil tyeTa teritoriaze (mSrali, gaTxelebuli tyeebi, sanapiro tyeebi, velebi da muxnarebi). Botriochloa mindvris stepis gavrcelebuli saxeobebia Andropogon ischaemum, Festuca sulcata, Plomis purgens. Falcaria vulgaris da a.S. did simaRleebze Paliurus spina Christi da Botriochloa ischaemum-communities aris gavrcelebuli. borcvis mxareze da platoebze Stipa-mindvris patara nawilebi gvxvdeba (Stipa pulcherrima, St. lessingiana). didi teritoriebi dakavebulia mravali saxeobis Semcveli (mag., Achillea micranrha, Agropyron repens, Bromus japonicus, Cinodon dactylon, Festuca sulcata, Filago arvensis, Phleum phleoides, Ph. paniculatum, Salvia sclarea, Xeranthemum squarosum) mindvrebiT.

suraTi A3: ferdobebis erozia asureTis velze tipiuri naxevrad qserofituli da qserofituli buCqebiT

naxevrad qserofituli da qserofituli buCqebi gavrcelebulia ferdobebze (qristes ekali Paliurus spina Christi, Carpinus orientalis, Spiraea hypericifolia). es buCqebi meoreuli mcenareulobaa, romelic ganviTarda bunebrivi tyeebis (muxnaris da mSrali Txeli tyeebi) yofil teritoriebze. asureTis teritoriaze Zlierad erodirebuli mSrali ferdobebi dafarulia qserofiluri warmoaqmnebiT – mag., Astragalus microcephalus, Acantholimon lepturoides. eroziisa da movlis naklebobis Sedegad gza adgilobrivad dazianebulia, rac seriozul satransporto safrTxes qmnis.


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suraTi A 4 / A5: mwvave erozia da movlis nakleboba qmnis seriozul satransporto safrTxes. Mmarcxniv: meoreuli buCqebi (Botriochloa) mindvrebi da qserofituli buCqebi proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli gzis 25-e km-is iqiT, ZiriTadad, aRmosavluri trans-kavkasiuri tipis tyeebia, rac am areSi bunebriv landSafts warmoadgens. adgilobriv abiotiur pirobebze dayrdnobiT, bunebrivi mcenareuloba, aseve, moicavs stepebs, mSral tyeebs da qserofiluri balaxis saxeobebs da buCqebs 500-dan 900m simaRlemde. tyis sartyeli TrialeTis mTebze bunebrivad vrceldeba 600-1800 m absolutur simaRleze da Sedgeba farTofoTlovani da wiwvovani saxeobebisagan. 700-1500 m absolutur simaRleze farTofoTlovani tyeebi Warbobs. gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebulia qarTuli muxa (Quercus iberica). proeqtTan dakavSirebiT tye iwyeba, daaxloebiT, 500-600 metrze da aRwevs 1000m-mde absolutur simaRles. Quercus iberica da Carpinus orientalis gavrcelebulia am areSi. am tipis tye, ZiriTadad, gvxvdeba algeTis xeobis samxreT ferdobebze da warmoadgens degradirebuli muxnarebis Tanmimdevrul safexurebs. am formaciaSi Acer campestre, Fraxinus excelsior, Pyrus caucasica gavrcelebuli saxeobebia. am tyeebSi qvetye moicavs iseT saxeobebs, rogoricaa Cornus mas, Thelycrania australis, Lonicera caucasuca, Juniperus oblonga, Juniperus rufescens da sxvani. tyis kideebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Prunus dicvaricata, Mespilus germanica, Rosa canina, Berberis vulgaris, Cotoneaster racemiflora, Crataegus kyrtostyla da sxvani. gzis gaswvriv tyis Wrisa da saqonlis Zovebis TvalsaCino Sedegebi jer mwvaved ar Cans, Tumca es bunebrivi tyis degradirebis neli, magram uwyveti procesis gamomwvevia.


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algeTis rezervuarTan axlos gvxvdeba kldovani ekotopebi tipiuri qselofiluri mcenareulobiT. daaxloebiT, 36.4-e km-ze gvxvdeba adgilobrivi porfiritis qanebi damaxasiaTebeli mTis qserofitebiT. es botanikurad mravalferovani kldis mcenareuloba am adgilas aRmoCnda da aris Scutellaria sosnowskyi, rac kavkasiur endemurs warmoadgens.

suraTi. A 8: botanikurad mravalferovani porfiris kldis bunebrivi garemo A9: km 36.4

Sesaswavli aris 30-e da 40-e km-ebs Soris tyeebSi, daaxloebiT, 1000 m simaRleze Quercus iberica da Carpinus orientalis gvxvdeba. Taxus baccata, romelic Sesulia qarTuli wiTeli wignis saxeobebSi, adgilobrivad moipoveba. imave monakveTSi (gansakuTrebiT km 35-37.5) gzis uSualo kideebze (gamosaxuleba A 10 da A 11) gvxvdeba iSviaTi orqideis saxeobebi, rogoricaa Orchis militaris da Orchis steveni; ufro metic, iseTi iSviaTi saxeobebi, rogoricaa Globularia trichosantha SezRuduladaa kavkasiasa da wina aziaSi (gamosaxuleba A 12). yvela es saxeoba Sesulia gadaSenebis safrTxis winaSe mdgomi mcenareebis bunebis konservaciis saerTaSoriso kavSiris siaSi da, rogorc Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis ekologiis departamentis TanamSromelis mier dadasturda, Setanili iqneba qarTul wiTel wignSi, romelic male unda gamoices. Taxus baccata da naxsenebi orqideis saxeobebi, aseve, Sedis CITES1–Si. vinaidan es saxeobebi mkacradaa daculi, gzis reabilitaciis wina gamwmendi operaciebis dawyebamde efeqturi damcavi zomebis gatareba iqneba saWiro. amasTan dakavSirebiT Sesabamisi procedurebi iqneba am mcenareTa amoTxra da sxva Sesaferis adgilas gadargva. am saxeobebis garda, aq sxva iSviaTi mcenareebic gvxvdeba _ Paeonia–s rekliqtikuri saxeobebi, rogoricaa Paeonia caucasica, Convallaria transcaucasica, Lilium szovtsianum da sxva.

1 gareuli faunisa da floris gadaSenebis safrTxis winaSe mdgomi saxeobebis saerTaSoriso vaWrobis konvencia


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suraTi A10 / A11: bunebis konservaciis saerTaSoriso kavSiris CamonaTvalSi mocemuli saxeobebi gvxvdeba gzis gafarToebul sanapiro nawilebSi pirvel monakveTze: orqideebi Orchis militaris (marcxniv) da Orchis steveni (marjvniv)

800-dan 1300 m absolutur simaRleze, mTis samxreT ferdobebze qarTuli muxis (Quercus iberica) tyeebi dominirebs. ufro tenian adgilebSi, CrdiloeTis ferdobebze muxnarebSi subdominanturia rcxila (Carpinus caucasicus). zog nawilSi muxebs cvlis rcxila. muxnarsa da rcxilis tyeebSi sxva gavrcelebuli saxeobebia Acer camprestre, Acer platanoides, Ulmus elliptica, Ulmus glabra, da Tilia caucasica. tyeebSi gvxvdeba Sorbus terminalis, Crataegus kyrtostyla, Corylus avelana, Mespilus germanica; Thelycrania australis, Lonicera caucasica SedarebiT mSral adgilebSi Euonymus europaea da xSiria Euonymus latifolia. tyeebis ganapiras farTod gavrcelebul saxeobas warmoadgens Berberis vulgaris.


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muxnarsa da rcxilis tyeebSi sxva gavrcelebuli saxeobebia Poa nemoralis, Festuca montana, Geranium sanguineum, Lathyrus roseus da sxvani. 1200-1700 m simaRleze rcxilisa da wiflis tyeebia ganviTarebuli da CrdiloeTiT mimarTul ferdobebze zog nawilSi mxolod wiflis tyeebi gvxvdeba. balaxisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Sanicula europaea, Asperula odorata, Circaea lutetiana. tipiuri sagazafxulo mcenareebi moicavs: Viola sylvestris, Corydalis marschalliana, Scilla sibirica, Primula macrocaliyx, Galanthus caucasicus, Anemone caucasica. rcxilisa da wiflis tyeebSi gvxvdeba Acer platanoides, Ulmus elliptica, Ulmus glabra, Tillia caucasica, Acer compestre da qvetyes Seadgens Lonicera carpinifolium, Viburnum opulus, Euonimus europaeus, Ribes biebersteinii.

Sesaswavli gzis 40-50_e km_eb-s Soris tyeebi naklebad xSiria. anTropogenuri degradaciis Sedegad Camoyalibda meoreuli muxnari-rcxilis tyeebi. am areSi qserofiluri asociaciebi gvxvdeba, romelic tipiuria TrialeTis raionisaTvis da Sedgeba qarTuli endemuri saxeobebisagan rogoricaa Astragalus athenicus and Astrgalus aureus. balaxis Semdegi saxeobebi qmnian am kompleqss: Alyssum tortuosum, Erisimum caucasicum, Rhaponticum pulcherum, Teucrium polium, T. orientale, Dianthus orientalis, Stachys lavandulifolia, Artemisia fasciculate, Silene chlorifolia, Cerastium argenteum, Onosma rupestre, Scabiosa columbaria, Nepeta iberica, Satureia laxiflora, Asperula glomerata da sxva. TrialeTis istoriul geo-botanikur regionSi 1650-ze meti sxvadasxva mcenaris saxeobaa gavrcelebuli. maTgan, daaxloebiT, 40 saxeoba qarTul endemur saxeobebs warmoadgens, 1100 - iTvleba kavkasiur endemur saxeobebad.

taqsonomiuri kompoziciis TvalsazrisiT, dominirebs Asteraceae (215 saxeoba), mas mohyveba Poaceae (130) da qolgisebrni (98) da sxvani. maT Sorisaa uamravi iSviaTi saxeoba, romelic dacvas saWiroebs. faunasTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom gzis pirveli monakveTis gaswvriv, sasoflo-sameurneo landSaftis farglebSi, veluri faunis arsebobis Sesaxeb ar moipoveba monacemebi. Tumca, savaraudoa, rom aq fauna unda iyos adamianis saqmianobis sferoSi moqceuli garemosaTvis da sasoflo-sameurneo landSaftisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli. savele


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samuSaoebis ganmavlobaSi SemTxveviTi dakvirvebebiT SemCneul iqna frinvelTa Semdegi saxeobebi: wiTelzurga RaJo (Lanius collurio), beRura (Passer domesticus), yvavi (Gorvus spec), torola (Alauda arvensis), boloqanqara (Motacilla alba and M. cinerea), guguli (Cu-culus canonus), kaWkaWi (Pica pica), Cxikvi (Garrulus glandarius), Savi namgala (Apus apus), Cveulebrivi SoSia (Sturnus vulgaris), ofofi (Upupa epops), Wvinta (Merops apaister) da a.S. Seswavlili gzis 25-e da me-40 kilometrebs Soris mdebare monakveTze tyis safari TrialeTis qedis tyis xSiri safaris nawils warmoadgens. gzis gaswvriv admianis zemoqmedeba ufro SesamCnevia _ gvxvdeba gaCexili tye. faunis sistematuri Seswavla ar Catarebula, savele samuSaoebze drois SezRuduli limitis gamo. magram, wina savele dakvirvebebidan gamomdinare, aRvniSnavT, rom manglisis midamoebSi da gzis farcxis-manglisis monakveTze SedarebiT gavrcelebulia daTvi (Ursus arctos) da Sveli (Capreolus capreolus). amis garda, ufro iSviaTad, magram aris monacemebi2 mglis (Canis lupus), melas (Vulpes vulpes), iranuli ciyvis (Sciurus anomalus), kvernas (Martes martes) da gareuli taxis (Sus scrofa) Sesaxebac. rogorc RA-Si aris naCvenebi, am ZuZumwovrebidan zogierTi SeiZleba dazaraldes satransporto moZraobis gazrdili moculobis da amasTan dakavSirebuli sagzao incidentebis gamo; ufro metic, savaraudoa, rom saproeqto sivrcis am monakveTze riski tyis habitatis fragmentebsac Seexeba. garda zemoT aRniSnuli, tyis binadari msxvili ZuZumwovrebisa, cxovelTa sxva mniSvnelovani jgufebi an habitati gzis pirvel monakveTze aRricxuli ar aris.

2 aseTi monacemebi dafuZnebulia savele daTvalierebaTa Sedegebze, romlebic Catadra baqo-jeihanis milsadenis mSeneblobis poeqtisaTvis Sesaswavli arealis samxreTiT arsebul tyeebSi da, aseve, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mier miwodebul monacemebze.


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gzis monakveTi II, nawili 1: manglisidan tikmataSis uReltexilamde (km 48- km 111)

marSrutis aRwera dasawyisidan, algeTTan axlos proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli gzis meore monakveTi grZeldeba dasavleTis mimarTulebiT, gaivlis algeTis nakrZalis samxreTiT da micocavs zemoT farTo, ZiriTadad, Ria da mwirad dasaxlebul saSualo simaRlis mTebis landSaftze. gzas kveTs BTC milsadeni, daaxloebiT, 70km-is manZilze. Tbilisidan rkinigzis xazi gzas or adgilas kveTs. es aris, daaxloebiT, walkidan 78 84 km-is manZilze. 80 km-ze gza mihyveba walkis wyalsacavis saxreT kides mcire dacilebiT da gadis soflebSi guniayala da Tiqilisa. 93-e km-dan gza iwyebs cicabod aRmasvlas, daaxloebiT ,2000 m simaRlemde da mis yvelaze maRal wertilamde - tikmataSis uReltexilamde (2,168 m).

klimati

sakvlevi aris am nawilSi klimati sub-kontinenturi naxevrad mSralidan aRwevs tipiur mTis kontinentur klimats _ zomieri zafxulebiT da grZeli da mZime zamTrebiT. specifiuri maxasiaTeblebi SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad icvlebodes morfologiis, simaRlisa da miwis gamoyenebis mixedviT. walkisa da faravnis sadgurebidan miRebuli meteorologiur monacemebze dayrdnobiT, klimaturi pirobebi Semdegia:

walkis platoze haeris saSualo temperaturaa 6.2°C. saSualo yvelaze dabali temperaturaa (dekemberi-marti) – 2-dan 4.3°C-mde. yvelaze Tbili Tveebia ivlisi da agvisto (16 – 16.5°C); haeris temperaturis absoluturi minimumia – 34 gradusi, saSualo absoluturi minimumia – 25°C, da absoluturi maqsimumi aRwevs 33°C .

wliuri naleqianoba meryeobs 511-dan 736 mm-mde. Tovlis safari Cndeba noembris bolosTvis 14 sm-iani saSualo wliuri sisqiT. Tovlis safariani dReebis raodenoba aris 11 da izrdeba 187-mde javaxeTis platos mimarTulebiT. qarisGgavrcelebuli mimarTulebebia: dasavleTis (36%) da Crdilo-aRmosavleTis (48%). javaxeTis platosken dominirebs samxreTis qarebi (32%). nisliani dReebis raodenoba meryeobs 29-dan 50-mde, ZiriTadad _ zamTarSi.

geomorfologia, geologia da niadagebi

manglisi-ninowminda warmoadgens msxvil morfologiur erTeuls, romelic cnobilia samxreT saqarTvelos (anu javaxeTis) vulkanuri reliefis saxelwodebiT. javaxeTis vulkanuri zona dayofilia sxvadasxva mimarTulebis Rrma napralebiani calkeuli nawilebad – blokebad. es blokebi warmoSobilia pliocen-meoTxeulis periodis


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vulkanuri centrebidan amofrqvevis Sedegad da Zleri energiis mqone miwisZvrebis gamo, reliefisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia platoebi, romlebic dafarulia SedarebiT gviani periodis mdinariseuli depozitebiT. walkis plato ganlagebulia javaxeTis platos Crdilo-aRmosavleTisken da mas axasiaTebs vulkanuri depozitebis erozia da wylis akumulacia. CrdiloeTisaken walkis platos esazRvreba TrialeTis qedi. javaxeTis qedis dasavleT ferdobs – sadac gzis es monakveTi gadis – ufro swori zedapiri aqvs naklebad eroziuli rRvevebiT, vidre aRmosavleT mxares. mdinareebs zeda nawilSi dinebis SedarebiT neli siCqare axasiaTebs, da TandaTanobiT ufro Rrma kanionebs qmnian, qveda nawilSi V–seburi formis profilebiT. geologiurad es monakveTi arTvin-bolnisis geoteqtonikuri sistemis farglebSi mdebareobs. igi miekuTvneba mcire kavkasionis naoWa sistemas. regioni sxvadasxva orientaciis Rrma rRvevebiT daserilia calkeul blokebad. rRvevebiT gadakveTilia pliocen-meoTxeuli periodis mravaricxovani vulkanuri centri. pliocen-meoTxeuli periodis kontinentur-vulkanogenuri formacia dominirebs da gadafaravs qveda struqturul sarTulebs, romlebic lavebis qveS aris ganlagebuli. vulkanuri qanebiT agebulia yvela dadebiTi morfologiuri struqtura, romlebic monacvleoben morfologiur depresiebSi ganviTarebul tbiur da mdinareul warmonaqmnebTan. gzis CrdiloeTi monakveTi, walkis wyalsacavTan axlos, agebulia gviani pliocenis – adreuli meoTxeulis naleqebiT, romlebic warmodgenilia bazalt-doleritebiT, andezit-bazaltebiT, dacitebiT da andezitebiT (e.w. walka-axalqalaqis wyeba). adreuli plioceni sofel edikilisasa da sofel Tafaravans Soris viwro zolSi warmodgenilia tute andezitebiT, andezit-dacitebiT, dacitebiT da riolitebiT. andezitebi, andezit-bazaltebi da doleritebi dominirebs yvela stratigrafiul erTeulSi. umetes SemTxvevaSi, doleritebi Warbobs wyebis qveda nawilSi, xolo andezit-bazaltebi da piroqseniani andezitebi dominirebs wyebis zeda nawilSi. meoTxeuli asakis mdinareuli, tbiuri, proluviuri naleqebiT amovsebulia vulkanuri reliefis yvela depresia. liTologiurad es naleqebi warmodgenilia kenWnaris, Tixa-Tixnaris da torfis monacvleobiT. Gzis meore monakveTze niadagebis gavrcelebuli tipi Savmiwaniadagia sxvadasxva Semcvelobis (# 8 da 9 niadagebis rukaze), magaliTad, 60-e da 100e km-ebs Soris, iseve, rogorc tba faravnis irgvliv, mTel areSi (tikmataSis uReltexilTan axlos km 110.5-dan, daaxloebiT, 139-e km-mde). 107-e km-sa da 110.5e km-s Soris patara monakveTze da, aseve, 140.5-e km-sa da 153-s Soris ninowmindis tyis mindorTan axlos gzis garemoSi Savmiwas msgavsi humusis leptozolebia farTod gavrcelebuli (no 10, ix. niadagebis ruka).


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geologiuri saSiSroeba am seqciaze sainJinro gadawyvetilebas moiTxovs erTi monakveTi _ 64-e kilometrze, 50 metris sigrZeze Cavadrnilia gzis kide.

gzis nawilis amgvari Camoqcevis mizezs warmoadgens maRlobidan momavali zedapiruli da gruntis wylebi. saremonto da sareabilitacio samuSaoebis Semdeg gzis aRniSnul monakveTze aucilebel RonisZiebebs warmoadgens gzis gverdiTi saniaRvre sistemis da maRlobis mxares niadagisqveSa drenaJebis mSenebloba zedapiruli da gruntis wylebis SesaCereblad, rac aRmofxvris an, ukidures

SemTxvevaSi, Seamcirebs Semdgom erozias. damatebiTi RonisZiebis saxiT, SesaZlebelia ganxiluli iqnas gzis gadanacvleba mTis ferdobis Sida mimarTulebiT. Tovlis namqeri namqeri Cveulebrivi movlenaa gzis 65-e da 75-e, agreTve, 118-e da 153,5-e kilometrebis monakveTebze, rac zamTris periodSi gzas Znelad gasavlels xdis, xolo zogjer mis droebiT Caketvas iwvevs _ gansakuTrebiT, tikmataSis uReltexilis samxreTiT. zedapiruli da gruntis wylebis hidrologia walkis wyalsacavi gzis am monakveTSi didi raodenobiT zedapiruli wyalia. wyalsacavi aSenda 1946 wels md. qcia-xramis zeda nawilSi da, ZiriTadad, gamoiyeneba energetikuli da soflis meurneobis miznebisaTvis. is ikvebeba mdinareebiT qcia-xrami, beiuqCai da xosasu, aseve, wvimisa da Tovlis nadnobi wylebiT. wylis yvelaze dabali donea Tebervalsa da martSi. wylis dagroveba iwyeba aprilSi da maqsimums aRwevs ivlis-agvistoSi. walkis wyalsacavis moculoba 312 mil m³-ia, saSualo siRrme – 9.3 da maqsimalri siRrme – 25 m. minimaluri saSualo temperaturaa 0.2°C TebervalSi da 18.7°C agvistoSi. umaRlesi dafiqsirebuli temperatura aris 24.6°C. yinulis reJimi damokidebulia Senaxuli wylis moculobaze da SeiZleba gagrZeldes 49 – 142 dRe. yinuliani dReebis saSualo raodenoba Y82-ia. yinulis sisqe meryeobs 27-dan 80 sm-mde da misi dnoba martSi iwyeba. javaxeTis vulkanuri reliefis zedapiruli wylebi gansazRvrulia regionis orografiuli bunebiT, misi geologiuri agebulebiTa da klimaturi pirobebiT. am regionis ZiriTadi zedapiruli wyali aris md. qcia-xrami, yvela sxva Senakads warmoadgens. am SenakadTa umetesobis


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sigrZe ar aRemateba 50-100 km-s. qcia-xrams aqvs, saSualod, klaknili marSruti mis mTel sigrZeze da axasiaTebs tbis tipis gafarToebebi. xeobis viwro monakveTze mdinareSi ganviTarebulia lodebiani nakadebi. qcia-xramis wylis Semkrebi farTobia 1,080 km² da saSualo dineba 8.28 m³/s.

flora da fauna meore monakveTi pirveli nawili gadaWimulia or geo-botanikur raionze:

1. qve-xmelTaSuazRvis raionis TrialeTis botanikur regionze; 2. turanis raionis da samxreT kavkasiis – aRmosavleTi aziis

javaxeTis botanikur regionze. Tavdapirveli originaluri mcenareuloba TrialeTis am botanikur regionSi (km 50-60) Sedgeba farTofoTliani tyeebisagan, moicavs: qarTul muxas (Querus iberica), wifels (Fagus orientalis), rcxilas (Carpinus caucasica), cacxvs (Tilia caucasica), nekerCxals (Acer campestre), hirkanul nekerCxals (Acer hyreanum), Fraxinus excelsior, Pyrus caucasica da sxva mravals. Cornus mas, Corylus avelana, Mespilus germanica, Lonicera caucasica, Eunymus europeaus, Crataegus Kyrtostyla, Ligustrum vulgare, Cotoneaster racemiflora, Juriperus oblonga da sxvani Seadgenen am tyeebis bunebriv qvetyes, romlebic farTodaa Senaxuli meore monakveTis pirvel nawilSi. samxreTisaken miqceul ferdobebze bunebrivi tyis didi nawili ganadgurda anTropogenuri qmedebebis gavleniT da is Secvala meoradma, hemi-qserofilurma da qserofilurma mcenareulobam. gavrcelebuli saxeobebia Carpinus orientalis, Spiraca hypericifolia, Paliurus spinachrist, Rhamnus pallasii, Botriochloa ischaemum, Astragalus microcephalus, Astragalus athenicus da sxva (gamosaxuleba 2.1).

suraTi 2.1: degradirebuli tye suraTi 2.2: walkis platos tipiuri

stepis tipis mindori bedenis qediT ukana planze

meoreuli qserofiluri, hemi- da qserofiluri mcenareuloba walkis platos Semdegi monakveTi (~ km 65-95), romelic mdebareobs, daaxloebiT, 1500-1800 m absolutur simaRleze da moicavs walkis serebs, TrialeTis vakes, beSTaSenis gorebs, livads da bareTs, bedenis qeds da eZanis vakes.


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adre yvela es teritoria dafaruli iyo tyeebiT, sadac Quercus macranthera da Pinus kochiana iyo yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli da gvxvdeboda, aseve, Carpinus caucasica, Fagus orientalis, Betula pendula da B. litwinowes. soflis sameurneo saqmianobis Sedegad bunebrivi tye safari, faqtobrivad, ganadgurda da is Secvala meoradma mcenareulobam wina aziuri formaciebiT. dRes mindvrebi da stepebi gvxvdeba da regionuli klimatis cvlilebis Sedegad manglisi-walkis areSi SeiZleba vnaxoT TandaTanobiTi gadasvla qselofiluri mcenareulobisken. damaxasiaTebeli mTebis stepebi, romlebic Seiqmna bunebrivi TanmimdevrobiT, tipiurad Sedgeba sxvadasxva mcenareebis da balaxis asociaciebisagan. daaxloebiT 60-e km-is dasawyisSi badenis qedi gadaWimulia walkis rezrvuarisken. am monakveTSi gzis axlos miwas ikavebs mcenareuli da balaxis stepebi iseTi saxeobebiT, rogoricaa Botriochloa ischaemum, Festuca ovina, F. sulcata, Filago arvensis, Filipendula hexapetala, Galium crusiatum, Koeleria macrantha, Modicado hemicycla, Phleum phleoides, Polygala anatolica, Stipa pulcherma, S. stenophylla, Thymus caucasicus da sxvani. monakveTSi, daaxloebiT, 60-75 km Waobis fragmentebi gvxvdeba gzis axlos (gamosaxuleba 2.3). k. qemeriZis (1966) mixedviT walkis platos Waobebi da mimdebare teritoriebi, ZiriTadad, Camoyalibda islis ganviTarebis Sedegad, rac tipiuria tbebisTvis, romelTac wylis donis sezonuri ryeva axasiaTebs. am islian WaobebSi umetesad gvxvdeba Carex acuta, C. disticha da C. vesicaria da Alopecurus armenus, Ranunculus lingua, Poa palistris da sxva. sofel imerasTan axlos (70-75-e km-ze) fiWvis bunebrivis tyis (Pinus kolkhiana) fragmentebia, romelic iSviaTia da maRali konservaciis statusi aqvs (gamosaxuleba 2.4.)

sur: 2.3: tipiuri islis Waobi walkis sur.: 2.4: kldiani stepebi bunebrivi platoze fiWvis tyis Txeli narCenebiT


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daaxloebiT, 75-95-e km-ebs Soris gza gadis walkis rezervuaris samxreTiT, sadac miwa, ZiriTadad, ukavia meorad stepebs. beSTaSenis areSi (km 75-80) mTebis ferdobebze bunebrivi fiWvis mcire jgufebi gvxvdeba. sofel gunia-kalaSi (~ km 90) gza kveTs meorad steps, romelic Camoyalibda rogorc datkepnis Sedegi da eroziiskenaa midrekili (gamosaxuleba 2.5). am stepebSi gavrcelebuli saxeobebia _ Carex homilies, Festuca sulcata, Filipendula hexapatala, Polygala anatomica da Stipa stenophylla. dablob adgilebze gvxvdeba Waobis saxeobebi, romelTa Soris aris Carex vesicaria, C. wiluica da sxvani. 95-e da 100-e km-ebs Soris gza kveTs kldovan stepebs, sadac fiWvis bunebrivi tyeebis nakveTebi gvxvdeba. ukanono Wra Cveulebrivi movlenaa am areSi (gamosaxuleba 2.6).

sur 2.5: meoreuli stepebi sur 2.6: tyis ukanono Wra walkis wyalsacavis samxreTiT fiWvis bunebrivi tyeebis narCenebSi momavalSi gza miaRwevs javaxeTis maRlobamde da tikmataSis uReltexilamde, daaxloebiT, 100-e km-ze. simaRlesTan erTad sxvadasxva tipis mcenareulobaa ganviTarebuli _ mTis stepebis, sub alpuri, alpuri da subnivaluri sartyelebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli. fiWvis Txeli tyeebi gvxvdeba proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli gzis 95-e da 105-e km-ebs Soris, sadac Juniperus depressa, bunebrivi tyis xelxla nazardi da stepis tipis mcenareulobaa ganviTarebuli (Stipa pulcherima, S. sterophylla da sxvani). javaxeTis subalpuri da alpuri mdeloebi, mTagoriani stepebi genezisiT wina aziis stepebis tipisaa, magram abioturi faqtorebis zegavleniT gamorCeulia gansxvavebuli maxasiaTeblebiT. adrindeli tyeebis adgilas meoradi mTagoriani stepebi gvxvdeba, romelTac movakebuli reliefi ukaviaT 1700 – dan 2200 m. absolutur niSnulebs Soris. farTod aris gavrcelebuli balaxovani stepebi. balaxovani safaris saxeobaTa Semadgenloba sxvadasxvagvaria, magaliTad, Poaceae, Festuca ovina, Festuca sulcata, Koeleria caucasica, Phleum phleoides, Stipa stenphylla da sxv. ), da balaxebi: Campanula hohenackeri, Centaurea fischeri, Falcaria


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vulgaris, Medicago hemicycla, Filipendula hexapetala, Phlomis tuberose, Poligala anatolica, Thymus caucasicus, Trifolium canescens da sxv.). alpur mindvrebze sxvadasxva iSviaTi da endemuri saxeobebi SeiZleba vnaxoT. mTis mindvrebze aRniSnuli gzis 105-e da 110-e km_eb-s Soris iSviaTi saxeobebi Gentiana angulosa (gamosaxuleba 2.7) da Scilla rosenii farTodaa gavrcelebuli. patara nakadulebTan, romelTac TavianTi ganmasxvavebeli mikroklimati aqvT, tipiuri saxeobaa Trollius patulus (gamosaxuleba 2.8).

suraTi 2.7: iSviaTi Gentiana angulosa, suraTi 2.7: Trollius patulus -is javaxeTis mTis mindvris tipiuri saxeobaa nakveTebi patara nakadze tikmataSis uReltexilTan axlos javaxeTis floristikuli regioni mdidaria floris iSviaTi da endemuri saxeobebiT. samxreT javaxeTis wylian teritoriebze 474 saxeoba 215 jiSi da 62 ojaxia aRricxuli, romelTaganac Poaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Rosaceae, Fabacaeae, Apiceae, Lamiaceae, Caryophyllaceae da sxvani dominireben. maTgan 81 saxeoba regionulad endemuria. faunasTan dakavSirebiT gzis am monakveTze mxolod fragmentuli informacia moipoveba. algeTi NNR-sTvis, literaturuli wyaroebis3

mixedviT, aRwerilia Citebis 80-ze meti saxeoba, saxeldobr: qori (Accipiter gentiles), arwivi (Aquila heliaca), Cveulebrivi kakaCa (Buteo buteo), Cveulebrivi bu (Otus scops), ofofi (Upupa epops), Savi kodala ((Dryocopus martius), kldis mercxali (Ptyonoprogne rupestris), qvis SaSvi (Monticola saxatilis), RaJo (Lanius minor) da sxva. ZuZumwovrebs Soris vxvdebiT mgels (Canis lupus), daTvs (Ursus arctos), gareul taxs (Sus scrofa), Martes meles, Felis sylvestris, Svels (Capreolus capreolus), kvernas (Martes Martes), melas (Vulpes vulpes), kurdRels (Lepus europaeus), Zilgudas (Glis glis) da sxv.

3 informaciis wyaro: Birdlife IBA Factsheet, GE 010 Algeti; internetSi arsebuli masala


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tba imerasTan, romelic mdebareobs proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli gzidan moSorebiT, 2004/2005 wlebis aRweriT, naCvenebia frinvelTa sxvadasxva saxeoba, saerTaSoriso normebiT dacul saxeobaTa CaTvliT, magaliTad, gareuli ixvi (Anas platyrhynchos), ixvinja (Anas crecca), nacrisferi ixvi (Anas strepera), Cibuxa (Gallinago gallinago), pranwia (Vanellus vanellus) da wiTuri yanCa (Ardea purpurea), romlebic daculia AEWA-s mixedviT. walkis wyalsacavis napirebze, praqtikulad, mcenareuloba ar arsebobs da amitomac kargi sabude adgilia. gamonaklisia vulkanuri warmoSobis kldovani formaciebi da rezervuaris samxreT napirze arsebuli kldeebi, sadac Tadorna ferruginea SeiZleba budobdes. walkis rezervuars, rogorc budobisaTvis gamosadeg garemos, mcire mniSvneloba aqvs wyalze mcuravi frinvelebisaTvis, magram is mniSvnelovania migranti CitebisaTvis. ekologiuri zemoqmedebis Sefasebis farglebSi, BTC milsadenisaTvis 2000 wels Catarebulma gamokvlevm moaxdina Citebis 28 saxeobis identificireba rezervuarze. maTgan bevri saerTaSorisod daculia afrikis-evraziis Waterbird–is SeTanxmebiT da ori _ Savi yaryati (Ciconia nigra) da didi TeTri yanCa (Egretta alba) Sesulia qarTul wiTel wignSi4.

iseve, rogorc gansaxilveli gzis sxva monakveTebisaTvis, RA-s mixedviT, identificirebulia cxovelTa habitatebi, romlebic potenciuri zegavlenis qveS imyofebian: ZuZumwovrebidan mTiani stepebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxeoba am regionSi aris wiTeli mela (Vulpes vulpes), maCvi (Meles meles), sindiofala (Mustela nivalis) da ruxi mgeli (Canis lupus). wvrili ZuZumwovrebidan gzis koridorSi aRricxulia mRrRnelebis koloniaTa saxeobebi (ZiriTadad, Txunela Microtus arvalis). GRL-is CamonaTvalSi, gzis vakisidan 50 metrze metis mocilebiT, sxvadasxva adgilas binadrobs zazuna-Misocricetus brandt I . walkis platoze mdebare Waobebsa da bunebriv wyalsatevebSi (gansakuTrebiT, imeras tbasa da mimdebare Warbtenian ubnebze) gavrcelebulia amfibiaTa zogierTi saxeoba. garda Rana macrocnemis camerani-sa, viwro arealSi vxvdebiT regionul endemur saxeobebs, romlebic xSiria da sakmaod mravaricxovani proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebul sivrceSi; garda tbis bayayisa (Rana ridibunda), romelic mTel dros wylis habitatis kideze atarebs, ise, rom gamravlebis adgilidan zafxulis habitatisaken sezonur migracias ar axdens. yavisferi bayayebi, ZiriTadad, xmeleTis cxovelebi arian da wyalSi mxolod mcire xniT Cadian (Cveulebriv, 1-3 kvira gazafxulze), qviriTis yris periodSi. am periodSi bayayebi masobrivad migrireben wylisa da xmeleTis habitatebs Soris; am dros xsirad kveTen gzas da moZravi transportis qveS iRupebian. garda amisa, sxvadasxva wylis frinvelisTvis, yaryatis CaTvliT, isini mnisvnelovan sakvebs warmoadgenen.

4 wyaro: BTC ESIA saqarTvelo, faza II, angariSebi faunaze


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gzis me-2 monakveTis sawyis ubanze, sxvadasxva adgilas identificirebul iqna viwro gavrcelebis xvlikebis saxeoba - Darevskia valentini and D. armeniaca garda amisa, GRL-is mixedviT, identificirebulia Dahl’s xvlikis Zalze mniSvnelovani habitati - (Darevskia dahli). proeqtis potenciuri zegavlenis qveS myofi cxovelTa saxeobebis da mniSvnelovani habitatebis Sesaxeb Semdgomi informacia mocemulia danarT 2-Si.


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gzis monakveTi II, nawili 2: tikmataSis uReltexili-ninowminda; monakveTi 3: axalqalaqidan somxeTis sazRvramde;

monakveTi 4: axalqalaqidan TurqeTis sazRvramde da alternativebi 4.1-4.3

marSrutis aRwera tikmataSis uReltexilis gavlis Semdeg, daaxloebiT 111-e km-ze meore gzis monakveTi es meore nawili aRwevs javaxeTis platos da faravnis tbas 188-e km-ze. sofeli faravnis axlos walkadan wamosuli rkinigzis xazi aRmosavleTis mxridan gzas uerTdeba da mcire distanciaze mihyveba _ daaxloebiT, 35 km-is manZilze, zemoT, sofel saTxemde. faravnis tbis samxreTiT gza gadis sofel fokaze da Semdeg mihyveba mdinare faravanas cvalebadi distanciebiT. sofel ganjanis siaxloves gavlisas gza mihyveba saRamos tbis jer aRmosavleT da Semdeg samxreT napirs (~ km 140) da Semdeg qvemoT Cadis, daaxloebiT, 1900 m-ze da aRwevs ninowmindas, daaxloebiT 153-e km-ze. proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli gzis monakveTi 3 43 km sigrZisaa. iwyeba axalqalaqSi, daaxloebiT, 1720 m simaRleze, gadis ninowmindas (1900 m) da aRwevs 2150 m-s mis saboloo wertilSi somxeTis sazRvarTan. Tavis pirvel 22 km-ze gza SedarebiT karg mdgomareobaSia; mcire manZils gadis md. Faravanamde da zemoT ninowmindamde rkinigzis xazTan axlos, romelic gzas kveTs jigraSenTan axlos. ninowmindas Semdeg (~ km 21) marSruti gadis sofel orlovkis axlos, gaivlis gorelovkis da efremovkis axlos da mcire manZils gadis madaTafas tbamde _ bolo 6 km-s, sanam miaRwevdes somxeTis sazRvars, daaxloebiT 43.1-e km-ze. monakveTi 4 (alternativa 4.1) mihyveba arsebul gzas vaCianis da suldas soflebze gavliT; gadis karwaxze da tba xarcaqis (Khartsaki) CrdiloeT napiris gaswvriv da mTavrdeba TurqeTis sazRvarTan, daaxloebiT, 36-e km-is Semdeg. am monakveTSi simaRleebi meryeobs 1900 m jigraSenis axlos da 1800 m-s Soris sazRvris momavali gadakveTis adgilis areSi. sazRvris momavali gadakveTis adgili amJamad daketilia da politikuri mizezebiT SemosazRvrulia. qarTveli mesazRvreebis TqmiT, TurqeTis mxares arsebobs gza, romelic axalia da karg pirobebSia. alternativa 4.1 da 4.2 axalqalaqis mokle aRmosavleT-dasavleT Semosavlelia, romelTagan orive miemarTeba qalaqis samxreTisken. es orive alternativa axalqalaqSi satranzito transportis Tavidan acilebis pirobaa da Seamcirebs samgzavro dros arsebul gzaTa da TurqeTisa da somxeTis sazRvrebis SemakavSirebel monakveTze. SemoTavazebuli alternativa 16 km marSruti jigraSensa da TurqeTis sazRvars Soris (alternativa 4.2) mouvlelobis gamo ganadgurebuli arsebuli miwis gzis rekonstruqcias sawiroebs. marSruti gadis soflebze mamcvara, didi gondrio da dadeSi da uerTdeba arsebul gzas suldaSi.


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landSafti da miwis gamoyeneba mkacri klimaturi pirobebisa da simaRlis gamo, javaxeTis plato gamyinvarebis xanidan utyeod darCa. aq uamravi tba, mTis stepi, sub alpuri da alpuri mindoria. PproeqtiT gaTvaliswinebuliPPgzis irgvliv plato, ZiriTadad, brtyeli zedapirisa da rbili talRovani reliefisgan Sedgeba. mas esazRvreba javaxeTis qedi. platoze Mmravali didi da mcire tbaa ganlagebuli, romelTagan proeqtis marSrutTan axlosaa _ faravani, saRamo, xanCali, bugdaSeni da madaTafa. platoze uzarmazari konusebiviTaa amowverili uamravi Camqrali vulkani. am vulkanebis midamo lodebiTa da qviani nayariTaa mofenili. platoze arsebuli, daaxloebiT, 8650 ha fiWvis plantacia, ZiriTadad, 1930 da 1950 wlebs Soris gaCnda. aman niadagebi eroziisgan daicva, gzebi ki – mimarTulebis Secvlisgan. areebs, romlebic mdebareobs 2000 m simaRleze qvemoT (ZiriTadad, axalqalaqis raioni), axasiTebT wyliani teritoriebis SedarebiT yvelaze dabali koncentracia, mosaxlebis yvelaze maRali simWidrove, da kartofilisa da marcvleulis intensiuri kultivacia. klimati javaxeTis platos klimats gansazRvravs arsianis qedi, eruSeTis mTianeTi, romlebic Savi zRvis gavlenas xels uSlis. amave dros es regioni somxeTis mTianeTis (platos samxreTiTaa ganlagebuli) uxeSi kontinenturi klimatis Zler gavlenas ganicdis. platos axasiaTebs umetesad kontinenturi klimati civi grZeli zamTrebiT da mokle zafxulebiT. Aaqauri klimati, ZiriTadad, miiCneva mTels qveyanaSi yvelaze mkacr, eqstremalur da uxeS klimatad. platoze saSualo wliuri temperaturaa 5.3°C, saSualo temperaturebia Sua ivlisSi 15°C, Sedarebuli saqarTvelos umetes areebSi am periodis temperaturasTan -22°C. zamTris saSualo temperaturaa (ianvris Sua) -8–-10°C, Sedarebuli saqarTvelos umetes areebSi am periodis temperaturasTan – +5°C. ninowmindas raionis, daaxloebiT, 70% mdebareobs 2000 m-ze met simaRleze da am raionSi klimati yvelaze mkacria mTel javaxeTis platoze. ianvrisa da ivlisis saSualo temperaturebi 2-4°C-iT dabalia ninowmindis raionSi da wliuri naleqebi 100-200 mm-iT metia vidre axalqalaqis raionSi, sadac, daaxloebiT, miwis mxolod 30% mdebareobs 2000 m-ze maRla. Tovlis safari xSirad aWarbebs 1.5 m-s, riTac plato, praqtiulad, wydeba danarCen saqarTvelos, daaxloebiT, 6 TviT weliwadSi. platos naleqebi pirdapir kavSirSia simaRlesTan. sadac simaRle 2000 m-ze metia _ regionis CrdiloeTiTa da aRmosavleTiT, wliuri naleqebi meryeobs 600-700 mm-s Soris, maSin, roca 2000 m-s qvemoT areebSi naleqebi mxolod 500-600 mm-ia. saSualo wliuri naleqebi 500-700 mm; naleqebis pikia gvian gazafxulze da gvian Semodgomaze (30 mm ianvarSi, 60 mm aprilSi, 80 mm ivlisSi, 50 mm oqtomberSi) da minimumi – ianvarSi.


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zafxulis wvimebi umetesad mokle da Zlieria, xSirad Weqa-quxiliTa da setyviT. Tovlis safaris periodi, daaxloebiT, 100 dRea. geomorfologia, geologia da niadagebi javaxeTis plato maRali mTis regionia, romelic mdebareobs 1900 da 3300 m simaRleebs Soris. Pplatos, daaxloebiT, 700 km² are ukavia da emijneba saqarTvelos, TurqeTisa da somxeTis sazRvrebs. CrdiloeTidan platos esazRvreba TrialeTis qedis ferdobebi, aRmosavleTiT da samxreTiT – abdul-samsari (TurqeTi) da javaxeTis qedi. dasavleTidan plato mTavrdeba md. Mmtkvris xeobiT, romelic 300-500 m siRrmisaa. platos geologia5 xasiaTdeba vulkanuri qanis masaliT, romelic warmoSobilia miocenis, zeda pliocenisa da pleistocenidan. lavis es fenebi mTeli regionis masStabiTaa gavrcelebuli, magram yvelaze mniSvnelovani vulkanuri centrebia im rRvevebTan, romelic abdul-samsaris, javaxeTisa da hekdagis orientacias gansazRvravs. neo-vulkanuri aqtivobis uZvelesi lavebia kvarc-traqitikebi, maT mohyveba andezitebi, riolitebi da daqtikuri (dactic) lavebi. yvelaze axalgazrda lavebia Txevadi bazalturi efuzivebi. depozitTa uZvelesi naleqebi eocenis periodis yviTeli mergelebis qviSaqvebia, romelic gvxvdeba xerTvisis axlos. adgilobrivad es qviSaqvebi porfiritis ZarRvebs kveTs. oligocenis tufobeqCiebi warmodgenilia yvelaze sqli wyebebiT. isini erodirebulia. bazaltis lavebis uaxlesma amofrqvevam dafara denudirebuli tufobreqCiebis uswormasworo zedapiri, riTac xeli SeuSala maT damatebiT gamorecxvas da Seadgina javaxeTis plato. niadagis tipebi icvleba simaRlis, ferdobTa da adgilobriv niadagTa cvlasTan erTad. mTis Savi karbonuli niadagebi dominirebs platos qveda nawilSi, maSin, roca Savi Tixebi da mTis mindvrebis niadagebi zeda nawilSi dominirebs. skeleturi niadagebi gvxvdeba cicabo ferdobebze. mdinareTa velebs da tbebis napirebsa da wyliani teritoriebis areebs naxevrad Waobiani niadagebi axasiaTebT. geologiuri saSiSroeba orogenetikuri procesebi daiwyo pliocenis periodSi da grZeldeba axlac _ seismuri aqtivobis saxiT, rixteris SkaliT 8-9-baliani miwisZvrebiT. kriogenuli da kanionis tipis Rvarcofuli movlenebi, soliflukcia da, aseve, qvaTa zvavebi azianebs ufro kldian ferdobebs _ umetesad javaxeTis brtyel platoze. aseTi movlenebi, ZiriTadad, moxdeba Rrmad CaWril mdinareTa kanionebSi da ara proeqtis gzebze.

5wyaro: informacia ramsaris wylian teritoriebze, Sesrulebuli saqarTvelos mTavrobisaTvis


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Sesabamisad ar gansazRvrula geologiuri saSiSroeba, rac sainJinro gadawyvetilebas moiTxovs. hidrologia6 regionis hidrologiuri daxasiaTeba farTod ganisazRvreba didi lava depozitebiT, romlebic faravs javaxeTis mTel aresa da vulkanur qedebs. wylian teritoriaTa didi raodenoba, maT Soris, 6 didi da, daaxloebiT, 60 patara tba bunebriv maxasiaTebels warmoadgens, rac ganasxvavebs am regions mTeli kavkasiisagan. Mmdinareebi platoze (faravani, agriCai, kirbulaxi da bugdaSeni), ZiriTadad, sazrdoobs mravali mcire SenakadiT, naleqebiT da, garkveulwilad, tbis wylebiT. mTebis ferdobebidan Camosvlis mere mdinaris dineba neldeba da vakis daWaobebas uwyobs xels. am mdinareebTan dakavSirebuli tbebi mniSvnelovnad anelebs nakadebis siCqares. am mdinareebis dinebebis cvalebadoba umniSvneloa. intensiurad danapralebuli vulkanuri qanebi xels uwyobs infiltraciis xarisxs da lavebs qveda gruntis wylebis akumulacias wvimebisa da Tovlis dnobisas. gruntis wylebis gadineba mniSvnelovnad aRemateba zedapiruli wylis gadinebas (miwisqveSa gadinebis koeficienti aRwevs 70-75%-s). SedarebiT maRali miwisqveSa gadinebiT aixsneba tbebis simravle, mdinareebisa da nakadebisgan gansxvavebiT. Aam xelSemwyobi pirobebis miuxedavad, gruntis wylebis xarjvis done Semcirebulia, SedarebiT cudi wyalgajerebis gamo. miwisqveSa gadineba gamoisaxeba saSualo moduliT 4-8 l/km². gruntis wylebis urTierTcvla SedarebiT maRalia wvrilad namsxvrevi vulkanuri qanebis gaJonvis didi unariT. javaxeTis wyliani teritoriebi, ZiriTadad, warmoadgens faseul sufTa wylis resursebs adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis. sufTa wyali gamoiyeneba sasmelad da sarwyavad. erTi magaliTia diliTis wyaroebi, romelsac asazrdoebs xanCalis tba. tufSi filtraciis Semdeg es wyaroebi gamoedinebian tbis dasavleT napirze da sofel diliTTan mdebare patara qedis damrec ferdobebze Caedinebian. es wyali Caedineba mdinare kirx bulaxSi, romelic axalqalaqisa gzaze mdebare bevri soflis ZiriTadi sasmeli maragia. mdinare faravani udidesi mdinarea platoze. is moedineba faravnis tbidan, daaxloebiT, 2080 m simaRleze sof. fokasTan. mdinare faravnis saerTo sigrZea 74 km-ia, saSualo daxriloba 13% da wyalSekrebis are 2350 km². mdinare faravans uerTdeba 218 Senakadi, romeTa saerTo sigrZea 736 km. misi saSualo siganea 20 m, mdinaris siRrme meryeobs 20sm-dan 40sm –mde, saSualod. Mmdinare, Cveulebriv, zamTarSi iyineba, magram gayinvis

6 informaciis wyaro: samsaris wyliani teritoriebis Sesaxeb sainformacio furceli, Sesrulebuli saqarTvelos mTavrobisaTvis; da: javaxeTis wyliani teritoriebi: biomravalferovneba da konservacia. NACRES, 2004


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periodebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebulia. gazafxulis wyaldidobebi iwyeba april-maisSi da grZeldeba ivlisis bolomde.

mdinareSi saSualo mravalwliuri xarji izrdeba mdinaris mimarTulebiT da, Sesabamisad, Seadgens: sof. fokasTan _ 1.47 m/wm-Si, aragialTan _ 6.54 m3/wm, sof. orojalarTan _ 9.10 m3/wm da xerTvisTan _ 18.9 m3/wm. amave mimarTulebiT izrdeba saSualo erTTviuri xarji da aris fokasTan 7.11 m3/wm, sof. almalTan 5.20 dan _ 43.0 m3/wm-mde, sof. xerTvisTan 6.20-dan_83.0 m3/wm-mde. yvelaze didi xarjva fiqsirdeba gazafxulis Tovlis dnobiT warmoqmnili wyaldidobebiT da Sesabamisad Seadgens sof. fokasTan 19.4 m3/wm, sof. almalTan 63.0 m3/wm, sof xerTvisTan 160 m3/wm. mdinaris myari ativinarebuli Camonadeni sofel saRamosTan Seadgens 0.26 kg/wm-Si, sofel xerTvisTan 2.4kg/wm. Sesabamisad, izrdeba saSualo simRvrive - 800 gr/m3. fokadan mdinare faravani miedineba proeqtiT arCeuli gzis marjvniv cvalebad distanciebze. is Tavdapirvelad miedineba samxreTiT farTod miiklakneba platoze. sof. ganjanis samxreTiT mdinare iyofa mraval daklaknil totebad, romlebic kvebaven saRamos tbas. saRamos tbis samxreT-dasavleT kideze mdinare uceb Cadis cicabo 25-40 m siRrmisa da 200-400 m siganis kanionSi. mdinare faravani Semdeg uxvevs dasavleTiT da Crdilo dasavleTiT, aRmosavleTidan uerTdeba mdinare mtkvars xerTvisis midamoebSi, romelic gzis me-5-e monakveTis sawyisi wertilia. mdinaris wyali gamWvirvalea, sasmelad vargisi; saSiSi hidrologiuri movlenebi dafiqsirebuli ar aris. mdinare gamoiyeneba eleqtroenergiis misaRebad. arsebuli hidroeleqtrosadguri gamoimuSavebs 95kvt. energias. qalaq axalqalaqTan-172kvt-s. mdinare gamoiyeneba, agreTve, miwebis sarwyavad. wylis maragis TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze cudi pirobebia axalqalaqis centralur da dasavleT nawilebSi da ninowmindis raionis Crdilo-dasvleT nawilSi. javaxeTis tbebis hidrologiuri reJimi javaxeTis yvela tba warmoSobilia vulkanuri aqtivobis Sedegad. qviSis, Tixebisa da xreSis fenebs Soris warmodgenili pleistocenis tbiuri naleqebi gviCvenebs, rom javaxeTSi axal geologiur xanamde ufro meti da farTo tbebi iyo. am tbebis gaqroba sxvadasxva faqtorTa erTobliobam gamoiwvia; magaliTad _ gruntis wylebis gazrdili xarji, vinaidan mdinareebi gaRrmavda, bunebrivi evTrofikacia da klimati Seicvala. javaxeTSi yvela tbas msgavsi morfologiuri Tvisebebi aqvs. asakTan erTad es tbebi metad mcirewyliani gaxda da daWaobebisken midrekili. platos tbebis umetesoba erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia zedapiruli wylebiT da nakadebiT; gruntis wylebis urTierTcvla mniSvnelovania. zamTarSi tbebi iyineba da yinulis sisqe, saSualod, 0.4-dan 0.6 m-mde meryeobs. platoze wyliani teritoriebis umaRlesi koncentraciaa ninowmindas raionSi. didi wyliani teritoriebi gvxvdeba sofel suldas, gorelovkasa da karwaxis siaxloves.


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rTuli geologiuri faqtorebi Zalze arTulebs tbebis wylis saerTo biujetis gamoTvlas7. ZiriTad tbebze mTavari hidrologiuri maxasiaTeblebi Semdegia: faravanis tba faravnis tba mdebareobs ninowmindis raionSi 2073.5 m. abs. simaRleze. is cnobilia rogorc udidesi bunebrivi tba saqarTveloSi bunebriv wyalSemkrebi auziT, 269 km2 farTobiT, wylis sarkis farTobi _ 37.5 km2, wylis moculoba _ 90800000 m3, saSualo siRrme _ 2.4m. mis napirebze gaSenebulia 6 dasaxlebuli punqti. maT Soris yvelaze didia sof. foka. tbaSi wylis donis meryeobis saSualo Tviuri amplituda Seadgens 32 sm-s, maqsimaliri _ 54sm-s, minimaluri 26sm-s. wylis temperatura, Cveulebriv, aWarbebs haeris temperaturas. yinulovani periodis saSualo xangrZlivoba grZeldeba 157 dRe-Rames (minimaluri–131, maqsimaluri _ 174). tbis wyali sustad mineralizirebulia. misi saSualo mineralizaciaa 80 mg/lt. maqsimaluri mineralizacia (120 ml/lt) aRiniSneba zamTarSi da zafxulSi. wylis qimizmis mxriv, gabatonebulia anionebi _ HCO3 da kaTionebi – Ca. tba gamoiyeneba samrewvelo, sasoflo_sameurneo miznebisaTvis da TevzWerisaTvis. tbaSi grovdeba yvela myari masala gaSemo arsebuli mTebidan. saRamos tba mdebareobs ninowmindas raionSi 1996 m. abs. simaRleze yovel mxridan SemosazRvruli vulkanuri mTebis teqtonikur qvabulSi. tba ikvebeba md. faravniT, romelic tbaSi Crdilo-aRmosavleTidan Cadis. tbis sarkis farTobia 4.8 km2, wylis moculobaa 7710000 m3, maqsimaluri siRrme – 2.3m, saSualo siRrme - 1.6m. tbaSi maqsimaluri done aRiniSneba gazafxulis wyaldidobis periodSi, wylis donis meryeobis saSualo mravalwliuri amplituda Seadgens 61 sm-s, maqsimaluri _ 92 sm-s, minimaluri _ 32 sm-s. saSualo erTTviuri temperaturis maqsimumi aRiniSneba ivlisis TveSi (14.4°C), wylis zedapirze yinulis safaris warmoqmna iwyeba noembrSi, dekembris bolos yinulis sisqe Seadgens 27 sm-s, calkeul wlebSi 51-99 sm-mdec aRwevs. yinulis safaris saSualo xangrZlivoba 137 dRea, zogierT wlebSi ki _ 163 dRe, minimaluri – 98. tba xasiaTdeba susti mineralizaciiT (50-80 mg/l), anionebidan Warbobs HCO3. kaTionebidan – Ca. tbis wyali gamoiyeneba soflis meurneobisa da TevzWeris warmoebis mizniT.

karwaxis tba mdebareobs axalqalaqis raionSi 1798 m simaRleze. is warmoadgens trans-sasazRvro tbas, romelic gayofilia TurqeTsa da saqarTvelos Soris saerTaSoriso sazRvriT. karwaxis tba faravs 26.6 km² farTobs. is ramdenime SenakadiT sazrdoobs, magaliTad _ md. agri, romelic aRmosavleTidan uerTdeba mas. karwaxis tbis saSualo siRrmea 0.5 m. wylis maqsimaluli done dafiqsirebulia maisis TveSi Tovlis dnobisas, xolo minimumi – TebervalSi. wylis donis maqsimaluri amplituda 1 m-ia. misi SezRuduli siRrmis gamo, temperatura tbaSi

7 wyaro: biomravalferovneba da konservacia. NACRES, 2004


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SeiZleba avides 24°C-mde zafxulSi. zamTris ganmavlobaSi tba fskeramde iyineba.

xanCalis tba ninowmindas raionSi mdebareobs 1928 m simaRleze. farTo qvabulSi geoTafis mTis CrdiloeT borcvebTan. is warmoadgens wyaros mdinare agrisaTvis, romelic faravnis tbis erT-erTi Senakadia. am tbis zedapiri iyo 13.3 km², sanam misi 2/3 daSreboda. misi moculoba 6765 m3-ia. xanxalis tbis siRrme meryeobs 70-dan 50sm-mde. xanCalis tba sazrdoobs atmosferuli naleqebiT da 10 nakadiT, romelTa mTliani dinebis siCqarea 2.37 l/w. am nakadTagan 7 mudmivia, sami ki – sezonuri. Mmdinare agriCai tbidan CrdiloeTisken miedineba da sofel yaurmasTan md. faravans erTvis; ufro metic, arsebobs gansatvirTi arxebi da e.w. delfifis wyaroebi. mTliani gadineba aris 3.25 l/w-Si. tbis fskeri dafarulia lamis sqeli feniT. wylis maqsimaluri done maisSia, minimaluri ki – TebervalSi 1 m-mde miRweuli amplitudiT. zamTarSi xanxalis tba ifareba yinulis sqeli feniT da iyineba, TiTqmis, fskeramde. Mmineraluri Semcveloba dabalia (110 mg/l), anionebidan Warbobs HCO3

1 da kaTionebidan – N1 +K1, ~ 2.5 m.

bugdaSenis tba ninowmindas raionSi mdebareobs 2040 m simaRleze. is aris mcirwyliani da samkuTxedi formis tba mcire kunZuliT. bugdaSenis tbis siRrmea ~ 0.8 m da misi zedapiris farTobia 0.39 km². misi wyalSekrebis farTobis sami meoTxedi mdinare zagraniCnaias auzSia, romelic erTaderT tbaSi Camdinare mdinares warmoadgens. mdinaris napirebi mcirewyliania, misi samxreT-aRmosavleTi nawilebi ki nawilobriv kldovania da Waobiani. tbis fskeri brtyelia da dafarulia lamis sqeli feniT. wylis maqsimaluri done maisSia, minimaluri ki – TebervalSi. tba iyineba, saSualod, 5 Tvis periodiT. mdinare bugdaSeni gamoedineba tbidan Crdilo-dasavleTiT da erTvis mdinare faravans sofel orjolarisTan axlos.

tba madaTafa mdebareobs ninowmindis raionSi javaxeTis qedis dasavleT ferdobebze 2108 m simaRleze. is faravs, daaxloebiT, 8.78 km². mTliani wylis moculoba - daaxloebiT, 9.5 mil m³. tba madaTafa ikvebeba ori mdinariT da xuTi wyaroTi, romlebic Caedinebian tbaSi dinebis saSulo siCqariT 1.28l/wm tba madaTafas siRrmea 1.1 (min.) –1.72 m (maqs.). zafxulis wyaldidoba maissa da ivliss Soris xdeba da tbis wylis farTobi SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad gaizardos vakeze. wylis minimaluri done fiqsirdeba Tebervalsa da martSi. noembris Suidan maisis dasawyisamde tba fskeramde iyineba. tbis wyali dabali mineraluri da SedarebiT maRali organuli Semcvelobisaa da arasasiamovno suni da gemo axasiaTebs. tba madaTafa, ZiriTadad, ikvebeba gruntis wylebiT da Tovlis nadnobiT. mdinare qoCqi gamoedineba tbidan Crdilo–dasavleTiT da uerTdeba mdinare bugdaSens sofel gorelovkasTan axlos.


danarTi 1 33

flora da fauna

bio-geografiuli TvalsazrisiT, es regioni miekuTvneba aRmosavleT xmelTaSua zRvis provinciis axlo aRmosavleTis raions. Tumca, es teritoria kavkasiis tyian mTebamde adgilobrivi biomravalferovnebis ganmsazRvreli elementebiT xasiaTdeba da Sedgeba rogorc axlo aRmosavluri, iseve kavkasiuri mcenareebisa da cxovelebis saxeobebisgan. rac Seexeba ZiriTad informacias, javaxeTis fauna ufro metad Seswavlili Cans, vidre flora. Tumca, vinaidan gzis reabilitaciis mosalodneli Sedegebi faunaze met gavlenas moaxdens, vidre floraze, es viTareba proeqtis Sedegebis Sefasebas sirTules ar Seuqmnis. am regionisTvis damaxasiaTebelia mudmivi mtknari wylis tbebi, mdinareebi, nakadebi da vulkanuri warmoSobis Waobebi, romlebic ganviTarebulia mTis stepebis landSaftze. WaobTa umetesoba axalgazrdaa da, ZiriTadad, ganviTarebulia yofili tbebis adgilas. dRes proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli gzis garemo moicavs mTiani stepebis, mindvrebisa da wyliani teritoriebisTvis damaxasiaTebel mcenareulobas, aseve _ xelovnuri wiwvovani tyeebis monakveTebs. javaxeTSi ganxorcielebuli adgilis adreuli Seswavla gviCvenebs, rom plato moicavs mcenareTa 470-ze met saxeobas. yvelaze mravalricxovani ojaxebia Poaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Rosaceae, Fabaceae, Apiaceae, Lamiaceae da Caryophyllaceae; Aaseve, gvxvdeba kavkasiuri da qarTuli endemuri mcenareebis uamravi saxeoba. tikmataSis uReltexilis irgvliv mindvrebze napovnia iSviaTi mcenareebi adgilzeve gakeTebuli swrafi SefasebebiT. mag. Gentiana angulosa da Scilla rosenii (ix. gamosaxuleba 2.7 da 2.8). Tumca, qarTul wiTel wignSi an bunebis konservaciis saerTaSoriso kavSiris siaSi arc erTi maTgani ar iyo Setanili. yoveli maTgani gavrcelebuli iyo proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli gzis midamoebSi. platos bevr areSi arsebuli mimdebare gzebi SedarebiT dazianebulia saZovrebad intensiurad gamoyenebis gamo (gamosaxuleba 2.9), damazianebeli faqtoria Tavad gzac. mZRolebi cdiloben, gverdi auaron cud da svel gzebs, amisTvis isini eZeben gzas arsebuli koridoris gareT. am kvlevis farglebSi adgilze Catarda gamokvlevebi da moxda swrafi Sefaseba, ramac gviCvena, rom gzis uSualo siaxloves mdebare es areebi sareabilitacio samuSaoebis dros SeiZleba daziandes, rac, rogorc Cans, regionulad an erovnulad mniSvnelovan da kanoniT dacul mcenareTa iSviaTi saxeobebis saarsebo garemosTvis arcTu sasargeblo aRmoCndeba.


danarTi 1 34

suraTi A2.10: naxiri zafxulis saZovrebze suraTi A2.11 mTis stepebze mniSvnelovani javaxeTis mTian mindorze zegavlena SeimCneva: saqonelis da

transportis nakvalevebi platos saarsebo garemoTa ZiriTadi tipebi SeiZleba Semdegnairad aRiweros:

• mTis stepis - gvxvdeba 1800-2500 m simaRelze Savmiwa niadagebze. kavkasiaSi es mTis stepebi gvxvdeba mxolod mcire kavkasiis qedze da javaxeTSi. sxva mTis stepebi proeqtis regionSi meoradia da ganviTarebulia yofili kultivirebuli soflis sameurneo miwebidan an areebidan, romelic gamoyenebuli iyo, ZiriTadad, saZovrebad an saTibebad. damaxasiaTebeli da gavrcelebuli mTis stepebis saxeobebia Festuca salcata da ufro farTod gavrcelebuli - Stipa ssp (Stipa tirsa da St. capillata). sxva mniSvnelovani saxeobebia Dactylis glomerata, Stipa tirsa, Trifolium alpestre da geofitebi, rogoricaa Gagea, Muscari da a.S. mcenareTa ZiriTadi asociaciebi moicavs Festucetum-valesiacae mixtoherbos; Stipa tirsa-Festuca-valesiaca-mixtoher-bosa; Stipa capillata-Festuca-valesiaca-Carex humilis; Festuca-valesiaca- Carex humilis -Thymus rariflorus. yvelaze gavrcelebulia Festucetum valesiacae mixtoherbos.

• mindvrebi warmodgenilia adgilobrivi ekologiuri cvladebiT dadgenili formisa da saxeobaTa kompoziciis sxvadasxva variantiT. Waobiani mindvrebi damaxasiaTebeli mcenareulobiT, ZiriTadad, gvxvdeba tbebis siaxloves. isini umetesad dafarulia balaxiTa da isliT (Poa longifolia, Alopecurus armenus; Phleum pratense, Brompsis variegata; Carex diandra, C. dacica da sxva), sveli da mezofiluri mindvrebi gvxvdeba CrdiloeTisa da dasavleTisken mimarTul gorebze da 1800-2000 m simaRleze. aseTi mindvrebi gvxvdeba sxvadasxva variantiT, magaliTad _ Deschampsieta cespitosae mixoherbosum da Festuceta pratensiae mixoherbosum gvxvdeba madatafis tbis CrdiloeTiT; Agrostidetum planifoliae mixoherbosum, Anemonastrumetum fasciculatae purum da Trollietum patulal graminoso-mixoherbosum gvxvdeba karwaxis tbasTan; qseromezofiluri mindvrebis sxvadasxva variantebi (Festucetum woronowiae mixoherbosa, Festucetum worono-wiae purum) gvxvdeba madatafis tbis axlos 2100 m simaRleze zemoT. didi areebi gatkepnilia da dazianebuli maTi saZovrebad farTod gamoyenebis gamo. es


danarTi 1 35

adgilebi ukavia Nardus stricta mindvrebs (Nardeta strictae pura); axasiaTebs sakmaod uniformuli struqtura da saxeobaTa SedarebiTi simwire.

• Waobisa da tbis saarsebo garemo gvxvdeba sezonurad meryevi wylis

donis mqone tbebis garSemo _ ZiriTadad, 2200 m simaRleze. es garemoebi ufro xSirad isliTaa dafaruli. Carex acuta aris isliani Waobebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli varianti javaxeTSi8. damaxasiaTebeli amaRlebuli monakveTebi islian WaobebSi tipiurad Sedgeba islisagan da masTan dakavSirebuli wylis mcenareebisagan, rogoricaa: Potamogeton ssp., Lemna minor da Urticularia vulgaris, romelic gvxvdeba islis monakveTebs Soris. xSiria isliani Waobebi Carex vesicaria-Ti, Waobebis iseT kideebSi, sadac wyali mcire raodenobiTaa. aseTi Waobebia suldadan Crdilo-dasavleTiT da, garkveulwilad, karwaxis da madaTafas Waobebi. Semdgomi asociaciebia Caricetum diandrae purum, Caricetum inflatae calliergonelosum, Scolochloetum festucaceae equisetosum heleocharis, Scolochloetum festucaceaepurum da a.S. balaxis maRali da mWidro monakveTebi gvxvdeba tbebis Waobian napirebze. yvelaze mniSvnelovani saxeobebi am garemoebSi moicavs: Beckmannia eruciforme, Calamagrostis neglecta, Digraphis arundinacea, Scolochloa festucacea, Poa palustris, Dactylis glomerata da a.S.

• xelovnuri wiwvovani tyeebi gvxvdeba proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli

gzis sxvadasxva adgilas. rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, es “tyeebi” ar warmoadgens Tavdapirvel bunebriv narCenebs, aramed isini dargulia qarisagan damcavi zolebis funqciiT wina saukunis Sua wlebSi.

javaxeTis regioni zoo-geografiuli dayofiT miekuTvneba aRmosavleT xmelTaSua zRvis provinciis sevanis mcire aziis subprovincias. cxovelTa saxeobebi, romelic aq gvxvdeba, msgavsia aRmosavleT TurqeTsa da dasavleT TurqeTSi arsebuli saxeobebisa. bolodroindeli gamokvlevebi mowmobs, rom zogi saxeoba, romelic mcirdeba kavkasiis sxva regionebSi, javaxeTSi gavrcelebulia.

gzis siaxloves arsebuli vulkanuri tbebi, gubeebi da sxva wyliani teritoriebi amfibiaTa 3 saxeobis sacxovrebel garemos warmoadgens, romelTagan 2 gavrcelebulia mTel platoze. mesame saxeoba, Rana macrocnemis, warmodgenilia camerani qve saxeobiT, romelsac SezRuduli regionuli gavrceleba axasiaTebs. reptiliaTa Soris gvelebis oTxi saxeoba da Darevskia xvlikebis oTxive saxeoba regionulad endemuria, ZiriTadi D. valentini da D. armeniaca javaxeTis platozea gavrcelebuli.

ZuZumwovarTa Soris 33 gareuli saxeobaa dafiqsirebuli9 javaxeTis platoze. maTgan kurdReli, mela da mgeli mTel regionSia

8 javaxeTis wyliani teritoriebi: biomravalferovneba da konservacia. NACRES, 2004 9 TarxniSvili da sxvani, 1999


danarTi 1 36

gavrcelebuli, sadac marmarilosebri qrcvini (Vormela peregusna) mxolod madaTafis tbis garSemoa dafiqsirebuli somxeTis sazRvarTan. javaxeTis ZuZumwovarTa xuTi saxeoba, kerZod mgeli, wavi, marmarilosebri qrcvini da zazunebi Cricetulus migratorius da Mesocricetus brandti mTel saqarTveloSi mcirdeba10. saqarTvelos farglebSi Nehrings Txunela (Nannospalax neringi) da marmarilosebri qrcvini regionSi SezRuduladaa. 6 saxeoba, romelTa saarsebo garemo, ZiriTadad, koncentrirebulia regionis samxreT sazRvarTan (samsarisa da javaxeTis mTebi), endemuria kavkasiisaTvis (Nannospalax neringi, Mesocricetus brandti, voles Terricola daghestanicus, Terricola nasarovi, da bigebi Sorex caucasicus, Neomys schelkownikowi).

rac Seexeba am regionis Citebs, uamravi saxeobaa, romelic daculia saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT an Sesulia sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso ekologiur SeTanxmebai. maTi ricxvi da gavrcelebis specifika garemoSi avtorTa mixedviT sxvadasxvaa. NACRES mier Catarebuli gamokvleviT 110-ze meti Citis saxeobaa, romelTagan 80-ze meti mravldeba javaxeTSi, danarCeni ki an migrantia, an zafxulobiT mosuli an gaurkveveli statusi aqvs. 80-ze meti saxeoba, maT Soris 40 budis frinveli, wylis frinvelia. 7 saxeoba globaluri konservaciisaa, maTgan ori, Pelecanus crispus karwaxis tbaSi da Crex crex javaxeTSi budobs. 20-mde saxeoba evropuli konservaciis statusisaa, romelTagan 9 budobs javaxeTSi: Pelecanus onocrotalus, Ardeola ralloides Tadorna ferruginea, Anas streptera, A. querquedula, Aythya fuligula (regionis samxreTi sazRvris gaswvriv tbebi), Netta rufina da N. fusca. javaxeTi warmoadgens Semdegi populaciebisaTvis gamravlebis erTaderT adgils saqarTveloSi: nacrisferi wero (Grus grus), TeTri yaryati (Ciconia ciconia), Pelecanus orocrolatus, P. crispus da Melanitta fusca. maZebrebi (Cyrcus pygagrus da C. aeroginosus) budoben regionis ZiriTadi tbebis garSemo areebSi. TeTri yaryatis saxeoba gavrcelebulia ninowmindas raionis samxreT nawilSi, udidesi gamravlebadi populaciiT sof. gorelovkaSi (km 30, monakveTi 3). cxovelTa samyaros konservaciis qarTuli centris (GCCW) informaciiT, wyliani teritoriebi me-3 monakveTis orive mxares dadeSisa da didi gondrios (alternativa 4.3) midamo warmoadgens mniSvnelovan sakveb ares werosTvis, da Savi da TeTri yaryatisaTvis, romlebic Sesulia qarTul wiTel wignSi da romlebsac iTvaliswinebs afrikis-evraziis Waterbird–is SeTanxmeba.

kavkasiaSi migranti frinvelebis erT-erTi marSruti 3 marSrutidan gadis javaxeTis platoze. gazafxulisa da Semodgomis migraciebis dros xanCali, madaTafa da bugdaSeni 30 000-ze met sxvadasxva saxeobis frinvels iRebs, romlebic sxvadasxva dros mofrinaven gviani zafxulidan dawyebuli, mTeli Semodgomis ganmavlobaSi, aseve _ gazafxulze.

10 CeTvini da sxvani, 1997 da saqarTvelos ssr wiTeli wignis monacemebi


danarTi 1 37

cxrili A 1 javaxeTis SerCeuli tbebis frinvelebis saxeobebi da maTi konservaciis statusi11 saxeobebi (ojaxebi) tba suldas

Waobebi qarTuli wiTeli wigni, GRDB

bunebis konservaciis saerTaSoriso kavSiri, IUCN

afrikis-evraziis Waterbird–is SeTanxmeba, AEWA

Podecipedidae (Podicipitiformes m.kutubiZis mix

murtalisnairni)

1 Podiceps cristatus M, K 2 Podiceps grisegena murtala M, K VU D1 X 3 Podiceps nigricollis B, M, K

Pelecanidae varxvisebrni

4 Pelecanus crispus qoCora varxvi B ; M EN D1 X 5 Pelecanus onocrotalus

vardisferi varxvi B ; M ; K VU D1 X

gagrZeleba: cxrili A 1 javaxeTis SerCeuli tbebis Ffrinvelebis saxeobebi da maTi konservaciis statusi

saxeobebi (ojaxebi) tba suldas




Ardeidae yanCisebni 6 Ardea cinerea ruxi yanCa B ; M ; K 7 Ardeola ralloides yviTeli

yanCa K

8 Egretta alba didi TeTri yanCa

M

9 Egretta garzetta mcire TeTri yanCa

B; K

Treskiornithidae 10 Pegadis falcinellus B

11 wyaro:


danarTi 1 38

Ciconiidae yaryatisebrni 11 Ciconia ciconia laklaki B; M; K x VU D1 X 12 Ciconia nigra aryati M VU D1 X Phoenicopteridae 13 Phoenicopterus ruber

Cveulebrivi Fflamingo B X

Anatidae ixvisebrni 14 Anas crecca Wikvara B; M X 15 Anas ferina B; M; K X 16 Anas glipeata B; M; K 17 Anas platyrhynchos gareuli

ixvi B; M; K X X

18 Anas querquedula ixvinja B; M; K x X 19 Anas strepera ruxi ixvi B; M; K X 20 Anser anser ruxi bati M; K X 21 Aythya fuligula qoCora

yvinTia B; M; K X

22 Melanitta fusca grieli B; M; K EN D1 23 Netta rufina wiTelniskarta

yuryumela K X

24 Tadorna ferruginea wiTeli oxvi B; M; K VU D1 X 25 Tadorna tadorna amlayi ixvi B; M Accipitridae qorisebrni 26 Circus aeruginosus Waobis

Zelqora B; M; K x

27 Circus cianeus (cyaneus) mindvris Zelqora

B; M; K

28 Circus macroulus (macrourus) velis Zelqora

B; M; K

29 Circus pygagrus mdelos Zelqora

K x

Gruidae werosebrni 30 Grus grus ruxi wero B; M; K x EN D1 X Rallidae lainasebrni 31 Crex crex RalRa B; K 32 Fulica atra melota M x 33 Porzana porzana qaTamura K X 34 Rallus aquaticus Cveulebrivi

laina B ; M ; K

Haematopodidae 35 Himantopus himantopus

Cveulebrivi oCofexa B; M; K

Charadriidae meWvaviasebrni

36 Charadrius dubius mcire wintala

B; M X

37 Charadrius hiaticula sayeloiani wintala

B; M; K X

38 Vanellus vanellus pranwia B X saxeobebi (ojaxebi) tba qarTuli

wiTeli wigni, GRDB



Scolopacidae Cibuxasebrni 39 Actitus hypoleucos B 40 Calidris ferruginea B X


danarTi 1 39

41 Gallinago gallinago dasavluri Cibuxa

B; M; K X

42 Gallinago media M X 43 Limosa limosa didi lia B X 44 Philomachus pugnax

turuxtani B X

45 Tringa ochropus Savi Wovilo

B; M; K X

46 Tringa totanus Savi Wovila B; M; K X

gagrZeleba: cxrili A 1 javaxeTis SerCeuli tbebis Ffrinvelebis saxeobebi da maTi konservaciis statusi


waobebi qarTuli wiTeli wigni, GRDB



Laridae Toliisebrni 47 Chlidonias hybridus

loyaTeTri Tevziylapia B; M

48 Chlidonias leucopterus B; M; K X 49 Larus cachinnans B ; M ; K x 50 Larus ridibundus

Cveulebrivi Tolia B; M; K

51 Terna hirundo B X Accipitridae qorisebrni 52 Accipiter nisus mimino B; M 53 Accipiter gentiles qori M ; K 54 Aquila clanga didi myivani

arwivi B ; M VU EN

55 Aquila heliaca beqobis arwivi B 56 Aquila nipalensis velis arwivi B EN 57 Buteo buteo Cveulebrivi kakaCa B; M; K 58 Falco peregrinus Savardeni B 59 Falco tinnunculus Cveulebrivi

kirkita B; M; K

60 Falco vespertinus Tvalmavi K EN D1 61 Hieraaetus pennatus Cia arwivi B 62 Milvus migrans Zera B; M; K Phasianidae xoxbisebrni 63 Coturnix coturnix mwyeri M Colombidae mtredisebrni 64 Columba palumbus qedani K Cuculidae gugulisebrni 65 Cuculus canorus Cveulebrivi

guguli B ; K

Strigidae busebrni 66 Asio flammeus Waobis bu B; M; K Apodidae namgalisebrni 67 Apus apus namgala B; M; K Meropidae kvirioniebrni 68 Merops apiaster kvirioni B; M; K Upulidae ofofisebrni 69 Upupa epops ofofi B


danarTi 1 40

Alaudidae torolasebrni 70 Alauda arvensis mindvris

torola M ; K

Hirundinidae mercxlisebrni

71 Hirundo rustica soflis mercxali

B; M; K

72 Riparia riparia menapire mercxali

B ; M

Motacillidae boloqanqarasebrni

73 Motacilla alba wyalwyala B; M; K X 74 Motacilla citreola

yviTelTava boloqanqara K X

75 Motacilla flava yviTeli boloqanqara

B; M; K x

Turdidae SaSvisebrni 76 Luscinia svecica

cisfergula K

77 Monticola saxatilis Wreli kldis SaSvi

M; K

78 Oenanthe oenanthe Cveulebruvi meRorRia

M; K

79 Saxicola rubetra mdelos ovsadi

M; K

Sylvidae aspuWavasebrni 80 Acrocehalus trochilus B 81 Phylloscopus trochilus yarana-

megazafxule M ; K

gagrZeleba: cxrili A 1 javaxeTis SerCeuli tbebis frinvelebis saxeobebi da maTi konservaciis statusi





Corvidae Yyornisebrni 82 Corvus corone yvavi B; M; K 83 Corvus frugilegus Widuvaki B; M; K 83 Corvus monedula Wka B; M; K 84 Pica pica Cveulebrivi

kaWkaWi B; M; K

Ploceidae SoSiasebrni 85 Passer domesticus saxlis

beRura B; M; K

Sturnidae SoSiasebni 86 Sturnus vulgaris SoSia B; M; K Fringilidae mTiulisebrni 87 Carduelis cannabina K 88 Carduelis carduelis Citbatona K 89 Carduelis flavirostris M; K Emberizidae


danarTi 1 41

90 Miliaria calandra velis torola

B; K

M: tba madatafa B: tba bugdaSeni K: tba karwaxi

cxrili A 2: javaxeTis platos ZuZumwovrebi da maTi konservaciis statusi

saxeobebi P R B S

qarTuli wiTeli wigni, GRDB

bunebis konservaciis saerTaSoriso kavSiri,

IUCN

mdebareoba

1 Apodemus (S.) fulvipectus

+ + yvelgan

2 Apodemus (S.) uralensus

+ + yvelgan

3 Arvikola terrestris + yvelgan 4 Canis lupus + + + yvelgan 5 Capreolus capreolus + ninowmindis raioni

6 Chionomys nivalis + abdul samsaris qedis dasavleTi nawili

7 Cricetulus migratorius + VU A2 a yvelgan 8 Crocidura

gueldenstaedti + + yvelgan

9 Crocidura leucodon + ninowmindis raioni 10 Eptesicus serotinus + yvelgan adamianTa

dasaxlebebTan axlos 11 Erinaceus concolor + + + yvelgan 12 Lepus europeus + + yvelgan 13 Lutra lutra + + VU B1 (bl) saxa, ninowmindas raioni,

md. bugdaSeni 14 Lynx lynx F + CR C2 (al) ninowmindas raioni 15 Martes foina + + yvelgan 16 Martes martes + yvelgan tyeTa zolebSi 17 Meles meles + + yvelgan 18 Mesicricetus brandti + VU B1 yvelgan 19 Microtus arvalis + + yvelgan 20 Mus musculus + + yvelgan adamianTa

dasaxlebebTan axlos 21 Mustela nivalis + + yvelgan 22 Myotis blythii + yvelgan adamianTa

dasaxlebebTan axlos 23 Myotis mustakinus + yvelgan adamianTa

dasaxlebebTan axlos 24 Nannospalax nehringi + + orive regionis samxreTi

nawili 25 Neomus

schelkovnikovi + faravnis tba

26 Ondatra zibethicus + ninowmindas raionis tbebi 27 Pipistrellus + yvelgan adamianTa


danarTi 1 42

pipistrellus dasaxlebebTan axlos 28 Plecotus austriacus + yvelgan adamianTa

dasaxlebebTan axlos 29 Rattus norvegicus + + yvelgan adamianTa

dasaxlebebTan axlos 30 Rhinolophus

ferrumequinum + yvelgan adamianTa

dasaxlebebTan axlos 31 Rhinolophus

hipposideros + yvelgan adamianTa

dasaxlebebTan axlos 32 Sorex caucasicus + faravnis tba 33 Sus scrofa ninowmindis raioni 34 Talpa levantis abdul samsaris mTaTa qedi 35 Terricola

daghestanicus + + yvelgan

36 Terricola nasarovi + + yvelgan 37 Ursus arctos + EN C2 (al) ninowmindas raioni 38 Vespertilio murinus + yvelgan adamianTa

dasaxlebebTan axlos 39 Vormela peregusma + madaTafas tba 40 Vulpes vulpes + + + yvelgan wyaroebi: R: mowodebulia mosaxleobis mier

S: savaraudo/SesaZlo arseboba B: literaturuli wyaroebis mixedviT P: gundis wevrTa gamokvlevis monacemebi RDBG: saqarTvelos wiTeli wignis monacemebi (2006) IUCN: bunebis konservaciis saerTaSoriso kavSiri faqtorebi, romlebic amJamad mZimed moqmedebs javaxeTis platos faqiz ekosistemebze Semdegia:

• daSroba (xanCalis tba);

• Tibva da Tivis damzadeba tbis napirebze;

• Seyvanili Tevzis jiSebi

• nadiroba da Carevebi

• cudad daggemili, araefeqturi sarwyavi sistemebi.

proeqtis zemoqmedebis Sedegad saxeobebis da arealis eqspres Sefaseba warmodgenilia danarT 2 Si.


danarTi 1 43

gzis monakveTi V xerTvisi-varZia

marSrutis aRwera proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli marSrutis me_5 monakveTi ganlagebulia mwirad dasaxlebul areSi, romelic axlosaa TurqeTis sazRvarTan. gza mdinare mtkvris velebze gadis 1500 m simaRleze xerTvisSi da 1250 m simarleze varZiaSi. Gza velze gaivlis, kveTs soflebs naqalaqevi (~ km 8.5) da Tmogvi (~ km 11).

landSafti da miwis gamoyeneba

gamoiyofa landSaftis ori gansxvavebuli monakveTi. 0 km-dan sofel naqalaqavemde gza gadis SedarebiT farTo saZovrebian da mindvrebian vels md. mtkvris dabal terasebze. am soflis Semdeg gza TandaTanobiT Sedis viwro xeobaSi. mas orive mxares kldis kedlebi da blokebi esazRvreba. gzis gverdiT marjvena mxares sxvadasxva CO2 qarxnebi mdebareobs _ borjomi da koka kola. TmogvSi, uSualod gzasTan axlos aris skola. tba wunda mcire bunebrivi tbaa, romelic proeqtis gzis marcxniv mdebareobs or sofels Soris. varZiis gamoqvabulebis pirdapir mdinaris dabali terasa kempingisaTvis gamoiyeneba. axlomdebare turbaza aSenrbulia gzis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT. es gza eqspluataciaSi iyo 90-iani wlebis Suamde, magram axla dangreulia.

sxvadasxva monakveTebSi gzas esazRvreba darguli fiWvis tyeebi. tirifis ori xe dgas gzis marjvniv da kaklis didi xeebi izrdeba arsebuli gzis Sua monakveTis dasawyisSi.

klimati geomorfologiuri pirobebi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs klimaturi da mdinare mtkvris zeda seqciis landSaftis garemos Taviseburebebis Camoyalibebisas. ares aqvs kontinenturi mSrali klimati civi zamTrebiTa da Tbili zafxulebiT.

wliuri naleqebia 500 mm-ze qvemoT (< 20 mm ianvarSi, (< 40 mm aprilSi, (< 40 mm ivlisSi, da (< 40 mm oqtomberSi). Tovlis safaris xangrZlivoba daaxloebiT 50 DdRea, Tovlis safaris dekadebis udidesi saSualo-14 sm. uaryofiTi temperatura fiqsirdeba ianvarsa da TebervalSi (-0.1 da -1.4 °C). saSualo temperaturebia aprilSi (3.2°C), ivlisSi (14°C) da oqtomberSi (8°C). saSualo maqsimaluri temperatura Seadgens 32°C ivlisSi. ianvar-ivlisis TveebSi umetesad samxreT-aRmosavleTis da Crdilo-dasavleTis qari uberavs. nislian dReTa raodenoba Seadgens 12-s.

geomorfologia, geologia da niadagebi

gzis es monakveTi mdinare mtkvris xeobis zeda wels kveTs da eruSeTis mTianeTsa da axalqalaqis platos dasavleT daboloebas Soris gadis. eruSeTi ganixileba, rogorc amozevebuli axalgazrda teqtonikuri


danarTi 1 44

mTianeTi. am mTianeTis Txemi xasiaTdeba movakebuli talRovani reliefiT, romelic garTulebulia TaRiseburi vulkanuri masiviT. eruSeTis mTianeTi misi samxreT-aRmosavleTi kideTi uerTdeba axalqalaqis platos, romelic meoTxeuli asakis dolerituli lavis fragmentebiT aris agebuli. mtkvris xeoba erTmaneTisagan yofs axalqalaqis platos da eruSeTis mTianeTs, romelic, ZiriTadad, “goderZis wyebis” vulkanogenuri qanebiTa da doleritis horizontaluri lavebiTaa agebuli. md. mtkvris xeobis ferdobebi cicabo, klifis agebulebisaa da daserilia mdinare mtkvris SenakadebiT. Senakadebis xeobebi viwro, Rrma kanionebs qmnis. maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia xSiri qvacvena da klifuri Camongrevebi. mdinare faravani erTvis mdinare mtkvars sofel xerTvisTan, 1133 m. niSnulze. mdinare mtkvris ferdobebi cicaboa, xSiri klifebiT. samxreTiT klifurma Camongrevebma droebiT dabloka md. mtkvari da warmoqmna varZiis tba. sxva klifuri Camongrevebi da mewyrebi xeobis ferdobebze warmodgenilia, rogorc struqturuli fsevdo-terasebi. mdinare mtkvris xeobis ferdobebze farTod aris warmodgenili anTropogenuri terasebi da gamoqvabulebi, romlebic gamokveTilia tufobreqCiebSi. maTgan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia varZiis Sua saukuneebis samonastro kompleqsi, romelic klifSi gamokveTil 5-7-sarTulian nagebobas warmoadgens. misi umetesi nawili dangreulia sxvadasxva periodis miwisZvrebis gamo. mtkvris xeobis xerTvisi-varZias monakveTi miekuTvneba arTvin-bolnisis beltis javaxeTis zonis varZiis qvezonas. es monakveTi, ZiriTadad, agebulia gviani miocenis da adreuli pliocenis kontinenturi naleqebiT – tufebiT, vulkanuri breqCiebiT, konglomeratebiT, diatomitiT, tute andezitebisa da bazaltebis formaciiT. xeobis mxolod Sua welis mcire nawili aris warmodgenili eocenis vulkanogenuri qanebiT. gviani miocenis da adreuli pliocenis kontinenturi qanebi xeobis orive mxares warmodgenilia lavuri breqCiebis sxvadasxva zomis natexebiT. fsamitur-pelituri fraqciis tufis SreebSi kargad aris Semonaxuli mcenareebis da xeebis narCenebi (denTroliTebi). zogadad, es kontinenturi da efuziur-terigenuli formacia warmodgenilia homogenuri mJave piroklasToliTebiT, maT Soris _ lavabreqCiebiT, tufobreqCiebiT, tufokonglomeratebiT. lavuri breqCia naklebad Sreobrivi da ufro masiuria. igi warmodgenilia andezit-bazaltebiT da dacitebiT. isini miekuTvneba arafxvier qanebs, gaSiSvlebaSi warmoqmnis vertikalur kedlebs, axasiaTebT intensiuri napralianoba, rac gravitaciul procesebs ganapirobebs (qvacvenebi da Camongrevebi). geologiur WrilSi tufebs damorCilebuli pozicia ukavia. saSualo da TxelSreebrivi formaciebi Ria nacrisferi da moyviTalo-mixakisferi Seferilobisaa. diatomiti da ditomitiani tufebi Sua eocenis vulkanogenuri kompleqsis qveda nawilSi gvxvdeba. mdinare mtkvris xeobaSi, xerTvisis samxreTiT qanebi warmodgenilia sxvadasxvagvari tufebis, tufoqviSaqvebis, konglomeratebis, lavuri tufobreqCiebis da


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andezitebis, diabaz-porfiritebis da dacitebis monacvleobiT, intensiurad aris danaoWebuli da danapralianebuli, xasiaTdeba wolis cicabo formebiT, riTac gamowveulia gravitaciuli procesebi. meoTxeuli mdinareuli naleqebis kompleqsi warmodgenilia kargad damuSavebuli saSualo kenWnariT da kaWariT. gzis koridoris stratigrafiuli Wrili mocemulia TandarTul geologiur rukebze. gzis am monakveTze niadagis dominirebul tips warmoadgens yavisferi tute karbonatuli wabla niadagiT (#7 niadagebis rukaze), mtkvris xeobis zemo welSi (8,5-dan 16,6 km-mde) da tyis yavisferi gaujerebeli niadagiT da mTis mdelos niadagiT xeobis qvemo welSi (#18 da 12). geologiuri saSiSroeba

mexuTe monakveTi riski da potenciuri geologiuri saSiSroeba SedarebiT maRalia sofel naqalaqevs iqiT, sadac gza Sedis mtkvris xeobaSi da adis maRla cicabo ferdobebze, sadac gzad xSiria arastabiluri masala. 8-9-balianma seismurma aqtivobam (orjer 1000 weliwadSi) SeiZleba gazardos qvaTa cvenisa da kldezvavebis riski.

geoteqnikuri kvlevebis Sedegebis Sesabamisad, geosaSiSroebebTan mimarTebaSi, specifikuri sainJinro moTxovnili gadawyvetebi identificirebulia or adgilas, kerZod, me-2 da me-3 kilometrebs Soris, sadac SesmCnevia mdinaris napiris erozia gzis marjvena mxares da sofel naqalaqevis siaxloves, me-9 da me-10 kilometrebze, sadac SeniSnulia mewyeruli procesi. zedapiruli wylebis hidrologia

ZiriTadi zedapiruli wyali am monakveTSi aris mdinare mtkvari, romelic iwyeba TurqeTis teritoriaze 2729 m simarleze. mdinare mtkvari sazrdoobs sxvadasxva wyarodan, romlebic ardahanis vulkanur platozea ganlagebuli. saqarTvelos sazRvarTan mdinare Rrmad iWreba eruSeTis mTianeTSi da qmnis tipiur erozirebul xeobas. xeobis sigane meryeobs 300-dan (Tmogvis cixesTan axlos) 900 m-mde (sof. naqalaqevTan). xeobis ferdobebi umetesad kldovania (70-90%) da CaWrilia bevr adgilas 100-150 m siRrmis eroziuli xevebiT. mdinaris kalapoti zomierad daklaknilia sofel xerTvisamde, sadac is iyofa 2 totad da qmnis patara kunZulebs. mdinare mtkvris simZlavre meryeobs 0.3-1.3 m/w. misi reJimi, ZiriTadad, xasiaTdeba gazafxulis wyaldidobebiT, romelic Tovlis dnobisas iwyeba; asve, SedarebiT mSrali zamTris da zafxulis periodebSi. wylis done awevas iwyebs aprilSi da wyaldidobebi umetesad xdeba ivlisis dasawyisSi.

mdinaris saSualo mravalwliuri xarji sof. xerTvisTan Seadgens 32.6 m3/wm, xolo minimaluri xarji 5.50 m3/wm. myari Camonadeni Seadgens 120 000 tonas, Tumca calkeul wlebSi es maCvenebeli 2-3 jer aRemateba mis


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mravalwliur maCvenebels. wylis simRvrive didia da xerTvisTan Seadgens 2700 gr/m3. wylis hidroqimiuri Semadgenloba hidrokarbonatulia. mdinaris zemo dinebaSi HCO3 Seadgens 70-172 mg/l, mdinaris qvemo dinebaSi maTi maCveneblebi izrdeba 107-205 mg/l, Ca2 24-41 mg/l zemo dinebaSi da 28-54 mg/l qvemo dinebaSi. wylis saSualo temperatura meryeobs 13-25°C. patara, usaxelo nakadi gzas marcxena mxares mihyveba naqalaqevsa da CrdiloeTiT axlomdebare xids Soris. Aadgilobrivad mopovebuli informaciiT es nakadi gzasTan mdebare mindvrebisa da baRebis sarwyavad gamoiyeneba. sxva zedapiruli wyalia tba wunda, romelic sofel naqalaqevis axlos mdebareobs 1330 m simaRleze, daaxloebiT, me-9 km-Tan. am patara tbis hidrologiuri Tvisebebi araa Seswavlili. tba formirebulia berTayanis kldezvavisagan da, ZiriTadad, gruntis wylebiT sazrdoobs. siRrmea 10.8 m. am gamokvlevis Catarebisas gruntis wylebze informacia ver mogrovda. flora12 da fauna xerTvissa da varZias Soris monakveTi miekuTvneba samxreT transkavkasia-aRmosavleT azia-turanis botanikur raions mesxeTis geobotanikur regionSi. mesxeTis ferdobi esazRvreba am regions CrdiloeTidan, arsianis ferdobi dasavleTidan da saqarTvelo-TurqeTis sazRvari samxreTidan, romelic mdebareobs eruSeTis mTianeTze. mesxeTis botanikur regioni gadaWimulia 910-300m absolutur simaRleze mesxeTis ferdobze da eruSeTis mTianeTze. am geobotanikuri regionis bunebrivi mcenareuloba mravalferovania. anTropogenuri qmedebebis gamo, (xe-tyis Wra da wva saTesi farTobebis misaRebad, omebi, tyeebsa da saZovrebSi miwis datkepna) bunebrivi mcenareuloba mTlianad ganadgurda, niadagebi ferdobebidan gamoirecxa da warmoiSva erozia. dRes hemiqserofiluri da qserofiluri kompleqsebia gavrcelebuli kldovan da mSral adgilebSi, rac farTo stepis mcenareulobis gavrcelebas iwvevs. adgilobrivad rCeba tyis patara fragmentebi. mTis qserofilur mcenareulobas ukavia mesxeTis botanikur regionis qveda sartyeli _ 900-1500 m, da moicavs naxevrad udabnos saxeobebs, rogoricaa Astragalus microcephalus, Acantholimon armenum, Ephedra procera. naxevrad udabnos saxeobebi Nitraria schoberi, Reamuria Kusnetrovii, cotinus coggigria da sxvani (gv. 105) kargad aris ganviTarebuli mtkvris velis orive ferdobze.

12 Semdegi aRwera ar moicavs maRali mTebis ferdobebs, romelic mdinare mtkvars esazRvreba


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Sesaswavli aris km 0-0.5-s Soris gavrcelebulia tipiuri frigahoidaluri saxeobebi, rogoricaa Ephedra procera. am areSi tipiuri saxeobebia Cytisus caucasicus, Caragana grandiflora, Dianthus calocephalus da sxvani. Tavdapirveli muxis, rcxilis-muxis tyeebi da Sereuli farTofoTlovani tyeebi gvxvdeba adgilobrivad, magaliTad Acer campestre, Fraxinus excelsior, Dstrya carpinifolia da sxvani. me-5-16 km-ebs Soris fragmentuli wiwvovani da farTofoTlovani tyeebi gvxvdeba mTis ferdobebze. wiwvovani tyeebis qveda sartyelSi (1600-1700 m-ze dabla), mSral samxreT da samxreT-aRmosavleTisaken miqceul ferdobebze stepis mcenareuloba da qserofiluri kompleqsebia gavrcelebuli tba wunda sof. naqalaqevTan, daaxloebiT, me-9 km-ze floristikulad SedarebiT Raribia. mcire raodenobiT gvxvdeba Carex aceta, Typha latifolia da Potamgeton gramineus.

suraTi A5.1 tba wunda ~ 9.5-ze, suraTi A5.2 tba wundaSi Rana ridibunda-s xedi CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT farTo populaciaa sofel TmogvTan ( ~km 10), kldovan ferdobebze mravalferovani fito-landSaftia. meoradi mcenareuloba moicavs Semdeg saxeobebs _ Rhamnus spina-christi, Rhamnus pallasii, Spiraea hypericifolia, Rosa canina, Cotoneaster ap. tigustrum vulgare da sxvani.


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suraTi A5.4 mtkvris xeobaSi tipiuri mTiani suraTi A5.5 Pulsatilla georgica degradirebuli stepebi da qseropiluri napovnia daaxl me 12 kilometrze buCqebi kldovan midamoebSi endemuria samxreT kavkasiaSi tyis sartyels zemoT alpuri da sub-alpuri sartylebia 1800-2850 m simaRleze. sub-alpuri sartylis qveda nawilSi (2000-2100 m) sub-alpuri tyeebi gvxvdeba Picea orientalis, Pinus sosnowskyi, Quercus macranthere da Betula litwinowii-Ti. dRes am sub-alpuri tyeebis teritoria Zalze Semcirda anTropogenuri saqmianobis Sedegad. SedarebiT didi teritoria ukavia sub-alpur mindvrebs, romlebic gamoiyeneba saZovrebad da sasoflo sameurneo mindvrebad. CrdiloeTiT miqceuli ferdobebis fragmentebze sub-alpuri balaxeuli mcenareuloba (Rhododendron caucasicum) gvxvdeba, samxreTiT miqceuli ferdobebze ki _ Juniperus depressa-is mcire fragmentebi. me-16 km-is iqiT mdinare mtkvris xeoba ixsneba; mdinare SemosazRvrulia fragmentuli da mZimed degradirebuli sanapiro tyeebiT (qiqoZe). adrindeli sanapiro tyeebis umetesoba transformirebul iqna saTes miwebad. ZiriTadi saxeobebi, rac SemorCenilia sanapiro tyeebidan aris: Alnus barbata, Quercus pednncu-liflora??, Populus hyprida, P. nigra, Crataegns monogyna, C. pentagyna, Cornus mas, Prunus spinosa da sxvani. mesxeTis floristikuli regioni mdidaria endemuri, iSviaTi da monarCeni saxeobebiT. aq gvxvdeba kavkasiis, mcire kavkasiis, mesxeT-arTvisis, mesxeTi-qarTlis da mesxeTis regionuli endemuri saxeobebi.


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mesxeTis endemuri saxeobebi warmodgenilia Semdegi saxeobebiT: Dianthusa zhurensis, D. Ketskhoveli, Draba Meskhetica (gv. 23, qimeriZe) , maTgan umetesoba CamoTvlilia wiTel wignSi (saqarTvelo). mcenareTa saarsebo garemo da garemos tipebi rom SevajamoT, ZiriTadad, gzis mexuTe monakveTis koridori moicavs uaRresad mravalferovan mozaikur da meorad mcenareul tipebs, rac kargadaa am areebSi gavrcelebuli. xarisxi da biomravalferovneba specifiur adgilebSi damokidebulia fizikuri faqtorebis rigze, rogoricaa mzisa da qaris mimarT daucveloba, geologiuri safuZveli, niadagebi da wylis arseboba. sxva mniSvnelovani faqtoria anTropogenuri saqmianobiT gamowveuli gaRizianeba. am konteqstSiSeiZleba iTqvas, rom gavlena (Txeli niadagis datkepniT) didia da, ZiriTadad, uaryofiT Sedegebs iwvevs adamianuri zemoqmedeba, maT Soris - transporti. rogorc qvemoT mocemul suraTze Cans, arsebuli gzis gaswvriv cicabo da kldovani garemo uwyveti eroziuli procesebis da kldeTa cvenis saSiSroebis win dgas. es procesebi unda Sefasdes bunebrivad arsebul dinamikur fizikur garemos konteqstSi, sadac radiacia, Tovli, wvima da yinva uwyvetad moqmedeben Txel, advilad dazianebad niadagebze da gamofitul qanebze.

suraTi A5.6: gzis mexuTe monakveTi Sedis

mdinare mtkvris xeobis marjvena sanapiroze (xedi samxreTisken, 5-06) faunasTan dakavSirebuli informacia SedarebiT zogadi xasiaTisaa da gzis reabilitaciis potenciuri zegavlenis arealis srulyofilad dadgena SeuZlebelia. varZiis qvabulebis arealis avifaunaze warmodgenas qmnian Semdegi mtacebeli frinvelebi: IUCN da saqarTvelos wiTel wignSi Setanili Gypaetus barbatus, Gyps


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fulvus, Neophron percnopterus, aseve, saqarTvelos wiTel wignSi Setanili oqros arwivi (Aquila chrysaetos), Circaetus gallicus, Buteo rufinus. frinvelTa sxva saxeobebi naxevradmSrali regionisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli Hirundo rupestris, Oenanthe hispanica, Sylvia hortensis, Sylvia curruca, Lanius minor, Sturnus roseu, Petronia petronia, Emberiza melanocephala and E. hortulana. arealSi, aseve, gavrcelebulia evropuli Merops apiaster, ofofi (Upops upops) da sxva frinvelebi13. xvlikiseburebidan gvxvdeba qvis xvliki (Darevskia rudis da, SesaZloa, aseve D. nairensis). me-5-e seqciaze proeqtis ganxorcieleba potenciurad, ZiriTadad, qvewarmavlebis ojaxze moaxdens zegavlenas. qvewarmavlebis ramodenime mniSvnelovani saxeoba budobs gzis ganapira qvebTan. Semdgomi informacia amis Sesaxeb warmodgenili iqneba danarT 2-Si

13 wyaro: saqarTvelos frinvelebze dakvirvebis saxelmZRvanelo, 2005.

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