APPENDIX I

THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS

ISyacutestyacuteme International d L-niteyl

The International Svstem (SI) conyacuteigttyacute of gteyacuteell base unit together with twosupplementary units From these are formed others known as derived unitsThe base of supplementary units and some of the derived units have been givennames and symbols The symbols are printed in lower case except where derivedfrom the name of a person for example in (metre) but A (ampere) Symbols arenot pluralized (1 m 10 m) nor do they take a full stop The names of the units do not however take capitals (except of course at the beginning of a sentence) although they may be pluralized for example I kelvin 10 kelvins

The base units are

1 nit Symbol Description

metre m the unit of length

kilogram kg the unit of masssecond s the unit of time ampere A the unit of electrical currentkely in K the unit of thermodynamic temperature defined as

the fraction 127315 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water

candela cd the unit of luminous intensity

mole mol the unit of the amount of a substance which containsthe same number of molecules as there are atoms in exactl 1

_ grams of pure carbon

1he tuogtupplementary unit are

r1(111 I) rad the mcauire of a plane angle teradian sr the meayacuteure of a gtolid an-fle

tCt uiihc L1cri d units are

Uliaruin nieofuni Svmbol Expressed in hirsr units

Iieyuency hertz Hz I Hz =1sIuce newton NIN=I kg m -

pressure pascal Pa I pa =I Nrm-

ork joule i IJ = INm

power watt WIW =1 Js

iI nryacuteyacutetyacuteyacuten Iii yacuteyacuteyacuteyacuteyacuteyacute __ yacute hi yacute

NON-SI UNITS APPFDI I1-k

The following non-SI units are in current use in the Met Office and may he found in publications of the Office

1 PressureThe millibar or hectopascal is used as the unit of pressure in meteorology(1 mb =1 hPa where h= hecto = 102)

2 TemperatureThe unit Celsius (symbol degC) continues to be usedCelsius temperature = temperature (in kelvins) minus 27315 K Note that thedegrees sign (deg) is no longer used with KA difference in temperature should be expressed by use of the international

vmbol `deg without a qualifying C or K

3 DistanceThere is a continuing requirement for ocean distances to be measured in nauticalmiles (symbol n mile) Becausethe nautical mile varies with latitude an internationally agreed InternationalNautical Mile is preferred This has been in use in the United Kingdom since 1970The International Nautical Mile is defined as 1852 m (607612 feet)

4 Heightf (eights other than cloud heights are expressed in metres Because of the

requirements of aviation the heights of cloud will continue for the time being tobe expressed in feet (1 foot = 03048 m)

SpeedThe derived Sl unit is the metre per second (ms) However the World

Meteorological Organization recommends the use of the knot for horizontal wind peed for the time being The symbol kn for knot is recommended to avoid

confusion with the symbol for kilotonne and will normally be used in Met Office

publications (1 knot =1 nautical mile per hour = 0514 metres per second)

t Time t nits other than SI suchas dayweek month and yearare in common use

Direction-Direction is measured in degrees clockwise from north and refers to the true compass for example 320deg unless magnetic is specifically indicated

K Cloud amountsThe use of okta for the measurement of cloud amount is authorized by the WorldMeteorological Organization

THE INTERNATIONAL AURORA CODE

This code was prepared by the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics for use by auroral observers during the International Year of the Quiet Sun 1964 andpublished in the International Aurora Atlas by Edinburgh University Press 1963

Auroral FormsG Glow often the top of an arc on the horizonN Auroral light with unspecified form usually as seenthrough breaks in cloudA Arc like a curving arch the aurora follows the curvature of the earthB Band irregular in formP Patch diffuse like a cloud but with no discernible lower border V Veil extensive uniform luminosit- of diffuse form coerinia much of the skyR Rays like searchlight beam

2 Qualifiing Symbolm Multiple Multiple term not nmltiplicit of detail in would mean three

offf Fragmentary a part onh of an arc band or other tuumlrm usually after itbreaks upc Corona]- Ras comerine like pokesof a heel ioyacuteyacuteards the magneticzenith

3 StructureH Homoeeneoua lack of internal structure uniform brightnessS Striated fine filaments of arcs or bands often at high altitudeR Rayed addition of rays to other forms e g RA and RBR Short rays e g R R R RB R RA fade rapidly with heightRR Medium length rays e g RR R B R RA fairly uniform hriehtnesR Lone ra s r R R R B R A horizon to zenith hriehtne s chamees yacuteyacute ithheight

4 Condition

q Quiet er luyacuteyacute yacutehan_ m hn_htnyacute and hahyacute

a Active moves or changes rapidly in a period of the order of one second a Movement of folds or irregularities along the boundaries of bands

a Shape of lower border of individual form changes rapidly a Rapid horizontal movement of rays in either or both directions

p Pulsating a fairly rapid often rhythmical change in brightness P Pulsating uniform variation in brightness of a formP2 Flaming surgesof light usually sweeping upward through forms across the skyp Flickering large part of a display looks as if lit by flickering flames

(( inlliqflN[l)

216 -

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p Streaming irregular change of horizontal brightness along homogeneous C $

forms

BrightnessI Comparable with the Milky Way colour not perceived 2 Comparable with moonlit cirrus cloud green colour sometimes visible 3 Comparable with brightly lit moonlit cirrus cloud or moonlit cumulus cloud 4 Much brighter than 3 and can cast detectable shadows

( (lour Class

a Red upper region with green lower regionb Red lower border of predominantly green bands

c White if faint green white or yellow if a mixture of green red and blue

emissionsd Red aurora at high altitude e Red and green irregularly distributed or alternating horizontally alongaurorat Blue often in upper region of aurora purple if mixed with red

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APPENDIX III APPENDIX IV

TCRBO OE3SERV0TIONWITII NEW EFFICIENCY ORLD SOLAR ECLIPSES

To simplify the entering and transmission ofa coded meteorological observation the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) has developed acomputer program called TURBO 1 (Turbo Observation with New Efficiency)

The WMO Commission for Marine Meteorology announced at its EleventhSession in Lisbon in April 1993 that KNMI had agreed to make available theTURBO 1 software and instruction manual for WMO action to have the systeminstalled on Voluntary Observing Ships equipped with INMARSAT-C KNMI also agreed to maintain and update the system

The TURBO 1 software requires a DOS personal computer with at least 410kb free working memory and a 35-inch disk drive The manual together with the ottware provide all the necessary instructions

The software has three objectives

ia To compile ships meteorological reports in standard WMO SHIP codeand prepare them for transmission as a standard telex message throughthe messaging channel of the INMARSAT-C system

To store the report on the disk for later retrieval further quality controland permanent archival for climatological purposes

(C) To perform simple quality control on the report prior to its transmission and storage

-1he numbers of ships equipped with INMARSAT-C terminals and[NIARSAT Land Earth Stations (LES) able to accept the short code 41 dialling procedure with INMARSAT-C to relay SHIP reports to national MeteorologicalServices are expected to increase rapidly with time There are already sufficientINMARSAT-C LES accepting code 41 ships reports to provide worldwide coyerage

The software and operating manual are distributed for use by the INMARSAT-C equipped Voluntary Observing Ships of participating countries and training

arranged where necessary Whenever practicable the disk is replaced at the endof a ships voyage The reports stored on the used disk are extracted converted for use by all WMO Members and after quality control the compiled marineclimatological data are archived for the Marine Climatological SummariesScheme

This project is expected to improve the efficiency and accuracy of transmitting

and archiving ships meteorological reports as well as reduce the cost of thesetransmissions

KNMI has also produced a computer program called TURBO6 to computrsurface currents from ships set and drift with the aim of distributing it to suitablVoluntary Observing Ships after testing

For the information of manners a schedule of expected solar eclipses both totaland annular up to the year 2015 follows

Two eclipses during the period will be visible from parts of the United Kingdom1 The total eclipse of 11 August 1999 visible from the Scilly Isles Cornwall

and Alderney2 The annular eclipse of 31 May 2003 visible from northern Scotland

Maximum Marini mTipe Date Duration Lat L +i LncatiouA 2941995 0637 4deg S -9` SouthPacific EcuadorPeruBrazilT 24101995 0211 8deg N 113deg E India Thailand CambodiaSabahT 931997 0250 57deg N 113deg E Mongolia RussiaNorth PolarT 2621998 0409 4degN 82deg W GalapagosColombia VenezuelaAntigua

MontserratA 2281998 0314 3deg S 145deg E SumateraSarawakMelanesiaPacificA 1621999 0040 39deg S 93deg E South Indian OceanAustraliaT 1181999 0223 45deg N 24deg E North Atlantic Scillies Cornwall Europe

Turkey Iran IndiaT 2162001 0457 11degS 3deg E SouthAtlantic Southern AfricaA 14122001 0353 1deg N 130degW Pacific ends in CostaRicaA 1062002 0023 34deg N 178W Pacific in entiretyT 4122002 0204 39deg S 60deg E SouthernAfrica South Indian OceanA 3152003 0337 67deg N 24degW Scotland IcelandGreenlandT 23112003 0157 72deg S 88deg E Antarctica in entirety

AT 842005 0042 10degS 119deg W Pacific ends in ColombiaA 3102005 0431 13deg N 28deg E North Atlantic SpainAfrica Indian OceanT 2932006 0407 23deg N 16deg E Atlantic Africa Turkey Black SeaRussiaA 2292006 0709 21 degS 9deg W Atlantic in entiretyA 722008 0212 67deg 5 150degW Antarctica South PacificT 182008 0227 65deg N 72deg E Greenland North Polar Russia Mongolia ChinaA 2612009 0754 34deg S 70deg E Indian Ocean ends in SumateraT 2272009 0639 24deg N 144deg E China PacificA 1512010 1108 2degN 69deg E Ethiopia Indian Ocean India Sri Lanka ChinaT 1172010 0520 20deg N 122W South Pacific ends in ChileA 2052012 0546 49deg N 176deg W Japan North Pacific CaliforniaT 13112012 0402 40deg S 161deg W Queensland Pacific in entiretA 1052013 0604 2deg N 175deg E Australia Solomon Islands Pacific

AT 3112013 0140 4degN 12degW Atlantic Central AfricaA 2942014 0000 70degS 131degE Antarctica in entiretyT 2032015 024 64deg N 6` W North Atlantic Faeroe North Polar

Notes1 T- Total

AT - Annular loldl tiurt s e nuddlA- Annular

2 Ihir tlinn fl jlir

Park Leighton kiuLzard BedIorurz LL uuml ryacute _ a iyacuteni ait yuyacutenyacute or ryacuteyuyacute tsfor further information should be addressed

11220 yacute

I

p Streaming irregular change of horizontal brightness along homogeneous C $

forms

BrightnessI Comparable with the Milky Way colour not perceived 2 Comparable with moonlit cirrus cloud green colour sometimes visible 3 Comparable with brightly lit moonlit cirrus cloud or moonlit cumulus cloud 4 Much brighter than 3 and can cast detectable shadows

( (lour Class

a Red upper region with green lower regionb Red lower border of predominantly green bands

c White if faint green white or yellow if a mixture of green red and blue

emissionsd Red aurora at high altitude e Red and green irregularly distributed or alternating horizontally alongaurorat Blue often in upper region of aurora purple if mixed with red

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APPENDIX III APPENDIX IV

TCRBO OE3SERV0TIONWITII NEW EFFICIENCY ORLD SOLAR ECLIPSES

To simplify the entering and transmission ofa coded meteorological observation the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) has developed acomputer program called TURBO 1 (Turbo Observation with New Efficiency)

The WMO Commission for Marine Meteorology announced at its EleventhSession in Lisbon in April 1993 that KNMI had agreed to make available theTURBO 1 software and instruction manual for WMO action to have the systeminstalled on Voluntary Observing Ships equipped with INMARSAT-C KNMI also agreed to maintain and update the system

The TURBO 1 software requires a DOS personal computer with at least 410kb free working memory and a 35-inch disk drive The manual together with the ottware provide all the necessary instructions

The software has three objectives

ia To compile ships meteorological reports in standard WMO SHIP codeand prepare them for transmission as a standard telex message throughthe messaging channel of the INMARSAT-C system

To store the report on the disk for later retrieval further quality controland permanent archival for climatological purposes

(C) To perform simple quality control on the report prior to its transmission and storage

-1he numbers of ships equipped with INMARSAT-C terminals and[NIARSAT Land Earth Stations (LES) able to accept the short code 41 dialling procedure with INMARSAT-C to relay SHIP reports to national MeteorologicalServices are expected to increase rapidly with time There are already sufficientINMARSAT-C LES accepting code 41 ships reports to provide worldwide coyerage

The software and operating manual are distributed for use by the INMARSAT-C equipped Voluntary Observing Ships of participating countries and training

arranged where necessary Whenever practicable the disk is replaced at the endof a ships voyage The reports stored on the used disk are extracted converted for use by all WMO Members and after quality control the compiled marineclimatological data are archived for the Marine Climatological SummariesScheme

This project is expected to improve the efficiency and accuracy of transmitting

and archiving ships meteorological reports as well as reduce the cost of thesetransmissions

KNMI has also produced a computer program called TURBO6 to computrsurface currents from ships set and drift with the aim of distributing it to suitablVoluntary Observing Ships after testing

For the information of manners a schedule of expected solar eclipses both totaland annular up to the year 2015 follows

Two eclipses during the period will be visible from parts of the United Kingdom1 The total eclipse of 11 August 1999 visible from the Scilly Isles Cornwall

and Alderney2 The annular eclipse of 31 May 2003 visible from northern Scotland

Maximum Marini mTipe Date Duration Lat L +i LncatiouA 2941995 0637 4deg S -9` SouthPacific EcuadorPeruBrazilT 24101995 0211 8deg N 113deg E India Thailand CambodiaSabahT 931997 0250 57deg N 113deg E Mongolia RussiaNorth PolarT 2621998 0409 4degN 82deg W GalapagosColombia VenezuelaAntigua

MontserratA 2281998 0314 3deg S 145deg E SumateraSarawakMelanesiaPacificA 1621999 0040 39deg S 93deg E South Indian OceanAustraliaT 1181999 0223 45deg N 24deg E North Atlantic Scillies Cornwall Europe

Turkey Iran IndiaT 2162001 0457 11degS 3deg E SouthAtlantic Southern AfricaA 14122001 0353 1deg N 130degW Pacific ends in CostaRicaA 1062002 0023 34deg N 178W Pacific in entiretyT 4122002 0204 39deg S 60deg E SouthernAfrica South Indian OceanA 3152003 0337 67deg N 24degW Scotland IcelandGreenlandT 23112003 0157 72deg S 88deg E Antarctica in entirety

AT 842005 0042 10degS 119deg W Pacific ends in ColombiaA 3102005 0431 13deg N 28deg E North Atlantic SpainAfrica Indian OceanT 2932006 0407 23deg N 16deg E Atlantic Africa Turkey Black SeaRussiaA 2292006 0709 21 degS 9deg W Atlantic in entiretyA 722008 0212 67deg 5 150degW Antarctica South PacificT 182008 0227 65deg N 72deg E Greenland North Polar Russia Mongolia ChinaA 2612009 0754 34deg S 70deg E Indian Ocean ends in SumateraT 2272009 0639 24deg N 144deg E China PacificA 1512010 1108 2degN 69deg E Ethiopia Indian Ocean India Sri Lanka ChinaT 1172010 0520 20deg N 122W South Pacific ends in ChileA 2052012 0546 49deg N 176deg W Japan North Pacific CaliforniaT 13112012 0402 40deg S 161deg W Queensland Pacific in entiretA 1052013 0604 2deg N 175deg E Australia Solomon Islands Pacific

AT 3112013 0140 4degN 12degW Atlantic Central AfricaA 2942014 0000 70degS 131degE Antarctica in entiretyT 2032015 024 64deg N 6` W North Atlantic Faeroe North Polar

Notes1 T- Total

AT - Annular loldl tiurt s e nuddlA- Annular

2 Ihir tlinn fl jlir

Park Leighton kiuLzard BedIorurz LL uuml ryacute _ a iyacuteni ait yuyacutenyacute or ryacuteyuyacute tsfor further information should be addressed

11220 yacute

APPENDIX III APPENDIX IV

TCRBO OE3SERV0TIONWITII NEW EFFICIENCY ORLD SOLAR ECLIPSES

To simplify the entering and transmission ofa coded meteorological observation the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) has developed acomputer program called TURBO 1 (Turbo Observation with New Efficiency)

The WMO Commission for Marine Meteorology announced at its EleventhSession in Lisbon in April 1993 that KNMI had agreed to make available theTURBO 1 software and instruction manual for WMO action to have the systeminstalled on Voluntary Observing Ships equipped with INMARSAT-C KNMI also agreed to maintain and update the system

The TURBO 1 software requires a DOS personal computer with at least 410kb free working memory and a 35-inch disk drive The manual together with the ottware provide all the necessary instructions

The software has three objectives

ia To compile ships meteorological reports in standard WMO SHIP codeand prepare them for transmission as a standard telex message throughthe messaging channel of the INMARSAT-C system

To store the report on the disk for later retrieval further quality controland permanent archival for climatological purposes

(C) To perform simple quality control on the report prior to its transmission and storage

-1he numbers of ships equipped with INMARSAT-C terminals and[NIARSAT Land Earth Stations (LES) able to accept the short code 41 dialling procedure with INMARSAT-C to relay SHIP reports to national MeteorologicalServices are expected to increase rapidly with time There are already sufficientINMARSAT-C LES accepting code 41 ships reports to provide worldwide coyerage

The software and operating manual are distributed for use by the INMARSAT-C equipped Voluntary Observing Ships of participating countries and training

arranged where necessary Whenever practicable the disk is replaced at the endof a ships voyage The reports stored on the used disk are extracted converted for use by all WMO Members and after quality control the compiled marineclimatological data are archived for the Marine Climatological SummariesScheme

This project is expected to improve the efficiency and accuracy of transmitting

and archiving ships meteorological reports as well as reduce the cost of thesetransmissions

KNMI has also produced a computer program called TURBO6 to computrsurface currents from ships set and drift with the aim of distributing it to suitablVoluntary Observing Ships after testing

For the information of manners a schedule of expected solar eclipses both totaland annular up to the year 2015 follows

Two eclipses during the period will be visible from parts of the United Kingdom1 The total eclipse of 11 August 1999 visible from the Scilly Isles Cornwall

and Alderney2 The annular eclipse of 31 May 2003 visible from northern Scotland

Maximum Marini mTipe Date Duration Lat L +i LncatiouA 2941995 0637 4deg S -9` SouthPacific EcuadorPeruBrazilT 24101995 0211 8deg N 113deg E India Thailand CambodiaSabahT 931997 0250 57deg N 113deg E Mongolia RussiaNorth PolarT 2621998 0409 4degN 82deg W GalapagosColombia VenezuelaAntigua

MontserratA 2281998 0314 3deg S 145deg E SumateraSarawakMelanesiaPacificA 1621999 0040 39deg S 93deg E South Indian OceanAustraliaT 1181999 0223 45deg N 24deg E North Atlantic Scillies Cornwall Europe

Turkey Iran IndiaT 2162001 0457 11degS 3deg E SouthAtlantic Southern AfricaA 14122001 0353 1deg N 130degW Pacific ends in CostaRicaA 1062002 0023 34deg N 178W Pacific in entiretyT 4122002 0204 39deg S 60deg E SouthernAfrica South Indian OceanA 3152003 0337 67deg N 24degW Scotland IcelandGreenlandT 23112003 0157 72deg S 88deg E Antarctica in entirety

AT 842005 0042 10degS 119deg W Pacific ends in ColombiaA 3102005 0431 13deg N 28deg E North Atlantic SpainAfrica Indian OceanT 2932006 0407 23deg N 16deg E Atlantic Africa Turkey Black SeaRussiaA 2292006 0709 21 degS 9deg W Atlantic in entiretyA 722008 0212 67deg 5 150degW Antarctica South PacificT 182008 0227 65deg N 72deg E Greenland North Polar Russia Mongolia ChinaA 2612009 0754 34deg S 70deg E Indian Ocean ends in SumateraT 2272009 0639 24deg N 144deg E China PacificA 1512010 1108 2degN 69deg E Ethiopia Indian Ocean India Sri Lanka ChinaT 1172010 0520 20deg N 122W South Pacific ends in ChileA 2052012 0546 49deg N 176deg W Japan North Pacific CaliforniaT 13112012 0402 40deg S 161deg W Queensland Pacific in entiretA 1052013 0604 2deg N 175deg E Australia Solomon Islands Pacific

AT 3112013 0140 4degN 12degW Atlantic Central AfricaA 2942014 0000 70degS 131degE Antarctica in entiretyT 2032015 024 64deg N 6` W North Atlantic Faeroe North Polar

Notes1 T- Total

AT - Annular loldl tiurt s e nuddlA- Annular

2 Ihir tlinn fl jlir

Park Leighton kiuLzard BedIorurz LL uuml ryacute _ a iyacuteni ait yuyacutenyacute or ryacuteyuyacute tsfor further information should be addressed

11220 yacute