APOLLOAPOLLOSPACECRAFTSPACECRAFT

Daniel McCafferyDaniel McCafferyJeff RobinsonJeff Robinson

Kyle SmithKyle SmithJason TangJason Tang

Brad ThompsonBrad Thompson

Project ApolloProject Apollo The national effort that enabled The national effort that enabled

Astronaut Neil Armstrong to Astronaut Neil Armstrong to speak those words as he stepped speak those words as he stepped onto the lunar surface, fulfilled a onto the lunar surface, fulfilled a dream as old as humanity.dream as old as humanity.

But Project Apollo's goals went But Project Apollo's goals went beyond landing Americans on beyond landing Americans on the Moon and returning them the Moon and returning them safely to Earth:safely to Earth:• To establish the technology to To establish the technology to

meet other national interests in meet other national interests in spacespace

• To achieve preeminence in space To achieve preeminence in space for the United Statesfor the United States

• To carry out a program of To carry out a program of scientific exploration of the Moonscientific exploration of the Moon

• To develop man's capability to To develop man's capability to work in the lunar environmentwork in the lunar environment

"That's one small step "That's one small step for man, one giant for man, one giant leap for mankind.”leap for mankind.”

Design OverviewDesign Overview Apollo was a three-part spacecraft:Apollo was a three-part spacecraft:

• the command module (CM) - the the command module (CM) - the crew's quarters and flight control crew's quarters and flight control sectionsection

• the service module (SM) - for the the service module (SM) - for the propulsion and spacecraft support propulsion and spacecraft support systems (when together, the two systems (when together, the two modules are called CSM)modules are called CSM)

• the lunar module (LM) - to take two the lunar module (LM) - to take two of the crew to the lunar surface, of the crew to the lunar surface, support them on the Moon, and support them on the Moon, and return them to the CSM in lunar return them to the CSM in lunar orbit.orbit.

The flight mode, lunar orbit The flight mode, lunar orbit rendezvous, was selected in 1962. rendezvous, was selected in 1962. The boosters for the program were The boosters for the program were the Saturn IB for Earth orbit flights the Saturn IB for Earth orbit flights and the Saturn V for lunar flights.and the Saturn V for lunar flights.

The RocketThe Rocket The Saturn V Rocket The Saturn V Rocket 364 Feet Tall364 Feet Tall

• Empty weight: Empty weight: 525,500 pounds525,500 pounds

• Full weight: Full weight: 6,100,000 pounds6,100,000 pounds

LES MotorLES Motor• 8,910 pounds8,910 pounds• Serves as an abort mechanismServes as an abort mechanism• Serves to protect the CM in Serves to protect the CM in

Launch from Aerodynamic heatLaunch from Aerodynamic heat Re-configurationRe-configuration

The LaunchThe Launch Three StagesThree Stages

• Stage 1Stage 1 Five enginesFive engines 7.5 million pounds of 7.5 million pounds of

thrustthrust• Stage 2Stage 2

Burns 450 tons of fuel Burns 450 tons of fuel in less than 7 minutesin less than 7 minutes

200,000 pounds of 200,000 pounds of thrustthrust

• Stage 3 – S-IVBStage 3 – S-IVB One engineOne engine Burns 230,000 pounds Burns 230,000 pounds

in just over 7 minutes.in just over 7 minutes.

ExtractionExtraction

Service ModuleService Module

Size and WeightSize and Weight• 51,243 lbs51,243 lbs• 24’ 6” tall24’ 6” tall• Diameter = 12’ 10”Diameter = 12’ 10”

FunctionsFunctions• Attitude controlAttitude control• House hardwareHouse hardware

Command ModuleCommand Module Holds all three Holds all three

astronautsastronauts 11 feet 5 inches high, 11 feet 5 inches high,

base diameter of 12 feet base diameter of 12 feet 10 inches10 inches

Weighs 12,250 lbsWeighs 12,250 lbs BulkheadBulkhead

• Ranges in thickness from Ranges in thickness from 0.25” to 1.5”0.25” to 1.5”

On Board ComputerOn Board Computer• 1 MHz1 MHz• 36K Memory36K Memory• 2000 Watts2000 Watts

Heat ShieldHeat Shield• Ranges in thickness from Ranges in thickness from

0.7” to 2.7”0.7” to 2.7” Heat shield protects Heat shield protects

spacecraft from heat built spacecraft from heat built up during re-entryup during re-entry

Multiple onboard systemsMultiple onboard systems Hatch changed after Apollo IHatch changed after Apollo I

Command ModuleCommand Module

Tunnel connects Tunnel connects Command Module Command Module to Lunar Moduleto Lunar Module• Allows astronauts to Allows astronauts to

go between modulesgo between modules• 32 inches in 32 inches in

diameterdiameter• Made of sheet-Made of sheet-

aluminum aluminum honeycomb only 1/4 honeycomb only 1/4 inch thickinch thick

Lunar ModuleLunar Module

Made only for operations Made only for operations near or on Moon (no heat near or on Moon (no heat shield)shield)

Made up of two stages Made up of two stages (Ascent Stage/Descent (Ascent Stage/Descent Stage)Stage)

First flight: January 22, First flight: January 22, 19681968

9 manned flights, the first 9 manned flights, the first on March 3, 1969on March 3, 1969

Prime contractor was Prime contractor was Grumman AerospaceGrumman Aerospace

Cost $50 millionCost $50 million

Lunar ModuleLunar Module 22 feet 11 inches high, 22 feet 11 inches high,

31 feet wide31 feet wide Weight is between Weight is between

33,000 and 34,000 lbs33,000 and 34,000 lbs Made up of two Made up of two

separate stages, separate stages, attached with explosive attached with explosive boltsbolts

Covered in Mylar and Covered in Mylar and aluminum thermal and aluminum thermal and micrometeoroid shieldsmicrometeoroid shields

Both stages are Both stages are together when landing together when landing on the Moonon the Moon

Ascent and Descent StageAscent and Descent Stage

Ascent StageAscent Stage• Three compartments (235 Three compartments (235

cubic feet of cabin volume)cubic feet of cabin volume)• 12 feet 4 inches high, 14 12 feet 4 inches high, 14

feet 1 inch in diameterfeet 1 inch in diameter• Used to bring astronauts Used to bring astronauts

back from Moon to back from Moon to Command ModuleCommand Module

Descent StageDescent Stage• 10 feet 7 inches tall, 14 feet 10 feet 7 inches tall, 14 feet

1 inch in diameter1 inch in diameter• Four landing legs support Four landing legs support

lunar modulelunar module• 36-inch footpads with 36-inch footpads with

sensing probessensing probes

Propulsion SystemPropulsion System Descent Stage Descent Stage

EngineEngine• Used for "braking" and Used for "braking" and

landing on the moonlanding on the moon• Throttleable between Throttleable between

1,050 and 6,300 lbs 1,050 and 6,300 lbs (max. thrust of 9,870 (max. thrust of 9,870 lbs)lbs)

• Can be gimbaled six Can be gimbaled six degrees in any degrees in any directiondirection

Ascent Stage EngineAscent Stage Engine• Used to bring Used to bring

spacecraft back to spacecraft back to Command ModuleCommand Module

• Fires once separation is Fires once separation is completedcompleted

• Full throttle only, Full throttle only, cannot be gimbaledcannot be gimbaled

• Thrust of 3,500 lbsThrust of 3,500 lbs

All propulsion systems use a All propulsion systems use a helium-pressurized aerozine-50 helium-pressurized aerozine-50 and nitrogen tetroxide propellantand nitrogen tetroxide propellant

Reaction Control System (RCS)Reaction Control System (RCS)• 4 sets of four 100-lb thrusters4 sets of four 100-lb thrusters• Used for stabilization, attitude Used for stabilization, attitude

control, separationcontrol, separation

Landing on the MoonLanding on the Moon

Lunar Module comes in at an angle, not Lunar Module comes in at an angle, not straight downstraight down

Begins braking 260 nm before touchdownBegins braking 260 nm before touchdown Descends last 150 feet vertically at 3 ft/sDescends last 150 feet vertically at 3 ft/s

Exploring the Surface of the MoonExploring the Surface of the Moon

AscensionAscension• Engine uses hydrazine and Engine uses hydrazine and

dimethylhydrazine as fueldimethylhydrazine as fuel• Nitrogen tetroxide as an oxidizerNitrogen tetroxide as an oxidizer• 3500 pounds of thrust3500 pounds of thrust

Lunar RoverLunar Rover• Carried in compartment Carried in compartment

added to bottom of added to bottom of descent stagedescent stage

• Allowed astronauts to Allowed astronauts to traverse ~20 miles traverse ~20 miles during stay on moon and during stay on moon and explore more of surface.explore more of surface.

Scientific Instrument PackageScientific Instrument Package• Remote SensingRemote Sensing• CMP uses it to survey the CMP uses it to survey the

moon’s surface while in orbitmoon’s surface while in orbit

ReturnReturn

Engine lifts the upper part module and carries it back to Engine lifts the upper part module and carries it back to lunar orbitlunar orbit

Lunar module rendezvous and docks with the command Lunar module rendezvous and docks with the command modulemodule

After astronauts and specimens are transferred to the CM, After astronauts and specimens are transferred to the CM, the CSM undocks from the LEM and left in lunar orbitthe CSM undocks from the LEM and left in lunar orbit

CSM once again fires main engine to break out of lunar orbit CSM once again fires main engine to break out of lunar orbit and put into return trajectory to Earthand put into return trajectory to Earth

CM separates from SM and re-enters atmosphereCM separates from SM and re-enters atmosphere

Re-entryRe-entry

Heat shield dissipates Heat shield dissipates enough heat of re-entry enough heat of re-entry to protect it and to protect it and astronauts insideastronauts inside

24,000 ft from surface, 24,000 ft from surface, heat shield releases and heat shield releases and 2 drogue parachutes 2 drogue parachutes deploys to orient and deploys to orient and slows down moduleslows down module

After that, 3 main After that, 3 main parachutes deploys to parachutes deploys to land module safely in land module safely in the oceanthe ocean

AchievementsAchievements Apollo 1Apollo 1: Fire on launch pad killed all three astronauts: Fire on launch pad killed all three astronauts Apollo 2-6Apollo 2-6: Unmanned: Unmanned Apollo 7Apollo 7: Demonstrated the viability of the CSM to make it to the : Demonstrated the viability of the CSM to make it to the

moon, and the ability to rendezvous with the lunar landermoon, and the ability to rendezvous with the lunar lander Apollo 8Apollo 8: Photographed landing sights, Demonstrated translunar : Photographed landing sights, Demonstrated translunar

injection, and communication and navigation during lunar orbitinjection, and communication and navigation during lunar orbit Apollo 9Apollo 9: First Apollo manned docking, Demonstrated intervehicular : First Apollo manned docking, Demonstrated intervehicular

crew transfercrew transfer Apollo 10Apollo 10: Simulation of lunar landing while in lunar orbit. Lunar : Simulation of lunar landing while in lunar orbit. Lunar

Module taken to within 50,000 feet of lunar surfaceModule taken to within 50,000 feet of lunar surface Apollo 11Apollo 11: Landed on the moon and brought crew back successfully: Landed on the moon and brought crew back successfully Apollo 12Apollo 12: Deployed Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Package, : Deployed Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Package,

precision landing made using automatic guidanceprecision landing made using automatic guidance Apollo 13Apollo 13: No lunar landing due to rupture of service module oxygen : No lunar landing due to rupture of service module oxygen

tank. Gained experience in crew rescuetank. Gained experience in crew rescue Apollo 14Apollo 14: Lunar surface and lunar orbit science experiments: Lunar surface and lunar orbit science experiments Apollo 15Apollo 15: First use of the lunar rover: First use of the lunar rover Apollo 16Apollo 16: First study of highlands area: First study of highlands area Apollo 17Apollo 17: Last moon landing, geological surveying: Last moon landing, geological surveying Apollo-SoyuzApollo-Soyuz: First docking of spacecraft built by different nations: First docking of spacecraft built by different nations

After Lunar MissionsAfter Lunar Missions

SkylabSkylab• America’s first America’s first

experimental space experimental space station, it station, it conducted study of conducted study of the sun and the sun and research into research into human adaptability human adaptability to long-term zero-g to long-term zero-g exposureexposure