APMJ-CHAMPSEA WORKSHOP 5 DEC 2018 | AS8 SEMINAR … · male and female children within the target...

APMJ-CHAMPSEA WORKSHOP 5 DEC 2018 | AS8 SEMINAR ROOM 04-04, 10 KENT RIDGE CRESCENT, SINGAPORE 119260


This workshop is supported by the Singapore Ministry of Education Academic Research Fund Tier 2 [MOE 2015-T2–1–008, PI: Brenda Yeoh]. We are grateful to Wellcome Trust [GR079946/ B/ 06/ Z; GR079946/ Z/ 06/ Z]; Singapore Ministry of Education Academic Research Fund Tier 2 [MOE 2015-T2–1–008]; and the Hong Kong Research Grants council through its General Research Fund (Project no. 17606815) for funding the research presented in this workshop. As a region that has experienced major socio-political and economic transitions in recent decades, Southeast Asia provides a richly variegated terrain to explore the gendered lives and experiences of men and women in a globalizing world of increased migrations and mobilities. In the last few decades, both men and (increasing proportions of) women from Indonesia and the Philippines have joined global and regional circuits of labour migration, as fixed-term workers on temporary contracts (Yeoh and Huang, 2014; Bailey and Yeoh, 2014). These migrations have led to the rising prominence of transnational families, where children grow up with one or both parents away during significant years of their childhood (Graham and Yeoh, 2013; Jordan and Graham, 2012; Graham and Jordan, 2011). Despite the public outcry against the potential erosion of the fabric of society often attributed to the rising number of women – particularly mothers – becoming overseas labour migrants (Parreñas, 2008), there remains a lack of knowledge of the impact of parental migration during formative childhood years on the children themselves, particularly on the later transition of these children as they assume adult roles in different spheres such as tertiary higher education, employment and family formation. This is surprising because a primary motivation for parental overseas migration is typically to improve the life chances of the next generation (Yeoh, Huang, and Lam, 2005; Stark and Bloom, 1985) and yet if there has indeed been improvements or not in concrete or non-material ways remain unclear. This special issue explores the longer-term impacts of growing up in transnational households on young people’s wellbeing using two waves of data (2008, 2016) from the Child Health and Migrant Parents in Southeast Asia (CHAMPSEA) study conducted in Indonesia and the Philippines. To date, almost all of the evidence on the longer-term impact of a childhood lived in a transnational family setting on the subsequent transition to adulthood comes from smaller scale qualitative studies, predominantly retrospective in design (Parreñas, 2005, 2008). There have, to our knowledge, been no past mixed method nor systematic studies with a focus on Southeast Asia. This lack of systematic research seems especially notable because migrant parents routinely sacrifice more proximate relationships with their sons, daughters and spouses to advance their children’s future life chances, apparently without knowledge of whether their sacrifice is ultimately worthwhile. The papers in this collection seek to contribute further empirical evidence to address this critical gap. This special issue draws on two broad areas of research literature – on transnational families and child development (specifically the youth transition to adulthood) to examine young people’s wellbeing across diverse and overlapping domains. The six empirical papers in this workshop utilise two waves of data from the CHAMPSEA project (N=428 in Indonesia and N=392 in the Philippines). CHAMPSEA is a mixed methods longitudinal study with data collected in Indonesia and the Philippines (Graham and Yeoh, 2013). Surveys were originally conducted in 2008 with circa 1000 households in each of the two countries. Qualifying households contained a child in one of two age cohorts – a younger child cohort (aged 3, 4, and 5 in 2008) and an older child cohort (aged 9, 10, and 11 in 2008). The sample, while not representative of the total population of each study country, was selected using a systematic and replicable sampling design based on sentinel site methodology from public health studies (see Graham and Yeoh, 2013 for details). The strictly implemented protocol employed a flexible quota sampling approach to capture a minimum number of households with mother and father migrants, respectively, as well as an approximately equal number of male and female children within the target age ranges. Identical data were also collected from a sample of non-migrant households, which are used as a comparison group. The same households were revisited in 2016 when the second wave survey was conducted. Considerable effort was put into minimising attrition; 83.40 percent of households in Indonesia, and 80.49 percent of households in the Philippines,


were traced and re-interviewed. The papers use a subset of the CHAMPSEA data for the older child cohort (aged 16-20 in 2016). The collection of papers highlights the complexity of family composition and dynamics for young people, making a number of important contributions to the literature on transnational families and youth transitions to adulthood. The findings provide further evidence to contextualise the emotional experiences of some young people who struggle to accept family changes, including the divorce of parents (Lam et al), remarriage of parents (Fang et al.) and, paradoxically, the return migration of parents, fathers in particular (Arlini et al). In some cases migration is linked to positive outcomes. Asis et al demonstrate how young people growing up in transnational households in the Philippines are more likely to realise their aspirations to continue education at the university level compared to their peers whose parents have remained at home. Their findings provide some evidence to support the longer-term contribution that parental migration, and the associated sacrifices, made for human capital accumulation for the next generation. Sukamdi et al’s analysis of tobacco use among Indonesian young people suggests that parental migration is not the key driver of youth risk behaviour; rather, the longer-term effect of peer influence determines the likelihood of smoking among young people. These papers break new ground in providing insights into the risks and triumphs of growing up in transnational families. The final short paper provides an invited commentary from a respected expert in the field of transnational family research, reflecting on the collection of papers and the contribution of the Special Issue to migration research.

Workshop Convenors Lue Fang National University of Singapore E | [email protected] Bittiandra Chand Somaiah National University of Singapore E | [email protected] Theodora Lam National University of Singapore E | [email protected]

Editors Lucy Jordan University of Hong Kong E | [email protected] Elspeth Graham University of St Andrews, UK E | [email protected] Brenda S.A. Yeoh National University of Singapore E | [email protected]


W E D N E S D A Y, 5 D E C E M B E R 2 0 1 8 10:00 – 10:15 REGISTRATION

10:15 – 10:30 WELCOME AND INTRODUCTORY REMARKS

Lucy Jordan | University of Hong Kong Elspeth Graham | University of St Andrews, UK

Brenda S.A. Yeoh | National University of Singapore

10:30 – 10:50 CHAIRPERSON Lucy Jordan

The Impact of Parental Absence on Early Childhood Development in the Context of Thailand

Aree Jampaklay | Mahidol University, Thailand

10:50 – 11:00 Discussion

11:00 – 11:20

Via Skype

CHAIRPERSON Theodora Lam

Young Adults’ Experiences of Parental Migration during Childhood: Longitudinal Trajectories from Indonesia and the Philippines

Elspeth Graham | University of St Andrews, UK Lucy Jordan | University of Hong Kong Tim Chuk | University of Hong Kong


11:30 – 13:00 LUNCH

13:00 – 13:20 CHAIRPERSON Aree Jampaklay

Migration and Divorce? Interrogating Intra-Household Dynamics and Marital Dissolution in Indonesia and the Philippines

Theodora Lam | National University of Singapore Bittiandra Chand Somaiah | National University of Singapore

Kristel Acedera | National University of Singapore

Maruja Asis | Scalabrini Migration Centre, Philippines

Brenda S.A. Yeoh | National University of Singapore


13:30 – 13:50 CHAIRPERSON Kristel Acedera

Paternal Migration and Young People’s Perceptions of Family Functioning in Indonesia

Silvia Mila Arlini | Independent Scholar Elspeth Graham | University of St Andrews, UK Lucy Jordan | University of Hong Kong Brenda S.A. Yeoh | National University of Singapore


14:00 – 14:20 CHAIRPERSON Bittiandra Chand Somaiah

Parental Migration, Peer Contagion, and Young Adults’ Smoking Behavior in Indonesia

Sukamdi | Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia Agus Joko Pitoyo | Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia Lue Fang | National University of Singapore


14:30 – 15:00 AFTERNOON TEA


15:00 – 15:20

Via Skype

CHAIRPERSON Lue Fang

The Possible Dream: The Migration Project and College Education in the Philippines Maruja Asis | Scalabrini Migration Centre, Philippines

Ceceilia Ruiz-Marave | Scalabrini Migration Centre, Philippines

Tim Chuk | University of Hong Kong

Theodora Lam | National University of Singapore Kristel Acedera | National University of Singapore


15:30 – 15:50 CHAIRPERSON Silvia Mila Arlini

Migration, Family Transitions and the Mental Health of Young People in Indonesia and the Philippines

Lue Fang | National University of Singapore

Lucy Jordan | University of Hong Kong

Elspeth Graham | University of St Andrews, UK


16:00 – 16:15 COMMENTARY

Graziano Battistella | Scalabrini Migration Centre, Philippines

16:15 – 16:30 CLOSING REMARKS

16:30 END OF WORKSHOP

6 APMJ-CHAMPSEA WORKSHOP

The Impact of Parental Absence on Early Childhood Development in the Context of Thailand

Aree Jampaklay Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Thailand

[email protected]

This analysis investigates the impact of parental absence on early childhood development in Thailand, using the Denver II screening tool, based on a study conducted in 2013-2014. Children aged 36 months and younger were included (N=923). Results reveal that the crucial factor for delayed development in early childhood is the mother’s presence in the household. Children who were cared for by others were not at higher risk of delayed development as long as their mother was present, while the father’s absence did not make a difference. This study raises concern for the large number of children living separately from their mothers, and raises questions about the long-term effects of parental migration for this generation of Thai children.

Young Adults’ Experiences of Parental Migration during Childhood: Longitudinal Trajectories from Indonesia and the Philippines

Elspeth Graham Department of Geography, and ESRC Centre for Population Change, University of St Andrews, UK [email protected]

Lucy Jordan Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong [email protected]

Tim Chuk Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong [email protected]

The phenomenon of parental migration from and within Southeast Asia is now well documented. However, the migration trajectories of parents over time have received scant attention due to limitations in existing data. This paper has two aims. First, to explore the detailed trajectories of parental migration during childhood years from the perspective of young adults in Indonesia and the Philippines. Second, to provide an account of the methodology employed to derive a measure summarizing these trajectories for use in further analysis. The study exploits a unique dataset from the CHAMPSEA project, with information about destinations and durations of parents’ migrations over the lifetime of their children aged 16 to 22 years in 2016 (n=1013). We apply sequence analysis using monthly data on the international and domestic migrations of mothers and fathers, as well as periods at home, to map parental trajectories. We then apply cluster analysis to identify common patterns. The findings offer insight into the diversity of parental migration strategies across child-rearing years, as well as differences in the experiences of children in the two study countries. We identify trajectories differentiated by when during childhood mothers and/or fathers were present or absent in the household and, if absent, whether they were working overseas or in another part of their home country. The findings also provide the basis for deriving a measure that summarizes these complex lifetime experiences of parental migration. The paper concludes with reflections on the value of this approach for future research.

APMJ-CHAMPSEA WORKSHOP 7

Migration and Divorce? Interrogating Intra-Household Dynamics and Marital Dissolution in Indonesia and the Philippines

Theodora Lam Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore [email protected]

Bittiandra Chand Somaiah Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore [email protected]

Kristel Acedera Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore [email protected]

Maruja Asis Research and Publications, Scalabrini Migration Centre [email protected]

Brenda S.A. Yeoh Asia Research Institute, and Department of Geography, National University of Singapore [email protected]

Marriage, as a longstanding social institution in Southeast Asia, has been undergoing significant changes over the recent decades. Some scholars have noted a ‘recent upturn’ in divorce rates in Indonesia (Cammack and Heaton 2011); others are of the view that de facto divorce is increasing in the Philippines where divorce is not legally recognised (Abalos 2017). While social-cultural factors such as the increasing drive for self-fulfilment and autonomy have been highlighted as having important impacts on marital attitudes, unions, dissolutions and relations in the academic literature, popular discourses have often highlighted migration – particularly the overseas migration of wives and mothers – as reportedly playing a major influence on the deteriorating state of marriages. In migrant-sending communities in Indonesia and the Philippines in particular, ‘rising’ divorce rates and separations are widely perceived as social costs generated by international migration. Drawing on life-story interviews with left-behind children and their parental/non-parental adult carers from households in the two countries, this paper interrogates the popular association of the disruption of marital ties with transnational migration from the perspectives of left-behind household members. By giving close attention to intra-household dynamics, we explore convergences and divergences in gendered discourses of blame and responsibility from the relative points of view of the left-behind spouse, child and/or the other non-parent carer. We also examine how left-behind children and their carers adjust and reshape care relationships in the wake of divorce. By problematizing the often taken-for-granted unidirectional causal impact of migration on divorce, the paper expands existing understanding of the relationship between migration and marital relations.


Paternal Migration and Young People’s Perceptions of Family Functioning in Indonesia

Silvia Mila Arlini Independent Scholar [email protected]



Brenda S.A. Yeoh Asia Research Institute, and Department of Geography, National University of Singapore [email protected]

In the wake of the feminisation of labour migration in Southeast Asia, the growing literature focusing on the mutually constitutive effects of migration and the family has given priority to mother-child relations. This study turns attention to perceptions of family well-being under different modalities of fathering from the perspective of young people aged 17 to 20 (n=230) in Indonesia. We use two waves of CHAMPSEA data to examine whether patterns of paternal absence/presence over time are associated with young people’s perceptions of family functioning. Those with return migrant fathers are less likely to perceive their family as functioning well compared to those whose fathers were migrant at both waves. Perceptions of family functioning also vary by the gender of the young person and by whether there are younger siblings in the family. Qualitative interviews with a sub-sample of the young people reveal that return migrant fathers appear to face challenges re-integrating into family life. Many young adults expressed feelings of unfamiliarity toward their returned fathers, which may contribute to lower satisfaction with how their family functions, while some said they feared their returned fathers who sought to reassert their traditional gender role by exerting discipline within the family.

Parental Migration, Peer Contagion, and Young Adults’ Smoking Behavior in Indonesia

Sukamdi Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia [email protected]

Agus Joko Pitoyo Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia [email protected]

Lue Fang Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore [email protected]

Smoking has been noted as one of the primary health risks of young people in Indonesia. Debates have centered on whether parental migration, together with social factors such as negative peer influence may predispose individuals to smoke at a younger age. This study aims to investigate the effect of parental migration as well as child and household level covariates on smoking behavior of young people in Indonesia. Longitudinal data was drawn from two waves of young adult sample (N=428) who were 9-11 years old in 2008 and 16-22 in 2016, as part of CHAMPSEA project. Descriptive statistics show that the initially observed smoking incidence of less than 10% in 2008 has drastically increased to 39.8% in 2016. Results from a series of logistic regression models suggest that household migration status does not seem to be associated with smoking behavior. However, being male, older than 18 years old as well as a high school dropout all increase the odds of smoking among Indonesian young adults. In particular, it was found that among the group of young adults who did not smoke in 2008, when exposed to peers who use tobacco, are twice more likely to become a smoker themselves in 2016, highlighting the strong influence of peers on smoking behavior of young adults.


The Possible Dream: The Migration Project and College Education in the Philippines

Maruja Asis Research and Publications, Scalabrini Migration Centre, Philippines [email protected]

Cecilia Ruiz-Marave Scalabrini Migration Centre, Philippines [email protected]

Tim Chuk Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong [email protected]

Theodora Lam Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore [email protected]

Kristel Acedera Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore [email protected]

Data from CHAMPSEA Wave 1 suggest that young children from transnational households tend to perform better in school than children in non-migrant households. However, as children get older and move up in the educational ladder, various factors can affect their likelihood of staying in school and continuing their education. This paper examines the factors that support young Filipinos’ access to tertiary education. This question is examined in the context of significant and sustained international migration in the Philippines where, on the one hand, remittances enhance households’ financial coffers, but on the other hand, there are concerns that parental separation may lead young people astray. According to CHAMPSEA Wave 2 data on the young adult (17-19 years old) sample from the Philippines, about 95 percent of young Filipinos aspire to complete a college education, some 88 percent believe they can reach college, and some 67 percent are currently enrolled in full- or part-time education. A lower proportion of young adults from transnational households (23.7 percent) are not currently enrolled in tertiary education as compared to their counterparts from usually resident households (41.3 percent). Thus, while many young Filipinos aspire to have a college education, more young Filipinos from transnational households are enrolled than those from usually resident households. Using survey data collected from CHAMPSEA Wave 2, this paper examines how migration factors compare with other factors in supporting young adults’ tertiary education. The appropriate statistical analysis is supplemented by narratives gained from qualitative interviews with young adults on their educational aspirations.


Migration, Family Transitions and the Mental Health of Young People in Indonesia and the Philippines

Lue Fang Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore [email protected]



Parental out-migration and other changes in family structure may adversely affect the psychological wellbeing of young people in migrant-sending communities. This paper explores family transitions (parental separation, divorce, remarriage, death) and considers their impact on young adults living in nonmigrant, transnational or internal migrant households in Indonesia and the Philippines. Differentiating between family structure transitions and other vulnerabilities (e.g., low family socioeconomic status, living with chronically ill family members), we examine the relationships between family change and the mental health of young adults. Data come from the CHAMPSEA project, a rich source of family structure variables collected in 2008 and 2016. 817 young people (Mean age=18.20; 52% female) participated in the study. Results from multivariate logistic regressions reveal that household migration or family transition factors alone do not directly affect mental health outcome of young adults. In addition, young adults living in transnational households do not necessarily experience poor mental health if their parents divorced or separated; however, they are twice as likely to have adverse mental health symptoms if their parents remarry. Our findings reveal the complex relationships between family change and young people’s mental health, suggesting that future research should pay greater attention to the intersectionality between changes in family structure and household migration status.


ABOUT THE EDITORS Lucy Jordan is Associate Professor in the Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong. Her research focuses on how societal transformation impacts on intimate family life and wellbeing. Her scholarship includes study of key themes related to social transformation and family life including migration and transnational families, and other topics related to social vulnerability including intergenerational family relationships, social integration of migrants, commercial sexual exploitation of children, and risk behavior in developing global urban contexts. Her current research focuses on migration and the family in emerging economies of Asia including Hong Kong, China, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Nepal. Elspeth Graham is Professor of Geography at the University of St Andrews, UK, as well as co-Director of the ESRC Centre for Population Change. Her research focuses on population and health. She has published widely on topics including the health and wellbeing of left-behind children in Southeast Asia, fertility and family change in low fertility settings, and intergenerational exchange. Her other interests include the spatialities of ageing, and the effects of international migration on European fertility. Her work uses both quantitative and qualitative methods, and she is a long-time advocate of mixed methods research. She has also published on theory and philosophy in Geography. Brenda S.A. Yeoh is Raffles Professor of Social Sciences in the Department of Geography as well as Research Leader of the Asian Migration Cluster at the Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore. Her research interests include the politics of space in colonial and postcolonial cities, and she has considerable experience working on a wide range of migration research in Asia, including key themes such as cosmopolitanism and highly skilled talent migration; gender, social reproduction and care migration; migration, national identity and citizenship issues; globalising universities and international student mobilities; and cultural politics, family dynamics and international marriage migrants. She has published widely in these fields. ORCid No: 0000-0002-0240-3175


ABOUT THE AUTHORS Kristel Anne Acedera holds an MSocSci degree in Geography from the National University of Singapore. She is currently a Research Assistant at the Asia Research Institute. Her main research interest is about the role of communication technologies on transnational familyhood and mediated intimacies. Her previous works on this have been published in New Media and Society as well as in a report for the UK's Department for International Development. Silvia Mila Arlini is an independent researcher working on several research intersecting socio-economic and policy issue in Southeast Asia. She received her PhD in Southeast Asian Studies from National University of Singapore. She also graduated with a Master degree in Public Policy from National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS), Tokyo-Japan and a Bachelors degree of Arts in Economics from Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia. In May 2015 to March 2018, she was also as a postdoctoral researcher for the Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore for three years—working on the two research projects, ie MOOP (Migrating-Out of Poverty) and CHAMPSEA (Child Health and Migrant Parents in Southeast Asia). Under those projects, she focuses on her research on the area around the issue of labour migration related to human capital development; family, children/youth, remittances, poverty, migration infrastructure, and development strategies/policies. Maruja M.B. Asis is Director of Research and Publications at the Scalabrini Migration Center, based in Manila, Philippines. She is a sociologist who has long been working on international migration and social change in Asia. Her areas of interest and research work include gender, family and migration; migration and development; and migration governance. She was co-country coordinator of the CHAMPSEA Project in the Philippines. Graziano Battistella is the Director of the Scalabrini Migration Centre (SMC) in Quezon City, Philippines. He is the founding editor of the Asian and Pacific Migration Journal (APMJ). His research interests concern the human rights of migrants, unauthorized migration, migration ethics and migration policies. He edited various volumes on migration, including Global and Asian Perspectives on International Migration and published various articles in specialized journals. Tim Chuk is a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Social Work and Social Administration at the University of Hong Kong. He has a PhD in psychology and data science and is currently working on advanced analytical techniques in the investigation of migration in South East Asian countries. Lue Fang is Postdoctoral Fellow in the Asian Migration cluster at the Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore. Her research interests include acculturation and migration, youth psychological wellbeing and educational achievement. Her recent work has been focusing on psychological wellbeing of rural to urban migrant children in China and the impact of parental migration on left behind children’s mental health in Southeast Asia. Aree Jampaklay has been an associate professor of the Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University since 2009. She earned a PhD in Sociology from University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 2003. She has extensive experiences in research activities in rural and urban communities in Thailand. She played an important role in several longitudinal studies, e.g. the Nang Rong survey, KDSS in Kanchanaburi, ITC-SEA Thailand, and SMILE project. Her research has focused on migration process and migration effects on households of origin, family formation, and longitudinal studies. Her recent researches emphasize impacts of parental migration (internal and international) on children’s well-being (CHAMPASEA, CLAIM) and on Muslim migration and the unrest in the three southernmost provinces of Thailand (M&M).


Theodora Lam is Postdoctoral Fellow at Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore (NUS). She obtained her PhD in Geography from NUS and her dissertation focused on understanding changing gender subjectivities, the web of care and relationships within the family in the wake of transnational labour migration. Her research interests cover transnational migration, children's geographies and gender studies, and she has also published on themes relating to migration, citizenship and education. Agus Joko Pitoyo Associate Professor in the Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, the Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada. He is now also as Director of Research and Publication at Center for Population and Policy Studies, Universitas Gadjah Mada. His research focuses on Population especially on international migration issues, Labour Force, and Health. Some of the books published both independently and with other writers are Female Migrant Workers Overseas, Street Vendors in Times of Crisis, The Dynamic of Informal Sector in Indonesia, Human Resource Development: Future Challenges, Poverty Reduction in Indonesia, and The Management of Contemporary Suvey. Some of publications in scopus indexes journal are Working in the global world: looking for more modern workplace overseas, and System Dynamics Modeling of Indonesia Population Projection Model, published in IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2018. Cecilia Ruiz-Marave is currently working as a project officer and researcher at the Scalabrini Migration Center. Her educational background is in the field of public health. Cecilia’s research interests include transnational migration, transnational families, and children’s health and wellbeing. She was involved in Waves 1 and 2 of the CHAMPSEA Project as the co-country coordinator for the Philippines. Bittiandra Chand Somaiah is a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Asian Migration cluster at the Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore, and at the Centre for Global Social Policy, University of Toronto. She received her PhD in Sociology from Macquarie University. She has been working on the Child Health and Migrant Parents in Southeast Asia (CHAMPSEA) Wave 2 project, with a focus on Indonesia, since 2017. Her research interests include mothering, migration, class, carework, youth and children’s aspirations, multiple modernities, new cosmopolitanisms, intimate citizenship practices, circulations of care, sociologies of the body, gender and emotions. Sukamdi is Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada. He is also senior researcher at the Center for Population and Policy Studies in the same university. His interest includes population and development, migration (internal and international), poverty and labour study. The latest publication is in 2018 (with Chris Manning) "International Migration: A very mix blessing" in Ulla Fiona, et.al (eds) Indonesia Foreign Affairs under Susilo Bambang Yudoyono. Singapore: ISEAS Publishing.

APMJ-CHAMPSEA WORKSHOP 5 DEC 2018 | AS8 SEMINAR … · male and female children within the target...

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