API 571 Exam

CLOSED BOOK QUESTIONS

1

a. Two

b. Three

c. Four

d. Five

2

a. Two

b. Three

c. Four

d. Five

3

a. Revised by the owner-user as required.

b. Purchased and resold to other owner-users.

c. Used to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgment.

d. Used by anyone desiring to do so.

4

a. Completing nondestructive examinations.

b. Identifying and understanding damage mechanisms.

c. Completing the required destructive examinations

d. Hiring properly qualified welders.

5

a. Isb. Is notc. Maybe

d. Should be

6

a. The welder

b. The welding supervisor

c. Contractor

DAMAGE MECHANISMS AFFECTING FIXED EQUIPMENT in the REFINERY INDUSTRY

RECOMMENDED PRACTICE API 571

Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed or withdrawn at least every _________ years: (RP 571, Special Notes-December, 2003-Pg. iii)

An API 571 publication will no longer be in effect _________ years after its publication date as an operative API standard or where an extension has been granted, upon republication. (RP 571, Special Notes-December-2003: Pg. iii)

API publications may be _______________________________________: (RP 571, Forward-December-2003)

In order to safely and reliably manage equipment a key first step by the owner-user would be: (RP 571, Forward-December-2003)

Recommended Practice 571 reflects industry information, but also it ____________ a mandatory standard or code: (RP 571, Forward-December-2003)

The guidelines provided in RP 571 can be used by ____________ to assist in identifying likely causes of damage and are intended to introduce the concepts of service-induced deterioration and failure modes: (RP 571, Scope 1.2)

d. plant inspection personnel

7

a. Pressure vessels, piping and tanks.

b. Pressure vessels only.

c. Piping only.

d. Tanks only.

8

a. Engineer

b. Welding Superintendent

c. Authorized inspector

d. Construction organization

9 Fitness-For-Service in covered in which Recommended Practice? (RP 571, Section 2.1-Standards)

a. RP 530

b. RP 934

c. RP 579

d. RP 941

10 Risk-Based-Inspection in covered in which Recommended Practice?

a. RP 580

b. RP 934

c. RP 579

d. RP 941

Assign the appropriate Symbol and Abbreviation to each of the following:

11 Alternating current magnetic flux leakage testing = ______

12 Acoustic emission = ______

13 Acoustic emission testing = ______

14 Boiler feed water = ______

15 Cooling water = ______

16 Eddy current = ______

17 Hydrogen = ______

18 Water = ______

19 Hydrogen Sulfide = _____

20 Heat affected zone = _____

21 Brinnell hardness number = _____

22 High pressure = _____

23 Intermediate pressure = _____

The damage mechanisms covered in RP 571 cover situations encountered in the refining and petrochemical industry and is specifically intended to address the damage mechanisms relating to ____________: (RP 571, Scope 1.2)

It may be necessary to consult with a _____________ familiar with applicable degradation modes and failure mechanisms. (RP 571, Scope 1.2)

Symbols and Abbreviations (RP 571, Section 3.2)

24 Low pressure = _____

25 Knock out = _____

Recommended Practice 571, Section 4.2.1

26

a. 100° F to 600° F

b.

c. 200° F to 600° F

d. 250° F to 1100° F

27

a. Spheroidization

b. Temper embrittlement

c. Graphitization

d. Creep

28

a. Aluminum and Steel

b. Brass and Aluminum

c. Low alloy steels containing chromium and Copper

d. Some grades of Carbon Steel and 0.5Mo Metals

29 The most important factors that effect graphitization are: (RP 571, Section 4.2.1.3-a)

a. Chemistry

b. Stress

c. Temperature

d. Chemistry, stress, temperature and time of exposure

30 In general graphitization is normally: (RP 571, Section 4.2.1.3-b)

a. Observed visually

b. Not commonly observed

c. found on the bottom side of piping or lower portions of vessels and tanks

d. found on the top side of piping or upper portions of vessels and tanks

31

a. 1.0

Mechanical and Metallurgical Failure Mechanisms (RP 571, Section 4.2)

Graphitization is a change in the microstructure of certain carbon steels and 0.5Mo steels after a long-term operations in the _________° F to _________° F range which may cause a loss of strength, ductility and/or creep resistance. (RP 571, Section 4.2.1.1-a)

800° F to 1100° F

At elevated temperatures, the carbide phases in certain carbon steels and 0.5Mo steels are unstable and may decompose into graphite nodules. This decomposition is known as __________________: (RP 571, Section 4.2.1.1-b)

Materials most effected by graphitization are ____________ and ____________:(RP 571, Section 4.2.1.2)

The addition of _______________ % chromium has been found to eliminate graphitization: (RP 571, Section 4.2.1.3-c)

b. 3.0

c. 0.7

d. 2.5

32 Below _______________° F the rate of graphitization is very slow: (RP 571, Section 4.2.1.3-d)

a. 800° F

b. 500° F

c. 1100° F

d. 250° F

33

a. Random

b. General

c. Local

d. Concentrated

34

a. Random and General

b. Weld heat affect zone and Non-weld

c. Simple and Concentrated

d. Chain and Local plane

35

a. Closed eye graphitization

b. Black-eyed graphitization

c. Heat zone graphitization

d. Eyebrow graphitization

36

In one general type of graphitization, the graphite nodules are distributed randomly throughout the steel. This type does not usually lower the creep resistance and is referred to as ________________ graphitization? (RP 571, Section 4.2.1.3-e)

Another more damaging type of graphitization results in chains or local planes of concentrated graphite nodules which can result in a significant reduction in load bearing capacity while increasing the potential for brittle fracture. The two forms of this type of graphitization are know as ___________________ graphitization and ____________________ graphitization: (RP 571, Section 4.2.1.3-f )

Weld heat affected zone graphitization is most frequently found in the heat-effected zone adjacent to welds in a narrow band, corresponding to the low temperature edge of the heat effect zone. Graphite nodules can form at the low temperature edge of the heat effected zones, resulting a band of weak graphite cross section which because of its appearance is often referred to as ________________ graphitization: (RP 571, Section 4.2.1.3-i)

Non-weld graphitization is a form of localized graphitization that sometime occurs along planes of localized yielding in steel. It also occurs in a chain-like manner in regions that have experienced significant plastic deformation as a result of __________________ or ___________________: (RP 571, Section 4.2.1.3 ii)

a. Pre-heating or welding

b. Quenching or tempering

c. Cold working operations or bending

d. Bending or heating

37

a. 2 and 10 to 20

b. 5 and 30 to 40

c. 1.5 and 3 to 5

d. 10 and 2 to 5

38

a. Less

b. Never

c. More

d. Probably

39

a. Only

b. Unlikely

c. Primarily

d. Likely

40

a. Chromium containing low alloy steels

b. Thicker materials

c. Low alloy steels with less chromium

d. Material with a higher carbon content

41

a. Ultrasonic testing

The rate at which graphitization forms is difficult to predict, but when service temperatures are above 1000° F (538° C) severe heat affect zone graphitization can develop in as little as __________ years. Very slight graphitization would not be uncommon after ___________ to __________ years of operation at 850°F (454°C). (RP 571, Section 4.2.1.3-g)

Economizer tubing, steam piping and other equipment that operated in a range of temperatures between 850°F to 1025°F (441°C and 552°C) are ______________ likely to suffer graphitization.(RP 571, Section 4.2.1.2-e)

Hot wall piping, equipment in the fluid catalytic cracker (FCC), catalytic reforming and coker units are ______________ places to look for graphitization: (RP 571, Section 4.2.1.3-a)

Graphitization can be prevented for long-term operations above 800°F (427°C) by using ______________________. (RP 571, Section 4.2.1.6)

Evidence of graphitization is most effectively evaluated through removal of full thickness samples for examination using __________________: (RP 571, Section 4.2.1.7)

b. Radiographic testing

c. Eddy current testing

d. Metallographic techniques


42

a. Graphitization

b. Metallographic change

c. Spheroidization

d. Carbide Phase change

43

a. Creep

b. Heat

c. Low pressure

d. Temperature

44

a. High alloy steels

b. Low alloy steels

c. Aluminum

d. Copper

45 Critical factors affecting Spheroidization are _________________: (RP 571, Section 4.2.2.3-a)

a. Metal chemistry and exposure time and temperature

b. Temperature and microstructure and exposure time

c. Temperature, exposure time and metal chemistry

d. Metal chemistry, microstructure, exposure time and temperature

46

a. 800°F and 1300°F

b. 200°F and 660°F

c. 100°F and 500°F

d. 200°F and 750°F

A change in the microstructure of steels, where the carbide phases in the carbon steels becomes unstable and may agglomerate from their normal plate-like form to a spheroidal form, or from small finely dispersed carbides in low alloy steels to large agglomerated carbides is known as __________________: (RP 571, Section 4.2.2.1)

Spheroidization may cause a loss of strength and/or _________ resistance. (RP 571, Section 4.2.2.1)

Materials commonly effected by spheroidization are all commonly used grades of carbon steel and ____________ including C-0.5Mo, 1Cr-0. 5Mo, 1.25Cr-0.5M0, 2./25Cr-1Mo, 3Cr-1Mo, 5Cr-0.5Mo and 9Cr-1Mo. (RP 571, Section 4.2.2.2)

Spheroidization can occur in a few hours at __________°F , but may also take place over several years at ___________°F. (RP 571, Section 4.2.2.3-b)

47 The rate of spheriodization depends on __________: (RP 571, Section 4.2.2.3-b)

a. Temperature

b. Exposure time and temperature

c. Temperature and initial microstructure

d. The location of the equipment within the process unit

48

a. More

b. The same

c. Less

d. None of the above

49

a. 850°F

b. 200°F

c. 250°F

d. 450°F

50

a. 70

b. 20

c. 30

d. 50

51

a. Bottom of the piping

b. Top of the piping and/or equipment

c. Stress concentrations

d. All of the above

52

a. product quality and quantity of production

b. hot wall piping and equipment

c. Only the bottom portion of equipment and piping


53

Annealed and course-grained steels have ____________ resistance to spheroidization then normalized and fine-grained steels. (RP 571, Section 4.2.2.3-c)

Spheroidization can occur in piping and equipment after exposure to temperatures above ______ °F. (RP 571, Section 4.2.2.4-a)

The loss in strength caused by spheroidization may be as high as ________%, but failure is not likely to occur except under very high applied stresses, in areas of stress concentration or in combination with other damage mechanisms. (RP 571, Section 4.2.2.4-a)

Spheroidization causes a loss in strength which is usually accompanied by an increase in ductility which allows for deformation at ______________________: (RP 571, Section 4.2.2.4-b)

In operating units such as the FCC, catalytic reforming and coker, spheroidization affects __________ and __________________: (RP 571, Section 4.2.2.4-c)

Fired heater tubes in boilers or process units may be affected by a ____________ in creep strength. (RP 571, Section 4.2.2.4-c)

a. Change

b. Increase

c. Loss

d. All of the above

54

a. Often

b. Seldom

c. Continually

d. Usually

55

a. UT

b. RT

c. MT

d. Metallography

56

a. 5.0 to 9.0

b. 1.25 to 1.5

c. 2.25 to 3.0

d. 1.25 and 2.25

57

a. Pressure

b. Refinery products

c. Climate

d. Temperature

58

a. Radiographic testing

b. Metallography

c. Ultrasonic testing

d. Magnetic particle testing


59

a. Graphitization

b. Spheroidization

Equipment in general is __________ renewed or repaired due to spheroidization. (RP 571, Section 4.2.2.4-c)

Spheroidization is not readily visible and can only be detected through ________________: (RP 571, Section 4.2.2.5-a)

In the case of ______% to ______% CrMo alloys, spheroidization is a process of transforming the carbides from their original finely dispersed morphology to large agglomerated carbides.(RP 571, Section 4.2.2.5-b)

Spheroidization is difficult to prevent except by minimizing long-term exposure to elevated _____________: (RP 571, Section 4.2.2.6)

Spheroidization can only be found through field _____________ or removal of samples for metallographic observations: (RP 571, Section 4.2.2.7)

The reduction in toughness due to metallurgical changes that can occur in some low alloy steels as a result of long-term exposure in the temperature range of 650°F (343°C) to 1100°F (593°C) is referred to as ____________________? (RP 571, Section 4.2.3.1)

c. Temper Embrittlement

d. 885°F Embrittlement

60

a. Holiday

b. Ultrasonic

c. Charpy impact

d. metallographic

61

a. Corrosion fracture

b. Thermal fracture

c. Brittle fracture

d. Critical fractures

62

a. 1.25Cr-0.5Mo

b. C-0.5Mo

c. 2.25Cr-1Mo, 3Cr-1Mo and high strength low alloy Cr-Mo-V rotor steels

d. All of the above

63

a. 1972

b. 1965

c. 1983

d. 1990

64

a. C-0.5Mo and 1.25Cr-0.5Mo

b. 2.25Cr-1Mo and 3Cr-1Mo

c. 1.25Cr-0.5Mo and 3Cr-1Mo

d. All of the above

65

a. Critical

b. Non-critical

c. Safety


The metallurgical change discussed in question no. 59 causes an upward shift in the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature as measured by ____________________ testing? (RP 571, Section 4.2.3.1)

Although the loss of toughness is not evident at operating temperature, equipment that is temper embrittled may be susceptible to ________________ during start-up and shutdown.(RP 571, Section 4.2.3.1)

The materials which are primarily affected by temper embrittlement are ______________________? (RP 571, Section 4.2.3.1-a)

Older generation 2.25Cr-1Mo materials manufactured prior to __________ may be particularly susceptible. Some high strength low alloy steels are also susceptible. (RP 571, Section 4.2.3.1-b)

Two steels which are not significantly affected by temper embrittlement are ________ and ________: (RP 571, Section 4.2.3.1-c)

Alloy steel composition, thermal history, metal temperature and exposure time are all considered __________ factors. (RP 571, Section 4.2.3.3-a)

66

a. 150°F to 500°F

b. 650°F to 1100°F

c. 300°F to 450°F

d. 350°F to 550°F

67

a. Elongated type

b. Crack type

c. Rounded type

d. All of the above

68

a. 500°F

b. 750°F

c. 650°F

d. 250°F

69

a. Graphitization


c. Mechanical fatigue

d. Spheroidization

70

a. Tank farm

b. Water cooled heat exchanger

c. Boiler

d. Hydroprocessing

71

a. Radiographic testing

Temper embrittlement can occur during fabrication heat treatment, most of the damage occurs over many years of service in the embrittling temperature range of _________ to _________. (RP 571, Section 4.2.3.3-d)

Temper embrittlement can significantly reduce the structural integrity of equipment containing a ________________ flaw. (RP 571, Section 4.2.3.3-e)

Although there have been very few industry failures related directly to temper embrittlement it occurs in process units after long-term exposure to temperatures above _________°F. (RP 571, Section 4.2.3.4-a)

2.25Cr-1Mo develops it more quickly at 900°F than in the 800°F to 850°F range, but the damage is more severe after long-tern exposure at 850°F. It is known as _______________?(RP 571, Section 4.2.3.3-c)

Equipment susceptible to temper embrittlement are most often found in ____________________ units, particularly reactors, hot feed effluent exchangers components and hot HP separators. Potential also exist in catalytic reforming units (reactors and exchangers), FCC reactors, cokers and visbreaking units. (RP 571, Section 4.2.3.4-b)

Temper embrittlement is a metallurgical change that is not readily apparent and can be confirmed by ______________. (RP 571, Section 4.2.3.5-a)

b. Impact testing

c. Ultrasonic testing

d. Metallographic testing

72

a. 50%

b. 25%

c. 30%

d. 75%

73

a. 350°F down to 150°F

b. 500°F down to 100°F

c. 200°F down to 100°F

d. 1100°F down to 600°F

74

a. 1150 for 2

b. 500°F for 1

c. 1200°F for 1/2


75

a. Probably the

b. Not the best

c. The best

d. All of the above

76

a. A and B

b. J and X

c. Y and Z

d. A and M

77

a. 0.01%

b. 0.5%

A means of minimizing the possibility of brittle fracture in existing materials during startup and shutdown, is to limit system pressure to about _________ of the maximum design pressure for temperatures below Minimum Pressurization Temperature (MPT). (RP 571, Section 4.2.3.6-a-ii)

MPT's usually range from ______°F for the earliest, most highly temper embrittled steels, down to ______°F or lower for newer, temper embrittlement resistant steels. (RP 571, Section 4.2.3.6-a-iii)

When weld repairs are required in existing materials, the effects of temper embrittlement can be reversed (de-embrittlement) by heating at ______°F for ______hours per inch of thickness and the rapidly cooling to room temperature. (RP 571, Section 4.2.3.6-a-iv)

For new materials, limiting the acceptance levels of manganese, silicon, phosphorus, tin, antimony and arsenic in the base metals and consumables is _______ way to minimize temper embrittlement. (RP 571, Section 4.2.3.6-b-i)

A common way to minimize temper embrittlement is to limit the "______" factor for base metals and the "______" factor for weld metal. (RP 571, Section 4.2.3.6-b-ii)

Studies have shown that limiting the phosphorus (P) and Silicon (S) to less than ______ is sufficient to minimize temper embrittlement. (RP 571, Section 4.2.3.6-b-iii)

c. 10%

d. 3%

78

a. Sheets

b. Windows made

c. Blocks

d. Cans


79

a. Mechanical fatigue


c. Strain aging

d. Sheroidization

80

a. 1991

b. 1960

c. 1980

d. 1962

81

a. Lower

b. Higher

c. No


82

a. Lead

b. Copper

c. Aluminum

d. Either of the above

83

A common method of monitoring for temper embrittlement in a reactor is too install _______ of original heats of the alloy steel material. Samples are then periodically removed for impact testing purposes, (RP 571, Section 4.2.3.7-a)

____________ is a form of damage found mostly in older vintage carbon steels and C-0.5 Mo low alloy steels under the combined efects of deformation and aging at an intermediate temperature. (RP 571, Section 4.2.4.1)

Strain aging mostly affects older pre-_______ carbon steels with large grain size and C-0.5Mo low ally steel. (RP 571, Section 4.2.4.2)

Steels manufactured by the Bessemer or open hearth process contain _______ levels of critical impurity elements than newer steels manufactured by the Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) process.(RP 571, Section 4.2.4.3-a)

In general, steels made by BOF process and fully killed with _________ will not be susceptible to strain aging. (RP 571, Section 4.2.4.3-c)

Strain aging is found ______ and ______ steels with higher levels of nitrogen and carbon. (RP 571, Section 4.2.4.3-c)

a. Rimmed and Capped

b. Fully killed carbon steels

c. Steels manufactured by the Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) process


84

a. Hot / High

b. Cold / Intermediate

c. Hot / Ambient


85 Strain aging is a major concern for equipment that contains __________. (RP 571, Section 4.2.4.3-e)

a. Cracks

b. Porosity

c. Petroleum product


86

a. Brittle

b. Sudden

c. Compound

d. Either of the above

87

a. Only certified welder

b. Pre-heating prior to welding

c. PWHT after welding

d. Specially manufactured electrodes


88

a. Temper embrittlement

b. 885°F embrittlement

c. Creep


89

Strain aging has also been observed in material that have been ______ worked and placed into service at _______ temperature without stress relieving. (RP 571, Section 4.2.4.3-d)

Employing a pressurization sequence versus temperature is critical to preventing __________ fracture. (RP 571, Section 4.2.4.3-f)

When making weld repairs on materials susceptible, the affects of strain aging will be eliminated by employing ____________ (RP 571, Section 4.2.4.5-c)

A loss of toughness due to metallurgical changes in alloys containing a ferrite phase as a result of exposure in a temperature range between 600°F (316°C) and 1000°F (540°C) is know as _________. (RP 571, Section 4.2.5.1)

Critical factor with regards to 885°F embrittlement are the alloy composition, particularly chromium content, the amount of ferrite phase and operating ______________. (RP 571, Section 4.2.5.3-a)

a. Pressure

b. Duration

c. Temperature

d. All of the above

90

a. Carbon steel

b. Aluminum

c. Copper and Brass

d. 400 Series SS (e.g. 405, 409, 410, 410S, 430 and 446).

91

a. 600°F

b. 885°F

c. 1000°F

d. 400°F

92 Units where 885°F embrittlement may occur are: (RP 571, Section 4.2.5.4-c)

a. FCC

b. Coker

c. Crude and Vacuum

d. All of the above

93

a. Ultrasonic and/or penatrant

b. Radiographic and/or eddy current

c. Penatrant and/or holiday

d. Bend and/or impact

94

a. High ferrite or ferritic

b. Wrought or 300 series stainless steels

c. Low ferrite or non-ferritic


95

a. 1100°F

Wrought and cast 300 series stainless steels containing ferrite and duplex stainless steels such as Alloys 2205, 2304 and 2507 are affected. What other steels are affected? (RP 571, Section 4.2.5.2)

Damage is cumulative and results from precipitation of an embrittling intermatallic phase that occurs most readily at approximately at _________°F (RP 571, Section 4.2.5.3-c)

885°F embrittlement is a metallurgical change that is not readily apperant with metallography, but can be confirmed through _______ and/or _______ testing. (RP 571, Section 4.2.5.5-a)

The best way to prevent 885°F embrittlement is to use____________ or ____________ alloys, or to avoid exposing the susceptible nmaterial to the embrittling range. (RP 571, Section 4.2.5.6-a)

885°F embrittlement is reversible by heat treatment followed by rapid cooling. The de-embrittling heat treatment temperature is typically ________ or higher and may not be practical for many equipment items. (RP 571, Section 4.2.5.6-c)

b. 900°F

c. 250°F

d. 400°F

96

a. Laminations/200°F

b. Cracking/200°F

c. Pitting/250°F

d. All of the above


97

a. Temper embrittlement

b. Sigma phase embrittlement

c. 885°F embrittlement

d. Spheroidization

98

a. 300 Series stainless steels wrought metal, weld metals and castings

b. 400 Series stainless steels

c. Duplex stainless steels

d. All of the above

99

a. 35 to 60

b. 5 to 10

c. 0.3 to 1

d. 10 to 40

a. 3.5

b. 6

c. 10

d. 17

a. Process unit, time and pressure

Most cases of 885°F embrittlement are found in the form of ________ during turnarounds and/or startups and shutdowns when the material is below about ________ °F. (RP 571, Section 4.2.5.7-b)

The formation of a metallurgical phase which can result in a loss of fracture toughness in some stainless steels as a result of high temperatures exposure is know as ______________________. (RP 571, Section 4.2.6.1)

The materials affected by sigma phase embrittlement are ____________________________.(RP 571, Section 4.2.6.2-a-b-c)

Cast 300 series stainless steels including HK and HP are especially susceptible due to their high _______ to _______ % ferrite content. (RP 571, Section 4.2.6.2-a)

100

The 400 series stainless steels and other ferritic and martensitic SS with _______% Cr or more are also susceptible. (e.g. 430 and 440). (RP 571, Section 4.2.6.2-a)

101

__________________, _______ and ________________ are critical factors:(RP 571, Section 4.2.6.3-a)

b. Alloy composition, time and pressure

c. Process unit, temperature and pressure

d. Alloy composition, time and temperature

a. Elevated temperatures

b. Elevated pressures

c. Pre-heating and PWHT


a. 200°F to 300°F

b. 450°F to 600°F

c. 700°F to 950°F

d. 1000°F to 1750°F

a. 600°F

b. 900°F

c. 1100°F

d. 1275°F

a. 600°F

b. 500°F

c. 1100°F

d. 650°F

a. Stainless steel cyclones, piping ductwork and valves in high temperature

b.

c. Stainless steel heater tubes

102

In susceptible alloys, the primary factor that affects sigma phase formation is the time of exposure at _________________: (RP 571, Section 4.2.6.3-b)

103

Sigma phase embrittlement occurs in ferritic (FeCr), martensitic (FeCr), austentic (Fe-Cr-Ni) and duplex stainless steels when they are exposed to temperatures in the range of ________°F to _________°F: (RP 571, Section 4.2.6.3-c)

104 Formation of sigma phase can occure in austenitic stainless steels if it is exposted to PWHT at

________°F: (RP 571, Section 4.2.6.3-f)

105

Stainless steels with sigma can normally withstand normal operating stresses, but upon cooling to temperature below _________°F they may show a complete lack of fracture toughness as measured in Charpy impact testing. (RP 571, Section 4.2.6.3-h)

106

Sigma phase embrittlement can affect units and equipment such as ________________________: (RP 571, Section 4.2.6.4-a-b-c)

300 series stainless weld overlays and tube-to-tubsheet attachment welds during PWHT of underlaying CrMo base metal

d. All of the above

a. Ultrasonic and/or penatrant testing

b. Radiographic and/or eddy current testing

c. Penatrant and/or holiday testing

d. Impact testing

a. The bottom of vessels and Areas of low restraint

b. Welds and Areas of low restraint

c. Welds and Areas of high restraint

d. All of the above

a. The embrittling range

b. Post weld heat treatment

c. Non destructive testing


a. 6

b. 10

c. 4



a. Brittle fracture

b. Creep and stress rupture

c. Sigma phase embrittlement


a. Thinner and low alloy

b. Thinner and high alloy

c. Thicker and high alloy

d. Carbon steels and low alloy

107

Sigma phase embrittlement is a metallurigal change that is not readily apperant and can only be confirmed through metallographic examination and ____________: (RP 571, Section 4.2.6.5-a)

108

Sigma phase embrittlement damage appears in the form of cracking, particularly at __________ or in _____________________. (RP 571, Section 4.2.6.5-b)

109

The best way to prevent sigma phase embrittlement is to use alloys which are resistant to sigma formation or to avoid exposing the material to ________________ : (RP 571, Section 4.2.6.6-a)

110

The 300 series SS can be de-sigmatized by solution annealing at 1950°F (1066°C) for _________ hours. (RP 571, Section 4.2.6.6-c)

111

The sudden rapid fracture under stress (residual or applied) where a material exhibits little or no evidence of ductility or plastic deformation is know as ______________. (RP 571, Section 4.2.7.1)

112

____________ and ______________ steels are materials which are particularly susecptiable to brittle fracture. (RP 571, Section 4.2.7.2)

Particular attention should be paid to __________ materials. (RP 571, Section 4.2.7.2)

a. Thinner

b. Older

c. Thicker


a. The size, shape and stress concentration effect of a flaw

b. The amount of residual and applied stresses on a flaw

c.

d. All of the above

Thicker materials have a _____________ resistance to brittle fracture: (RP 571, Section 4.2.7.3-d)

a. Higher

b. The same

c. Lower


a. 1992

b. 2001

c. 1987


a. 1992 and 66

b. 2001and 66

c. 1987and 66


a. Lower

b. Extreamly low

c. Elevated


113

114

When a critical combination of factors is reached brittle fracture can occure: (RP 571, Section 4.2.7.3-a)

A materials fracture toughness(resistance to crack like flaws) as measured in a charpy impact test.

115

116

Equipment manufactured to the ASME Boiler Code, Section VIII, Division 1 prior to the December ______ Addenda, were made with limited restrictions on notch toughness for vessels operating in cold temperatures : (RP 571, Section 4.2.7.4-a))

117

Equipment manufactured to the ASME Boiler Code, Section VIII, Division 1 after the December ______ Addenda, were subject to the requirements of UCS _________ (impact exemption curves). (RP 571, Section 4.2.7.4-b))

118

Since most processes run at ____________ temperatures brittle fracture usually occures at startup, shutdown or during hydrostatic and or tightness testing. (RP 571, Section 4.2.7.4-c)

CLOSED BOOK-ANSWERS1 d 48 a 95 a2 d 49 a 96 b3 c 50 c 97 b4 b 51 c 98 d5 b 52 b 99 d6 d 53 c d7 a 54 b d8 a 55 d a9 c 56 a d

10 a 57 d d11 ACFM 58 b b12 AE 59 c d

DAMAGE MECHANISMS AFFECTING FIXED EQUIPMENT in the REFINERY INDUSTRY

RECOMMENDED PRACTICE API 571

14214314414514610

014710

114810

214910

315010

415110

515210

6153

13 AET 60 c d14 BFW 61 c c15 CW 62 c a16 EC 63 a c17 64 a a18 65 a d19 66 b b20 HAZ 67 b d21 HB 68 c c22 HP 69 b c23 IP 70 d c24 LP 71 b c25 K.O. 72 b26 b 73 a27 c 74 a28 d 75 c29 d 76 b30 b 77 a31 c 78 c32 a 79 c33 a 80 c34 b 81 b35 d 82 c36 c 83 c37 b 84 b38 c 85 a39 c 86 a40 a 87 c41 d 88 b42 c 89 c43 a 90 d44 b 91 b45 d 92 d46 a 93 d47 c 94 c

107

15410

815510

915611

0157

H2111

158

H2O112

159

H2S113

16011

416111

516211

616311

716411

816511

916612

016712

116812

216912

317012

417112

517212

617312

717412

817512

917613

017713

117813

217913

318013

418113

518213

618313

718413

818513

918614

018714

1188

API 571 Exam

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