APHG Unit 3: Language
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Transcript of APHG Unit 3: Language
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Language
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Pulp Fiction
“You know what they call a…a…a quarter pounder with cheese in Paris? They call it a ‘royale’ with cheese.” “What do they call a Big Mac?” “Well, a Big Mac is a Big Mac, but they call it ‘Le Big Mac’”
•Shows the juxtaposition of 2 opposing forces in our globalized world: globalization of culture & preservation of local & national culture
•Can we have globalization of restaurants, food, music & culture while preserving local languages?
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Language is…
a set of sounds & symbols used for communication
Language is also a fundamental element of local & national culture, & shapes our thoughts.
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Language & Policies of Forced Assimilation• Assimilation: the
process through which people lose their originally differentiating traits, such as dress, speech particularities, or mannerisms, when they come into contact with another society or culture.
• Australia, Canada, U.S., Russia & New Zealand had policies of forced assimilation in the 20th century, not allowing indigenous peoples to speak their native languages
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Benjamin Whorf’s Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis
• The idea that the structure of a language may influence the way individuals think. If a language has no word for a certain concept, then its speakers would not be able to understand this concept
• Whorf’s linguistic relativity hypothesis has been fairly discredited. – Do English speakers who have never heard the German word
Schadenfreude find it difficult to understand the concept of relishing someone else’s misfortune?
– • Has led us to reexamine our common language usage
– Chairman chairperson
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Mental Floss Article
What words could we add to the English language? Read: “38 Wonderful Foreign Words We Could Use in
English”
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Isogloss Map
boundary lines showing where certain languages or dialects are spoken
Isoglosses
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Dialects Variants of a standard
language along regional or ethnic lines
Includes: Vocabulary Syntax (the way
words are put together to form phrases)
Pronunciation Cadence (the rhythm
of speech) Pace of speech
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My Fair Lady
"Why Can't the English Learn to Speak?"
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How do languages diffuse?
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Expansion and Relocation Diffusion
The increased contact among people has led to:
•Formation of new languages to bridge linguistic gaps in trade and commerce
•Spurred language replacement
•Encouraged language extinction
Modern technology, however, has helped preserve & stabilize languages. It also supports institutions that teach languages.
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Lingua Franca• A language used as a common means of
communication, especially in trade or business transactions, in an area where several languages are spoken.
• • Can be a single language or a mixture of 2 or more
• Lingua franca during the expansion of Islam? – Arabic
• Lingua franca during the colonial era? – English
• Lingua franca in East Africa? – Swahili
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Discussion questionEnglish is diffusing rapidly as a global lingua franca. Identify and discuss as many reasons as possible for the current rate of diffusion of English as a global lingua franca. •Mass media•Business and banking •Internet •Globalization•Travel and tourism
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Pidgin• Occurs when people speaking 2 or more languages combine
parts of the languages in a simplified structure & vocabulary.
• Used in a limited way & doesn’t include grammar
• Since they serve a simplistic purpose, they usually die out. If the pidgin is used long enough, it begins to evolve into a more rich language with a more complex structure & richer vocabulary.
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Creole language • Over time a pidgin language
may gain native speakers, becoming the first language children learn in the home.
• Creole language is created when:• Children are exposed to a
pidgin language
• They then invent a grammar system with their peers for the pidgin language without an adult model.
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What is that you’re looking atWhat is that you’re looking at
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Relationship between Pidgin & Creole
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Monolingualism & Multilingualism
• Monolingual state: country with only one language spoken
– Only a few monolingual states exist, though no country is truly monolingual. • Examples: Japan, Uruguay,
Venezuela, Iceland, Denmark, Portugal, Poland & Lesotho
• Multilingual state: country with greater than one language spoken
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India’s states generally coincide with a major language family or language.
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Belgium is a multilingual state. Based on its situation, what do you think are the 3 predominant languages spoken there?
Answer:
Remember that
“situation” is how a place is
relative to other
places.
Dutch, French, and German
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Review Questions
Question 1 The most widespread language family on earth is the
a. Sino-Tibetan b. Romancec. Germanic d. Indo-Europeane. Mandarin Chinese
Question 2 People in London, Melbourne, Vancouver, and Mumbai all speak
a. A pidgin language b. Lingua francac. Different dialects d. Official languagese. Different creoles
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Review Questions
Question 3 A simple trade language is called a
a. Lingua franca b. Pidgin c. Dialect d. Creole e. Syncretic
Question 4
A geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs is called a(n) ____________________
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Vocabulary Language Assimilation Whorf’s linguistic
relativity hypothesis Language family Dialect Isogloss Lingua franca Pidgin
Creole Monolingual state Multilingual state