APEX World History Grade 11 Learning Packet...SOCIAL STUDIES World History – Grade 11 Packet 2 –...

SOCIALSTUDIESWorldHistory–Grade11

Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4

CHARLES COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOLS

APEX World History Grade 11

Learning Packet



Student:__________________________________________School:_________________________________Teacher:___________________________________________Block/Period:___________________________

PacketDirectionsforStudentsStudentsshouldcompletethefollowingsectionsoftheAPEXWorldHistorycourse.8UnitOverview:Decolonization,NationBuilding,andtheColdWar

WEEK3–8.1LessonOverview:DecolonizationandNewStatesinAsiaandtheMiddleEast8.1.5Study:TheFormationofIsraelandtheArab-IsraeliConflictIdentifyanddescribethemajorcausesandeffectsofpost-WorldWarIIindependencemovementsintheMiddleEast,particularlytheestablishmentofthestateofIsrael.8.1.6Quiz:TheFormationofIsraelandtheArab-IsraeliConflictTakeaquiztoassessyourunderstandingofthematerial.WEEK4–8.2LessonOverview:DecolonizationandNewStatesinAfrica8.2.1Study:PostwarIndependenceMovementsinAfricaIdentifyanddescribethemajorcausesandeffectsofpost-WorldWarIIindependencemovementsinAfricainthemid-20thcentury.8.2.2Quiz:PostwarIndependenceMovementsinAfricaTakeaquiztoassessyourunderstandingofthematerial. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------WEEK3-DecolonizationandNewStatesinAsiaandtheMiddleEast

Objectives

• ExaminetheroleofMohandasGandhiinthefightforindependenceinIndia.• Identifyanddescribethemajorcausesandeffectsofpost–WorldWarIIindependencemovementsinAsia.• ReadandanswerquestionsabouttheKing-CraneReportandtheprocessofdeterminingwhattodowiththe

territoriesoftheformerOttomanEmpireattheendofWorldWarI.• IdentifyanddescribethemajorcausesandeffectsoftheestablishmentoftheStateofIsrael.• Explainsomeofthehistorical,cultural,religious,andsocialfactorsthatfueltheArab-Israeliconflict.



8.1.5Study:TheFormationofIsraelandtheArab-IsraeliConflictUsethisstudysheettoanswerquestionsaboutimportantconceptscoveredinthisactivity.Definethefollowingterms.

Word Definition

ArabLeague

Arab-Israeliconflict

CampDavidAccords

GamalAbdelNasser

GoldaMeir

Hamas

Israel

JimmyCarter

Palestine

PalestineLiberationOrganization(PLO)

WestBank

YasserArafat



Writeashortanswertoeachquestion.1.WhatistherelationshipbetweenArabnationalismandtheOttomanEmpire?2.WhatisZionism?3.HowdidtheBritishdisappointboththeJewsandtheArabsandincreasetensionsbetweenthetwogroups?4.DescribetheeventssurroundingIsrael'sdeclarationofindependencein1948.5.HowwasGoldaMeirinstrumentalinIsraelihistory?6.WhatwerethecommongoalsofPalestinianorganizationsinthe1970s?



7.Whatstepsledtothepeaceprocessofthe1990sbetweenIsraelisandPalestinians?8.Whateventshavehurtthepeaceprocessinthe21stcentury?

Expandyourthinkingonquestionsraisedinthisactivity.9.CompareandcontrastthefourmajorconflictsbetweenIsraelanditsArabneighborsbetween1948and1973.10.HowdidnationalismcontributetotheArab-Israeliconflict?

Inoneortwosentences,writethe"bigidea"ormainpointofthisstudy.



TheFormationofIsraelandtheArab-IsraeliConflictImaginingaScenariowithHistoricalSignificanceCharlotteisforcedtogoonalongvoyageandleavesherfamilyfarmbehind.Nooneknowsifshe'lleverreturn.Afterafewyears,Shawnmovesontothefarmandspendsseveraldecadestendingtoit.Intime,Charlottewishestoreturnhome,butShawndoesn'twanttoleavethefarm.AjudgedecidesthatCharlotteshouldhaveherlandbackandforcesShawntoleave,creatinggreattensionbetweenCharlotteandShawn.Whomdoyousidewithinthisdispute?Whohasarighttotheland?ThisscenarioonlyscratchesthesurfaceofthecomplexconflictsatplayintheMiddleEasttoday.Inthisactivity,youwilllookcloselyattheongoingtensionsbetweenArabandIsraelicommunitiesovertheformationoftheStateofIsrael.ClaimingPalestine-UnderstandingtheHistoryofaContestedLandForthousandsofyears,bothJewsandArabshavelaidclaimtoPalestineandJerusalem,placesconsideredholytoJews,Christians,andMuslims.BothJudaismandChristianitybeganinPalestine,andthefounderofIslam,theProphetMuhammad,madeanimportantjourneythere.ThemodernnationofIsraelisnamedforanancientJewishkingdomthatonceoccupiedmuchofPalestinebeforetheJewswereforcedtoleave;thousandsofyearslater,ChristianandMuslimkingdomsfoughtoverthelandduringtheCrusades.Morerecently,nationalismcreatednewtensionsintheregionasmembersfromJewishandIslamicfaithsclaimedthatPalestinebelongedtothem.Note:ThroughoutthislessonyouwillseethetermsArabandMuslim.It'simportanttounderstandthatnotallArabsareMuslim,andnotallMuslimsareArabs.RootsoftheConflict-JewishandMuslimNationalismNationalismisthebeliefthatagroupofpeoplewhosharealanguageandcultureformsasingle,unifiednation.Thisbelief,alongwiththeprideandloyaltythatstemfromit,ispartofthereasonfortheongoingArab-Israeliconflict.Duringthelate1800sandearly1900s,JewsandMuslimswerecaughtupinthewavesofnationalismsweepingthroughtheworld.ArabssoughtindependencefromEuropeanpowers,whileJewspursuedZionism.TheNewMiddleEast-ChangesintheFormerOttomanEmpireAttheendofWorldWarI,theOttomanEmpirecollapsed.VictoriousEuropeanstates—ledbyGreatBritainandFrance—dividedcontrolofmuchoftheformerempire,includingPalestine.However,theBritishandFrenchdidnotkeeptheirpromisesofindependencetoeithertheMuslimsortheJews.Instead,theyestablishedmandates—formalorders—meanttocreateagradualtransitiontowardindependence.BothMuslimandJewishnationalistsfeltbetrayedbythismandatesystem.TheMiddleEastAftertheFalloftheOttomanEmpire-5hotspotsoftheMiddleEastduringthisPeriodTurkey:TheOttomanTurksretainedpossessionoflandthatbecamethemodernstateofTurkey.SyriaandLebanon:TheFrenchobtainedcontrolofSyriaandLebanon,withamandatetoprepareeachcountryforself-government.Palestine:TheBritishobtainedcontrolofaswathoflandfromtheMediterraneanSeatothePersianGulf,includingPalestine.



Transjordan:In1921and1922,theBritishseparatedTransjordanfromPalestineandforbadeJewishsettlementinTransjordan.ThedividinglinewastheJordanRiver.ThisangeredmanyZionists,whothoughtbothsidesoftheJordanshouldbepartofaJewishstate.SaudiArabia:TheKingdomofSaudiArabiawasoneofthefewArabareasthatachievedcompleteindependenceafterWorldWarI.BritishRuleinPalestine-AnalyzingtheBritishPositiononCreatingaJewishStateDuringtheir30-yearruleinPalestine,theBritishcomplicatedrelationsbetweenMuslimsandJewsbyattemptingtopleasebothsides,withoutsatisfyingeither.ResentmentgrewbetweenthetwogroupsandtowardtheBritishgovernment.In1922,theBritishgovernmentwroteareporttoexplainitsearlierpledgeofsupportforaJewishhomelandinPalestine.Inthereport,theBritishsaidthattheirsupportwasn'tmeanttoforceallresidentsofPalestinetotakeaJewishnationalidentity,butonlytofurtherdeveloptheJewishcommunitythatwasalreadythere.TheyalsosaidthatifaJewishstatewerecreated,itshouldbeinternationallyrecognizedandthatJewishimmigrationtoPalestinewouldneedtobeincreased.ThereportpromisedthatimmigrationwouldbegradualandwouldnotplaceaburdenonthosealreadyinPalestineordisplacepeoplefromtheircurrentjobs.Finally,thereportpromisedMuslimPalestiniansself-determinationbutsaiditshouldbegrantedgradually.EffectsofWorldWarII-IncreasingTensionsinPalestineBritainsoonhadtoturnitsattentiontoWorldWarII,whichwouldonlydeepentheZionistresolvetoestablishaJewishstate.Bothbeforeandduringthewar,manyJewswhofledEuropetoescapeNazipersecutionandlatertheHolocaustmadetheirwaytoPalestine.TheresultingproblemsinPalestineledtotheformationoftheArabLeagueandeventuallyrequiredactionbytheUnitedNations.EffectsofWorldWarIIonPalestine1933–1936:Asanti-SemitisminEuropebecamemoreviolent,hundredsofthousandsofEuropeanJewsfledNazi-controlledregions.By1936,Jewsmadeupaboutone-thirdofthepopulationinPalestine.1936–1939:AlarmedbytherapidincreaseinJewishimmigration,PalestinianArabsrevoltedin1936.Therebellioncontinueduntil1939,whentheBritish—whowerestilloccupyingPalestine—createdanewpolicystrictlylimitingJewishimmigration.1939–1945:BecausetheBritishneededAraboiltofightWorldWarII,in1939theBritishgovernmentagreedtoallowonly75,000JewstoimmigratetoPalestineoverthenextfiveyears.MillionsofJewswereleftinEuropetodieintheHolocaust.1945:InMarch1945,sixMiddleEasterncountries—Egypt,Transjordan,Syria,Lebanon,SaudiArabia,andIraq—formedtheArabLeague,anorganizationthatvowedtopreventaJewishstatefromforminginPalestine.Twomonthslater,WorldWarIIendedinEurope;JapansurrenderedinSeptember,endingthewarinthePacific.1947:IntheyearsfollowingWorldWarII,tensionsbetweenPalestinianMuslimsandJewscontinuedtoincrease.Wearyofthefighting,theBritishfinallyagreedtoendtheircontrolofPalestine.TheyrequestedthenewlyformedUnitedNationstocomeupwithaplanforgoverningtheregion.



AnalyzingDifferingOpinionsonthePartitionofPalestineInNovember1947,theUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblyvotedtodivide,orpartition,Palestineintotwostates,oneMuslimandoneJewish.TheJewishstatewouldincludemostoftheareaswhereJewishsettlershadbegunfarmsandcommunalsettlements,calledkibbutzim.TheMuslimstatewouldincludeterritoriesinthenorth,east,andsouthwestofPalestine.Jerusalemwouldbecomeaninternationalcity,notunderthecontrolofeitherstate.MuslimsandJewshaddifferentreactionstothepartitionplan.

DifferingOpinionsonthePartitionofPalestinePalestinianMuslimwoman:IdonotunderstandwhyweneedaJewishstate.TheJewshavenotcontrolledthislandformorethan2,000years.MyfatherfoughtinWorldWarIfortheBritishbecausetheypromisedusafreeMuslimstate.AndnowtheUnitedNationswantstotakesomeofourlandandgiveittopeoplewhoarenotfromhere!IsraeliJewishman:Finallywewillhaveourownland.MyfamilymovedtoIsraelinthe1930s,fleeingpersecutioninGermany.Wewereamongtheluckyones.WeneedaJewishstatesothatJewswillneveragainbevictimsofanti-SemitesliketheNazis.Thepartitionisnotlarge,butitdoesincludethelandthatwehavesettledoverthepast50years.Wewillbesafehere.EuropeanJewishwoman:IamsopleasedthattherewillfinallybeaJewishstate!IhavetriedtoemigratefromFrancetoIsraelsince1945,buteachtimeIwasturnedbackbytheBritish.NowIwillbeabletomovetoIsrael,thehomeofmyancestors.JordanianMuslimman:IamworriedaboutwhatwillhappentomyMuslimbrothersandsisterswholiveintheproposedJewishstate.Willtheybeallowedtostay?Willtheybepushedofftheirland?Willtheybeattacked?Whatwillhappentothem?ThatlandhasalwaysbeenMuslimland.Itshouldnotbetakenfromus.ThisisjustmoreoftheWest'simperialism!

Arab-IsraeliWarof1948-IsraelDeclaresItsIndependenceSeeingthepartitionasanotherexampleofEuropeanimperialism,mostPalestinianMuslimsopposedit,andcivilwarbrokeoutinPalestineassoonastheUnitedNationsannouncedtheplan.ZionistsimmediatelyhelpedmoreJewsimmigratetoPalestine,whiletheArabLeaguepledgedsupporttothePalestinianMuslimswhoopposedtheplan.Alarmed,internationalleadersrecommendedthepartitionplanbereworkedtosatisfybothsides.TheZionistsrefusedandrenewedtheirattacksonPalestinianMuslims,winningseveralkeyvictories.OnMay14,1948,thelastBritishcommissionerleftPalestine.Onthesameday,theZionistleadersdeclaredtheindependenceofthenewStateofIsrael.Immediately,membersoftheArabLeaguesenttheirarmiestoinvadeIsrael.Overthenextsixmonths,theIsraeliandArabarmiesfoughteachother.Witheachvictory,IsraelclaimedmorelandthattheUNhadsetasideforArabMuslims.Finally,in1949,theIsraelisandPalestinianssignedacease-fireagreementthatestablishednew,largerbordersforIsrael,includingpartofJerusalem.However,noneofthemembersoftheArabLeaguerecognizedIsrael'srighttoexist.PalestinianRefugees-ANewSourceofConflictintheRegionDuringtheArab-IsraeliWarof1948,hundredsofthousandsofArabslefttheirhomesinwhatwastobecometheStateofIsrael.SomewereforcedoutbyJewishsoldiers.Othersfled,notwantingtoliveunderJewishcontrol.MostoftheMuslimrefugeesendedupinrefugeecampsinsouthernLebanon,theGolanHeights,Syria,andtheWestBank.Afterthewar,theIsraeligovernmentrefusedtolettherefugeesreturn.TheMuslimcountrieswheretherefugeeshadfleddidnothelpthemeither—manyrefugeesremainedincampsfordecades,andtheirsituationbecameknownasthe"Palestinianproblem."Eventually,someofthecampsdevelopedintocommunitiesoftheirown,butMuslimresentmentoverthelossoftheirhomeswouldfuelfutureconflicts.



TheSuezCrisis-DeepeningArab-IsraeliConflictsIsrael'sconflictsweren'tjustwithMuslimPalestinians.TheArabLeaguecontinuedtoopposeIsrael'sexistence,andinearly1956,thepresidentofEgypt,GamalAbdelNasser,orderedtheEgyptiannavytoblockadeIsraelfromtheStraitsofTiran.ThiskeptIsraelishipsfrompassingthroughtheSuezCanal,whichconnectedtheMediterraneanandRedseas.TheblockadeeffectivelycutoffIsraelfromtheIndianOceanandcountriestotheeast.InJuly1956,NasserplacedthecanalcompletelyunderEgyptiancontrol.Inresponse,FranceandBritain,whichhadbeenoperatingthecanal,plannedajointmilitaryattackalongwithIsrael.InOctober,IsraelitroopsinvadedEgyptfromtheeast,whiletheFrenchandBritishtroopsinvadedfromthenorth.TheUnitedNationseventuallyconvincedFranceandGreatBritaintowithdrawfromthecanalzoneandIsraeltoretreatbacktoitsborders.Inreturn,EgyptreopenedtheStraitsofTirantoIsrael.Whenthecrisisended,NasserbecameaheroandsymbolofArabnationalism,whileBritainandFrancelostmuchoftheirinfluenceintheMiddleEast.Arab-IsraeliWars-IsraelisandPalestiniansAttackEachOtherTensionsbetweenJewsandMuslimsinPalestineremainedhighinthemid-20thcentury.TheresultwasacontinuingseriesofconflictsknownastheArab-Israeliwars,whichincludedthetwoconflictsyou'vealreadylearnedabout:theArab-IsraeliWarof1948andthe1956SuezCrisis.ThenextconflictwastheSix-DayWar,alsoknownastheJuneWarortheThirdArab-IsraeliWar.ThatwasfollowedbytheYomKippurWar,alsoknownastheOctoberWar,theRamadanWar,ortheFourthArab-IsraeliWar.TheYomKippurWarortheRamadanWar?BynowyoushouldhavenoticedthatmanyoftheArab-Israeliconflictsareknownbymorethanonename.TheSix-DayWarisalsoknownastheJuneWar—ortheThirdArab-IsraeliWar.TheYomKippurWarisalsoknownastheRamadanWarortheFourthArab-IsraeliWar.Whywouldoneconflicthavemorethanonename?It'spartlybecausedifferentpeople—andnations—havedifferentpointsofview.TheYomKippurorRamadanWarbeganonOctober6,whichwastheJewishholydayofYomKippur.Therefore,fromanIsraelipointofview,itmadesensetonamethewarafterYomKippur.FromtheArabpointofview,however,itmademoresensetocallittheRamadanWar,sincethewarbeganintheholymonthofRamadan.GoldaMeir-LeadingIsraelThroughTroubledTimesOneofthekeyfiguresduringtheongoingArab-IsraeliconflictswasGoldaMeir.MeirhadbeenaZionistsincethe1910s,andin1921sheimmigratedtoPalestine,whereshelivedonakibbutz,acollectivefarmcommunityorsettlementinIsrael.In1928,shebecamesecretaryoftheWoman'sLabourCouncil.Later,sherosethroughtheranksofIsraelipoliticsandnegotiatedwiththeBritishtopromotethegoalsofJewishimmigration.MeirwasoneofthesignersoftheIsraelideclarationofindependence.From1949to1974,MeirservedintheIsraeliparliament.Asministeroflaborfrom1949to1956,shepromotedJewishimmigrationtoIsraelandformedallianceswithnewlyindependentAfricannations.Meirbecameprimeministerin1969andworkedhardtocreateapeacesettlementwithPalestinewhilealsobuildingastrongmilitary.ButshewaswidelycriticizedbecauseoftheattacksoftheYomKippurWarthatcaughtIsraelbysurprise,andafterwardsheresigned.Nonetheless,sheisstillconsideredoneofthecentralfiguresinthemovementforIsraeliindependence.



CampDavidAccords-EgyptandIsraelAttempttoMakePeaceAftertheYomKippurWarin1973,bothIsraelandEgyptwantedpeace.Thewarhadbeencostlytobothsides,andneithercouldclaimvictory.AmericanpresidentJimmyCartermetseparatelywithIsraeliandArableaderstotrytoresolveissuesfuelingtheconflict,includinggainingArabrecognitionofIsrael,havingIsraelwithdrawfromoccupiedPalestinianterritories,andfindingahomeforPalestinianrefugees.Finally,in1978,IsraeliprimeministerMenachemBeginandEgyptianpresidentAnwarel-SādātagreedtomeetwithCarteratCampDavid,theU.S.presidentialretreatoutsideWashington,D.C.Afternearlytwoweeksofintensediscussion,theyagreedtotheCampDavidAccords.Thefollowingyear,IsraelandEgyptsignedatreatyofficiallyendingthestateofwarbetweenthetwocountries.IsraelagreedtowithdrawfromtheSinaiPeninsula,andEgyptagreedtoallowIsraelishipstopassthroughtheSuezCanal.Bothagreedtoestablishdiplomaticrelationswitheachother.Althoughmanypeopledislikedthetreaty,itsetthestageforfuturetreatiesbetweenIsraelandotherArabnations.CyclesofPeaceandViolence-TheUpsandDownsofEstablishinganIndependentPalestineWhileArabnationssuchasLebanon,Syria,andEgyptwerewagingwarandmakingpeacewithIsrael,PalestiniannationalistmovementswereformingtopromoteanindependentnationofPalestine.ThesemovementswereofficiallyindependentofArabstatesbutoftenhadtheirsupport.TheneworganizationsandtheirleadersthatgrewoutofthesemovementsincludedthePalestineLiberationOrganization(PLO),Hamas,andYasserArafat.Milestone1:1964:FormationofthePalestineLiberationOrganization-ThePalestineLiberationOrganization(PLO)formedasanumbrellaorganizationformanyoftheindependentPalestiniangroupsfightingIsrael.YasserArafatwasnamedthechairmanofthegroupin1969.HeincreasinglypushedthePLOtowardapeacesettlementwithIsrael,butdiedwithoutachievingone.Throughthe1980s,thePLOprimarilywagedguerrillawarfareagainstIsrael.Duringthe1990s,however,itmadeeffortstonegotiatepeace.Milestone2:1972:MurderinMunich-Fatah,anArabPalestinianpoliticalpartythatformedinthelate1950s,gaverisetoseveralsplintergroups,includingtheterroristorganizationBlackSeptember.In1972,membersofBlackSeptemberkidnappedandmurdered11IsraeliathletesattheSummerOlympicGamesinMunich,WestGermany.BlackSeptemberdemandedthatIsraelrelease234prisonersbeingheldinIsraelijails.Israelrefusedtonegotiate.Milestone3:1987–1992:FirstIntifada-FrustratedbyincreasingIsraelisettlementinPalestinianterritoryandattacksbyIsraelisettlers,Palestiniansdemonstrated,rioted,andstagedstrikesandboycotts.Theuprising—whichlastedthroughtheearly1990s—becameknownastheintifada,anArabicwordthatmeans"shakingoff."Milestone4:1993:OsloAccords-InSeptember1993,representativesofIsraelandthePalestineLiberationOrganizationsignedtheOsloAccords.Bothsidesagreedtorecognizeeachother.Inexchangeforpeace,IsraelagreedtograduallygivepowerinoccupiedterritoriestoaPalestinianauthority.Afteratransitionperiodoffiveyears,bothsidesplannedtosignafinalpeacetreaty.



Milestone5:1995:OppositionandAssassination-ThepromiseoftheOsloAccordsdidnotlast.ThepeaceplanwasopposedbymanyPalestiniangroups,includingHamas—amilitantorganizationfoundedin1987thathassteadilycometorivalthePLO—andafollow-upplanin1995barelypassedtheIsraeliparliament.Laterthatfall,YitzhakRabinwasassassinated.Milestone6:2000–2001:SecondIntifada-In2000,formerIsraeligeneralArielSharon—aherooftheSix-DayWarandanoutspokenopponentofPalestinianindependence—visitedtheTempleMount,asiteholytobothJewsandMuslims.OutragedbySharon’spresence,Palestinianseruptedintheviolenceofasecondintifada.IsraelisrespondedbyreoccupyingtheWestBankandtheGazaStripandrestrictingthemovementsofPalestinians.Manyonbothsideswerekilled.Milestone7:2003–2008:BattlesforGaza-In2003,ArielSharon—whohadbecomeIsrael'sprimeminister—announcedaplantowithdrawIsraelisettlementsfromtheGazaStrip(picturedhere).Thisprocesswascompletedin2005;IsraelalsoreturnedpartsoftheWestBanktoPalestiniancontrol,forcingIsraelisettlerstoleavethoseareas.ReviewingtheArab-IsraeliConflictsThroughoutthe20thcentury,JewishandArabnationalistmovementsledtoconflictinPalestineoverwhohadtherighttotheland.AsmoreJewsimmigratedtoPalestine,oftenfleeinganti-SemitisminEuropeandelsewhere,tensionsintheregionincreased.OncethenationofIsraelwasfoundedin1948,PalestinianArabsandArabnationssuchasSyriaandEgyptsoughttoreclaimthelandthathadbecomeIsrael.Thisledtoseveralwarsandmanyconflicts,someofwhichcontinuetoday.Ongoingattacksbybothsides,aswellasincreasedIsraelisettlement,blockprogresstowardpeace,despitetheeffortsofleadersonbothsideswhohavetriedtonegotiatearesolutiontotheconflictsintheregion.



Quiz:TheFormationofIsraelandtheArab-IsraeliConflict

Question1of10WhichstatementbestdescribeswhythecityofJerusalemwassuchacontestedterritoryinthe20thcentury?

A. BothJewsandMuslimsconsideredJerusalemtobeaholycity.

B. MuslimnationalistshopedtoforceJewstoliveinJerusalem.

C. TheOttomanEmpirerefusedtosurrenderJerusalemtoGreatBritain.

D. JerusalemwasanimportantmilitarybaseintheSix-DayWar.

Question2of10WhichhistoricalfigureplayedamajorroleintheIsraeliindependencemovementandlaterwentontopromoteJewishimmigrationtoIsraelasprimeminister?

A. GamalAbdelNasser

B. GoldaMeir

C. Anwarel-Sādāt

D. YasserArafat

Question3of10HowdidnationalismcontributetotheriseofindependencemovementsintheMiddleEast?

A. ItconvincedArabMuslimsandJewstheyhadrightstoanindependentstateinPalestine.

B. ItledtheBritishgovernmenttopassanti-SemiticpoliciesbanningJewsfromPalestine.

C. ItledmostArabMuslimstosupporttheOttomanEmpireandopposeBritishcolonialism.

D. ItconvincedMiddleEasternJewsthattheyneededtoformaJewishstateinEurope.



Question4of10WhichstatementexplainswhyBritishandPalestinianArabtensionsincreasedafterWorldWarI?

A. TheBritishclaimedthatPalestinianArabsweresimilarenoughtoJewsthatbothgroupsformedonlyonenation.

B. TheBritishrefusedtoallowPalestinianArabstoformanindependentstateunlessoverhalftheirpopulationwasJewish.

C. TheBritishsupportedaJewishhomelandinPalestinedespiteanearlierpromisetograntArabsinthecolonyindependence.

D. TheBritishforcedPalestinianArabstorelocatetorefugeecampstomakeroomforJewswhowerefleeingpersecution.

Question5of10HowdidtheUnitedNations(U.N.)proposetogovernPalestineaftertheBritishdecidedtoendtheirmandateintheregion?

A. TheU.N.decidedtogivePalestinetotheArabsbutthecityofJerusalemtotheJews.

B. TheU.N.gaveJewishsettlersterritoriesinthenorth,east,andsouthwestofPalestine.

C. TheU.N.declaredthattheregionofPalestinewouldremainunderinternationalcontrol.

D. TheU.N.votedtodividePalestineintotwostates,oneArabandoneJewish.

Question6of10WhichstatementdescribesaneffectoftheArab-IsraeliWarof1948?

A. PalestinetookcontroloftheSuezCanalfromGreatBritainandFrance.

B. EgyptinvadedIsraelandreclaimedlandoncebelongingtoPalestine.

C. ManyPalestiniansbecamerefugeeslivingincampsinSyriaandLebanon.

D. TheArabLeaguerecognizedIsraelasasovereignnation.



Question7of10WhydidPresidentGamalAbdelNasserofEgyptblockadeIsraelishipsintheStraitsofTiranandpreventthemfrompassingthroughtheSuezCanalin1952?

A. EgyptwantedtoprotectIsraelfromanambushbyPalestiniansatthecanal.

B. EgyptthoughtIsraelishipsweregoingtoattackEgyptiancities.

C. EgypthopedtopreventIsraelfromtakingoveroperationofthecanal.

D. EgyptwasamemberoftheArabLeagueandopposedtheexistenceofIsrael.

Question8of10WhatwasonesignificantandimmediatecauseoftheSix-DayWar,alsoknownastheJuneWar?

A. IsraellaunchedapreemptiveattackontheSyriancapitalofDamascus.

B. ArabnationalistgroupsfromLebanon,Syria,andJordanbegantoattackIsrael.

C. EgyptandSyrialaunchedsurpriseattacksontheholydayofYomKippur.

D. IsraelinvadedandcapturedmostEgyptianterritoryoutsideofAfrica.

Question9of10HowwereJewishnationalistssimilartoArabnationalistsduringthe20thcentury?

A. Bothgroupsgainedinfluencewhentheirmemberswerepersecutedbyimperialpowers.

B. Bothgroupswereformedtounifymemberslivingindifferentcountriesallacrosstheglobe.

C. BothgroupsstronglysupportedthemandatesysteminPalestinefollowingWorldWarI.

D. BothgroupsdemandedthatPalestinebesplitintotwoseparateindependentstates.



Question10of10WhichstatementaccuratelydescribesU.S.foreignpolicyintentionsduringthesigningofboththeOsloAccordsandtheCampDavidAccords?

A. TheUnitedStatessidedwithArabnationsagainstIsrael.

B. TheUnitedStatestriedtobrokerpeacebetweenIsraeliandArableaders.

C. TheUnitedStatesrefusedtobecomeinvolvedinthepeaceprocess.

D. TheUnitedStatessidedwithIsraelagainstArabnations.



WEEK4–Post-WarIndependenceMovementsinAfricaDecolonizationandNewStatesinAfrica-ThePathtoFreedom

AmanwavestheSouthAfricanflag.FormuchoftheAfricancontinent—alongwithpartsofAsiaandtheMiddleEast—the20thcenturywasanageofindependence.Fromthe1950sthroughthe1990s,Africancountriessucceededinbreakingfreefromtheircolonialrulersandestablishingtheirowngovernments.Freedomrarelycameeasily,ofcourse.Africans,includingpowerfulleadersandeverydaycitizens,usedbothnonviolentandviolentresistancetogainindependenceand—inSouthAfrica—toendadiscriminatorysystemthatgavefullrightsonlytowhitepeople.Inthislesson,youwilllookindepthatseveralofthesestrugglesandhowAfricastillworkstorecoverfromthescarsofcolonialism.Objectives

• Examinethecauses,characteristics,andeffectsofpost–WorldWarIIindependencemovementsinGhana,Algeria,andKenya.

• Analyzethedevelopmentofapartheid,thegrowthofantiapartheidmovements,andtheaftermathofapartheidinSouthAfrica.

• DescribetheroleofNelsonMandelainfightingapartheidandestablishingthepost-apartheidgovernmentofSouthAfrica.

• Analyzethelegacyofcolonialismindevelopingcountriestoday.



8.2.1Study:PostwarIndependenceMovementsinAfricaUsethisstudysheettoanswerquestionsaboutimportantconceptscoveredinthisactivity.

Definethefollowingterms.

Word Definition

AtlanticCharter

civildisobedience

JomoKenyatta

KwameNkrumah

one-partysystem

Pan-Africanism

tribalism



Writeashortanswertoeachquestion.1.HowwereAfricancoloniesaffectedbyWorldWarI,bothduringthewarandafter?2.Whatwerethetwomaineconomicgoalsofcolonialpowersfromthelate19thcenturyon?WhatwastheireconomicpolicytowardtheAfricanpeople?3.WhatimpactdidpoliticalpartiesinAfricahaveontheAfricandesireforindependence?



4.WhydidKwameNkrumahadvocatePan-Africanism?Whatgovernmentalchangedidhehopewouldcomefromit?5.WhatdidKwameNkrumahandJomoKenyattahaveincommon?6.WhathappenedinGhana,Algeria,andKenyasincethecountrieswontheirindependence?



Expandyourthinkingonquestionsraisedinthisactivity.7.ComparetheindependencemovementsinAfricatotheindependencemovementinIndia.Howweretheysimilaranddifferent?8.DoyouthinkformercoloniesinAfricawouldbebetterofftodayiftheyhadbeenabletouniteunderasinglegovernment?Whyorwhynot?

Inoneortwosentences,writethe"bigidea"ormainpointofthisstudy.



PostwarIndependenceMovementsinAfrica-TheFightAgainstAfricanColonialismThe20thcenturywasatimeofupheavalforAfrica.AfterthedestructionofWorldWarI,manyEuropeancountrieslookedtotheirAfricancoloniesfortheresourcestorebuild.Thepracticesofcolonialismledtonewlevelsofeconomic,political,andhumanrepression.BythetimeWorldWarIIdrewtoaclose,Africansweredeterminedtoavoidthesametreatmentthey'dexperiencedafterWorldWarI.Bytheendofthe1970s,nearlyeverycountryontheAfricancontinentwasindependent.ButafreeAfricawasn'ttheresultofEuropeankindnessortheirlackofinterestinAfricanresources.Rather,itwasachievedthroughtheeffortsofAfricanleadersandgroupsdrivenbynationalismanddeterminedtogainfreedomfortheirpeople.AColonizedContinent-AfricaattheEndofthe19thCenturyDuringthelate1800s,EuropeanpowersracedagainstoneanotherinthescrambleforAfrica.FrancetookAlgeria.TheBelgianstookovernearlyalloftheCongoRiverBasin.TheBritishacquiredEgyptandexpandedtheirsmalltradingpostsintofull-scalecoloniesinEastandWestAfrica.AftertheBoerWars,inwhichtheBritishfoughtDutchsettlersforcontrolofgold-richterritoryinthesouth,theBritishcreatedtheself-governingBritishterritoryofSouthAfrica.MostoftheeconomiesinthesecolonieswerebasedonexploitingAfrica'snaturalresourcesandthensellingmanufacturedgoodsbacktothecoloniesathighprices.Asthe19thcenturycametoaclose,nearlyallofAfricawasunderEuropeancontrol.

AfricaatWar-AnOverviewofAfricanParticipationinWorldWarIWithEuropesoheavilyinvestedincolonialisminAfrica,thefightingofWorldWarIquicklyspreadtothatcontinentaswell.BritainandFranceseizedGermancoloniesinAfrica,includingTogoland,Cameroon,GermanSouth-WestAfrica,andGermanEastAfrica.



WhiletheBritishandtheFrenchbenefitedfromthesenewconquests,theAfricanpeopletheresuffered.Soldiersonbothsidesburnedvillagesandcropsinanattempttocutoffsuppliesfortheenemy.Europeanarmiesrecruited(oftenbyforce)anestimated1millionAfricanmentoserveasporters,carryingluggageandsupplies,whileatleast500,000Africansservedassoldiers.Theserviceofthesemendeprivedvillagesoflabor,andfamiliesofhusbandsandfathers.TheTransformationofAfricanEconomies-TaxationandtheDriveforExportsFromthelate19thcenturyon,colonizingpowerspursuedtwomainobjectivesinAfrica,bothaimedatprofitingfromthecoloniesasmuchaspossible.ThefirstgoalwastomakeindigenousAfricanspayforthecolonialgovernmentsthatcontrolledthem.Toaccomplishthis,manycoloniesheavilytaxedthenativepeople.Colonialgovernmentsalsorequiredthatindigenouspeoplepaythosetaxesincash,whichhelpedEuropeanpowersmeettheirsecondobjective:establishingeconomiesbasedontheproductionofrawmaterialsforexport.MostAfricanscouldpaythetaxesonlybyworkingforsettlerfarmsorothercolonialindustries.ColonialgovernmentspassedlawstorestrictwhattheAfricanpeoplecouldproduceforthemselves.Theywerenotallowedtomakemachetesandaxes,whichhadtobeimportedfromEurope,andimportedsugarandricewerepricedsothattheycostlesstoimportthantheydidtogrow.TheresultwasagradualdependenceonEuropeanimports,whileAfrica'sownnaturalresourcesweresenttoEurope.IndigenousAfricanswerealsopreventedfromachievingthesuccessofEuropeancolonists.Inmanycolonies,lawsforbadeAfricansfromgrowingcertaincrops,likehighlyprofitableArabicacoffee.AndonlyEuropeanscouldleasetherighttominevaluableminerals,whileAfricanswereforcedintopositionsaspoorlypaidlaborersinthemines.StirringResentment-TheBeginningofOrganizedResistanceinColonialAfricaIntheyearsafterWorldWarI—asEuropeancountriesturnedtotheircoloniestoaidinwartimerecovery—Africanprotestsagainstcolonialpoliciesgrew.InsouthernAfrica,forexample,blackandmixed-raceworkersformedthefirstnonwhitelaborunionsintheregiontofightforhigherpay.Theeducatedeliteinsomeareasbegantoformnationalistorganizationsfocusedonindependencefortheircountries.Somereligiousleadersalsofedresistanceagainstcolonialism,arguingthatthecolonialadministrationsenforcedbrutalityandsocialinequality.WorkingforFreedom-AfricansDemandIndependenceIn1941,theUnitedStates,GreatBritain,andtheotherAlliessignedtheAtlanticCharter,inwhichtheyagreedthateverynationhadtherighttoself-determination.ManyAfricansinterpretedthisdeclarationasastatementthatcolonizedlandsshouldbefree.WhenBritainwithdrewfromIndiain1947,anumberofAfricanleadersbelievedthatthecolonialpowerswouldsoonleavetheircontinentaswell.Duringthe1940sand1950s,nearlyeveryAfricancolonyformedpoliticalpartiestoworkforindependenceanduniteoppressedAfricans.PartieshadformedinAfricabefore,buttheyhadconsistedmostlyoftheeducatedelite.Thenewpartiesthataroseknewthatmasssupportwasnecessarytogainindependence,andtheyworkedtoawakenthedemandforfreedom.FightingColonialismintheGoldCoast-TheLeadershipofKwameNkrumah



KwameNkrumah,oneofthekeyfiguresinthefightforAfricanindependence,ledthefirstsuccessfulindependencemovementinAfricasouthoftheSaharadesert.Bornin1909intheBritishcolonyoftheGoldCoast(modern-dayGhana),heworkedasateacherbeforemovingtotheUnitedStatestoattendcollege.LikeIndia'sMohandasGandhi,wholivedamongIndiansincolonialSouthAfrica,NkrumahlivedamongpeopleofhisownraceintheUnitedStates.TherehewasexposedtotheworkofKarlMarxandMarcusGarvey,aJamaicanactivistwhopromotedtheideaofPan-Africanism.Nkrumah'sexperienceswithpeopleofAfricandescentintheUnitedStates,aswellashisunderstandingofGarvey'stheories,ledhimtobelievethatnoAfricanscouldbefreeuntilallwerefree.HistimeintheUnitedStatesalsoexposedhimtolifeinaliberaldemocracy.HereturnedtotheGoldCoastin1947hopingtobringself-governmenttohiscountry.Ghana:FromNationalismtoNation-TheMovetoIndependenceinGhanaInordertohelptheGoldCoastachieveindependence,KwameNkrumahfoundedtheConventionPeople'sParty(CPP)in1949.Thepartywaspopularwithfarmers,workers,andyoungpeople,whoviewedNkrumahasaliberator.TheCPPbeganacampaignof"positiveaction"that—asinIndia—involvedstrikesandcivildisobedience.AlthoughNkrumahencouragedpeacefulprotest,someviolencedidoccur.ColonialauthoritieswhoblamedNkrumah(orsimplywantedtoreducehispower)imprisonedhimin1950.However,Britishauthoritiesrealizedthatthemovementtowardself-governmentcouldnotbestopped.In1951,anewconstitutionwasdraftedgivingthecolonymoreindependence,andanelectionforalegislativeassemblywasheld.Althoughhewasinprison,Nkrumahwaselectedtothenewassembly,andtheCPPwonamajorityoftheseats.TheBritishretainedcontrolofthecountry,however,andNkrumahandotherscontinuedtodemandcompleteself-government.Britainfinallyconcededin1956,andthefollowingyear,Ghanabecameindependent.Nkrumahwaselectedprimeminister.Heestablishedaone-partysystemandwasdeclaredpresidentforlife.In1966,hewasoverthrownbyamilitarycoup.TheHistoryofFrenchAlgeria-FrenchColonialisminNorthernAfricaTheterritorythatmakesupthemodern-daycountryofAlgeriabecameaFrenchcolonyduringthe1830sand1840s.WhiletheBritishtendedtouseindirectcontrolintheircolonies,theFrenchfirstruledAlgeriamilitarilyandlaterimposeddirectcontrolfromFrance.Allthewhile,Frenchsettlersmovedintothecountry,pushingtheindigenouspopulationaside.ThesettlerstookmostofthefertilelandfromtheAlgerianpeopleandestablishedFrench-ownedminesandfactories.TheAlgerianpeopleweremostlyMuslim,andmanyresistedbeingcolonized.ThisledtoagreatdealofconflictbetweentheFrenchandtheAlgerians.ManyAlgeriansdiedfightingtheFrench,whilemanyotherssufferedfromdiseaseandstarvationbroughtaboutbyFrenchcolonization.Bythemid-1870s,uptoone-thirdofAlgeria'sindigenouspopulationhaddied.AlgerianIndependence-Algeria,France,andtheWarofIndependenceAlgerianresistancetoFrenchrulegrewwiththeriseofnationalism.Algeriannationalistsfellintothreemaingroups:assimilationistswhoworkedfortheFrenchgovernmentandadvocatedgradualchange;religiousreformerswhobelievedinanationalAlgerianidentitybasedonIslam;andmoreradicalnationalistswhodemandedimmediateindependence.



Duringthe1950s,asGhanawasmakingamostlypeacefultransitiontoindependence,thestruggleinAlgeriagrewincreasinglyviolent.DespitethepassageofsomereformsandlimitedAlgerianrepresentationintheFrench-controlledgovernment,theviolencespread.AlgeriannationalistsalsowatchedthesituationinIndochina,whereVietnamesefightersledbyHoChiMinhwerewinningindependencefromtheFrench.JustmonthsaftertheFrenchdefeattherein1954,AlgerianmilitantsfromthesocialistNationalLiberationFront(FLN)partylaunchedtheirfightforindependence.HavinglostIndochina,however,Frenchleadersweredeterminedtofightback.TheresultwastheAlgerianWarofIndependence:eightyearsofviolentstrugglethatfinallyresultedinthecountry'sfreedomin1962.AUniqueDivide-TheAftermathoftheAlgerianWarAlgeriaislocatedonthenorthcoastofAfrica,lessthan500milesfromFrance.Partlybecauseofthiscloseness,theconflictthateruptedinAlgeriawasrootedinadeepracialandculturaldivide.UnlikemostotherAfricancolonies,AlgeriahadalargeChristianEuropeanpopulation.AtthestartoftheAlgerianWarofIndependence,Algeriawashometo1.5millionEuropeansand9millionindigenousAlgerians,mostlyMuslim.Politicalpowerandwealth,however,wereprimarilyinthehandsoftheEuropeanAlgerians.TheEuropeanpopulationunderstoodthatinademocraticAlgeriatheywouldnolongerbeincharge.AfterAlgeriawonitsfreedom,hugenumbersofEuropeansreturnedtoFrance.Alreadydamagedbythefighting,thedepartureofsomanyEuropeansfurtherhurtthecountryasproductiononfarmsandinfactoriesfell.Unemploymentroseaslargetractsoflandwereabandoned.ResistanceinBritishKenya-JomoKenyattaandtheKikuyusThefightforindependenceinthecolonyofKenya(formerlyBritishEastAfrica)wassimilarinsomewaystothemovementsinbothGhanaandAlgeria.AsinGhana,thefightwasledbyapowerfulspeakerandactivistwhohadbeeneducatedabroad.AsinAlgeria,however,independencewasachievedonlyafteraviolentrebellion.TheresistancetoBritishruleinKenyacameprimarilyfromtheKikuyupeople.Inthelate1940s,KikuyuactivistJomoKenyatta,whoreturnedfromyearsofstudyinGreatBritainandtheSovietUnion,formedanewpoliticalpartytoworkonbehalfofhispeople.However,thepartywasunabletowinsignificantreforms,andmanyKikuyus—whohadprotestedfordecadesastheirfarmlandwasseizedandgiventoBritishsettlers—wereunwillingtowaitanylonger.In1952,afull-scalerebellionbrokeoutthatcametobeknownastheMauMauUprising.KikuyufightersattackedBritishsettlers,Britishtroops,andKenyanswhosupportedthecolonialgovernment.TheBritishfoughtback—withmilitaryforceandbyarrestingKenyattaandotheractivists.WhileKenyattaappearedtohavelittleconnectiontotheMauMaurebels,hewasimprisoneduntilaftertheBritishdefeatedtherebelsin1956.KenyaWinsItsIndependence-TheAftermathofRebellionDidtheMauMauUprisingleaddirectlytoindependenceinKenya?It'shardtosayforsure.Africanpopulationsthroughoutthecontinenthadbecomeincreasinglyresistanttocolonialrule,andmoreEuropeanpowerswerebeginningtorealizetheycouldnotcontrolcoloniesagainstthewillofthepeople.By1960,Kenyanactivistshadorganizedanewpoliticalparty—theKenyaAfricanNationalUnion(KANU)—andelectedJomoKenyattatoleadit.BritishauthoritiesagreedtoreleaseKenyattaandproposedthathedraft



anewconstitutionforthecountry.In1963,Kenyabecameindependent,withKenyattachosenasitsfirstprimeministerandlaterasitspresident.Overtime,Kenyattaincreasedhispower,banningopposingpoliticalpartiesandusingthecountry'ssecurityforcetosuppressrivals.Healsooverlookedcorruptionamongpublicofficials,whowereallowedtogrowrichfromtheirpositions.Butinhis15yearsaspresident,KenyattahelpedmakeKenya'seconomyoneofthestrongestofthenewlyfreedcountries.Healsoestablishedastablegovernment—whenKenyattadiedin1978,thevicepresidentpeacefullyassumedrule.ComparingIndependenceEfforts-FightsforFreedominKenya,Ghana,andAlgeria

TheDeclineofColonialism-TheUnitedStatesofAfrica?AstheexamplesofGhana,Algeria,andKenyademonstrate,Africawasdecolonizingquicklyduringthe1950sand1960s.ButwhileleaderslikeKwameNkrumahhopedthatallofAfricamightuniteunderonegovernment,thisdreamwouldneverberealized.Thesameincreaseinnationalismthathelpedcountriesachieveindependencealsoledtotribalism-feelingsofidentityandloyaltytoaparticularethnicgroup.WithsomanyethnicgroupsontheAfricancontinent,itremainedsplinteredintomanysmallstates.Nonetheless,by1970,almostallofthosestateswerefreecountriesthatgovernedthemselves.TheLegacyofColonization-PostcolonialAfrica:Ghana,Algeria,andKenyaWhileGhana,Algeria,Kenya,andmanyotherAfricancountriessucceededinwinning—andmaintaining—theirindependence,theyfoundthattheeffectsofyearsofcolonialismwerehardtoescape.InGhana,thecountry'sone-partysystemlackedthestabilitythatcomeswithabalanceofpowerbetweenpoliticalparties.Thecountryhasalsostruggledwithforeigndebt,militarytakeovers,andadecliningstandardofliving.In2001,however,powerwaspeacefullytransferredbetweendemocraticallyelectedleadersforthefirsttime—animportantsteptowardastablegovernment.Despitevastoilreserves,Algeriahasfoughttomaintainstabilitysinceachievingindependence.Acivilwarbeginningin1992killed100,000people.Whilethewarhassinceended,militantsarestillactiveinthecountry.Meanwhile,KenyacontinuestosufferfromcorruptionthathasaffecteditsgovernmentsincethetimeofJomoKenyatta.However,thecountry'seconomycontinuestogrow,andKenya'srelativestabilitymeansithasbeenabletotakeinrefugeesfromnearbySomaliaandSouthSudan.



Quiz:PostwarIndependenceMovementsinAfrica

Question1of10InwhatwaydidAfricansprotestcolonialruleintheyearsafterWorldWarI?

A. ByworkingtogetEuropeancountriestosigntheAtlanticCharter

B. Byestablishingpoliticalpartiesthatsoughtthesupportofthepeople

C. BysupportingthetheoriesofMarcusGarvey,whopromotedPan-Africanism

D. Byforminglaborunionsandnationalistorganizations

Question2of10

WhichstatementdescribesonewaythatWorldWarIaffectedAfrica?

A. ManyAfricanswereabletofindhigh-wagefactoryjobssupplyingEuropeancountries'demandformilitarymaterials.

B. EuropeanarmiesdestroyedAfricanvillagesandcropstopreventtheirenemiesfromaccessingsupplies.

C. SeveralAfricancountrieswereabletoconvinceEuropeanpowerstoofferthemindependenceinexchangeformilitarysupport.

D. EuropeanleadersbroughtmillionsofAfricansoldierstoEurope,wheretheyreplacedmostoftheEuropeansoldiersinactivecombat.

Question3of10

WhichstatementaboutKwameNkrumahandJomoKenyattaisnottrue?

A. Bothwereimprisonedbythecolonialrulersoftheircountries.

B. Bothattendedschoolinforeigncountries.

C. Bothbecamethefirstleadersoftheircountriesafterindependence.

D. Bothwereeventuallyoverthrownbyamilitarycoup.



Question4of10HowdidKwameNkrumah'searlypoliciersnotmatchthepoliciesheputinplaceasprimeministerofGhana?

A. NkrumaharguedthatthestrongestfutureforAfricawastounite,butasprimeministerhepromoteddivisionsbetweenmostAfricancountries.

B. Nkrumahprotestedtheuseofviolence,butin1966heledamilitarycouptooverthrowtheelectedpresidentofGhana.

C. NkrumahcalledforpoliticalfreedominGhana,butasprimeministerhecreatedaone-partysystemwithhimselfasapermanentleader.

D. Nkrumahopposedcolonialrule,butasprimeministerheagreedtogivesomeofthecountrybacktoGreatBritain.

Question5of10InwhatwaysweretheindependencemovementsinAlgeriaandKenyasimilar?

A. BothfocusedonpetitioningtheBritishgovernmentforfreedom.

B. BothwereprimarilyorganizedbytheMuslimpopulation.

C. Bothwereledbywell-knownactivistswhobecamepresidentafterindependence.

D. Bothsucceededinwinningindependenceonlyafterviolence.

Question6of10WhatdreamforAfricadidKwameNkrumahexpress?

A. TheriseofAfricanmilitarypower

B. TheunificationoftheAfricancontinent

C. TheoverthrowofrulebyFrance

D. Theendofone-partyruleinAfrica



Question7of10Readthispassage:Inmycountry,theBritishhavebeenseizingthebestfarmlandformanyyears.Justrecently,mypeoplehavebeenfightingbackbyattackingthesettlersandthetroopsBritainsendstodefendthem—aswellasthoseAfricansinourcountrywhofoolishlysupportBritishrule.ButtheBritishareangry,andtheyhaveimprisonedmanyofourpoliticalactivistsinreturn.Wheredoesthespeakermostlikelylive?

A. Post–WorldWarIIAlgeria

B. Post–WorldWarIIKenya

C. Post–WorldWarIIGhana

D. Post–WorldWarIINigeria

Question8of10HowdidEuropeancountriesattempttoprofitfromtheirAfricancoloniesafterWorldWarI?

A. TheyheavilytaxedindigenousAfricansandrequiredthemtopayincash.

B. TheysoldtheirAfricancoloniestowealthierAsianandAmericanstates.

C. TheyenslavedAfricanlaborerstoworkonEuropeanconstructionprojects.

D. TheyencouragedAfricanfarmerstogrowvaluablecropslikecoffee.



Question9of10WhichstatementbestdescribesGhanaintheyearssinceitsindependence?

A. ItsprimarilyMuslimpopulationhasworkedtoensurethatthegovernmentoperatesonIslamicprinciples.

B. Acivilwarinthe1990skilled100,000peoplethere,andviolencecontinuestobeaproblem.

C. Thankstoitsstablegovernment,ithasbeenabletoacceptmanyrefugeesfromSomaliaandSouthSudan.

D. Itsone-partygovernmenthascreatedinstability,butthepeacefultransferofpowerbetweenleadersin2001wasapositivesign.

Question10of10WhichstatementdescribesthepoliticalstateofAfricaaftermostcountriesgainedtheirindependence?

A. Thecontinentwasdividedintomanysmallstatesbasedonregionaldifferences.

B. ThecontinentwassplitbetweenChristiancountriesinnorthernAfricaandMuslimstatesincentralandsouthernAfrica.

C. ThecontinentwasunitedunderthephilosophyofPan-Africanism.

D. Thecontinentwasjoinedintoaneconomic,butnotpolitical,union.

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