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Statement (logic)Inlogic, a statementis either (a) a meaningful declarative sentencethat is eithtrueor false, or (b) that which a true or false declarative sentence asserts. In the latter case, a statement is distinct

from a sentencein that a sentence is only one formulationof a statement, whereas there may be many otherformulations expressing the same statement.

PremiseA premiseor premiss[a]is a statement that what an argument claims will induce or ustify aconclusion.[!]In other words" a premise is an assumption that something is true. In logic, an argumentre#uires a set(at least) two declarative sentences(or $propositions$) %nown as the premisesor premissesalong with another

declarative sentence (or $proposition$) %nown as the conclusion.&his structure of two premises and one conclusion

forms the basic argumentative structure. 'ore complex arguments can use a series of rules to connect severalpremises to one conclusion, or to derive a number of conclusions from the original premises which then act as

premises for additional conclusions. An example of this is the use of the rules of inferencefound within symbolic

logic.

A conceptis a generalizationor abstractionfrom experience or the result of a transformatioof existing ideas.[1]The concept is instantiated (reied)by all of its actual or potential instances

!hether these are things in the real !orld or other ideas. "oncepts are treated in many if not mostdisciplines both explicitly such as in psychology philosophy etc. and implicitly such as inmathematics physics etc. #n informaluse the !ord conceptoften $ust means any idea but formallyin%ol%es the abstraction component.

Logical truth

Logical truthis one of the most fundamentalconceptsin logic, and there are different theories on its nature. Alogical truth is a statementwhich istrue, and remains true under allreinterpretationsof its components other than it

logical constants. It is a type of analytic statement. All ofphilosophical logiccan be thought of as providing accoun

of the nature of logical truth, as well as logical conse#uence.[]

Truth, in metaphysicsand the philosophy of language the propertyof sentences assertions beliefthoughts or propositions that are said in ordinary discourse to agree !ith the facts or to state !hais the case.

The termpropositionhas a broad use in contemporary philosophy. #t is used to refer to someall of the follo!ing& the primary bearersof truth'%alue the ob$ects of beliefand other propositionalattitudes (i.e. !hat is belie%ed doubted etc.) the referentsof that'clauses and the meaningsofdeclarati%e sentences. ropositions are the sharable ob$ects of attitudes and the primary bearers of

truth and falsity. This stipulation rules out certain candidates for propositions including thought' an

utterance'to*ens !hich are not sharable and concrete e%ents or facts !hichcannot be false.[1]

Judgmentis an act in which the mind pronounces the agreement or disagreement of ideas among themselves. Itan act in which the intellect affirms or denies one idea of another. For instance, our intellect may relate the ideas this do

andDalmatianand affirm, This dog is a Dalmatian. This is an example of a judgment expressed in a proposition. The

propositiontherefore is the oral or written expression of the judgment. Often used interchangeably with statement,

as averbalexpression proclaiming a truth or falsity.

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nmathematical logic, asentenceof apredicate logicis a booleanvalued wellformed formulawith no freevariables. A sentence can be viewed as expressing aproposition, something that may be true or false. &he restrictio

of having no free variables is needed to ma%e sure that sentences can have concrete, fixed truth values" As the free

variables of a (general) formula can range over several values, the truth value of such a formula may vary.

*entences without anylogical connectivesor #uantifiersin them are %nown as atomic sentences+ by analogy to

atomic formula. *entences are then built up out of atomic sentences by applying connectives and #uantifiers.

#n logicand philosophy an argumentis a series of statements typically used to persuadesomeone of something or to present reasons for accepting a conclusion. [1][+]The general form of an

argument in a natural languageis that of premises (typically in the form of propositions statements

or sentences) in support of a claim& the conclusion.[,][-][]The structure of some arguments can also

set out in a formal language and formally dened arguments can be made independently of natu

language arguments as in math logic and computer science.

Languageis the ability to ac/uire and use complex systems of communication particularthe humanability to do so and a language

A syllogism(0ree*& 233456789 syllogismos conclusion inference) is a *ind of logicaargumentthat applies deducti%e reasoningto arri%e at a conclusionbased on t!o or more

propositionsthat are asserted or assumed to be true.is any specic example of such a

system. The scientic study of language is called linguistics.

Conviction Ingeneral, convictionmeans a strong persuasion or belief. It also means the state of beingconvinced.In law, a convictionis the verdictthat results when a court of law finds a defendantguiltyof a crime.[]

Apersuasive denitionis a form of denition!hich purports to describe the :true: or:commonly accepted: meaning of a term !hile in reality stipulating an uncommon or altered use

usually to support an argument for some %ie! or to create or alter rights duties or crimes. [1][+]The

terms thus dened !ill often in%ol%e emotionally charged but imprecise notions such as freedom

terrorism democracy etc. #n argumentationthe use of a stipulati%e denitionis sometimes calle

defnist allacy.

Syntactic ambiguity, also called amphibolyor amphibology, is a situation where a sentencemay beinterpreted in more than one way due to ambiguous sentence structure.

*yntactic ambiguity arises not from the range of meanings of single words, but from the relationship between the

words and clauses of a sentence, and the sentence structure underlying the word order therein. In other words, a

sentence is syntactically ambiguous when a reader or listener can reasonably interpret one sentence as having more

than one possible structure.

In legal disputes, courtsmay be as%ed to interpret the meaning of syntactic ambiguities in statutes or contracts. In

some instances, arguments asserting highly unli%ely interpretations have been deemed frivolous.

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n general an opinionis a $udgment %ie!point or statement that is not conclusi%e. #t maydeal !ith sub$ecti%ematters in !hich there is no conclusi%e nding. ;hat distinguishes factfrom

opinion is that facts are more li*ely to be %eriable i.e. can be agreed to by the consensus of expert

Afactis something that has really occurred or is actually the case. &he usual test for a statement of fact isverifiabilitythat is, whether it can be demonstrated to correspond to experience. *tandard reference wor%s are oft

used to chec% facts.*cientificfacts are verified by repeatable careful observation or measurement (byexperiments

other means).

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