APES ENERGY

Video**Bill Nye – Energy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xw5qtadMSno

ENERGY = THE ABILITY TO DO WORKhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pDK2p1QbPKQ

POWER = WORK / TIME

Units for Power = watt or kilowatt

Btu = British Thermal Unit (used in the U.S.)is the amount of heat required to raise

temperature of 1 pound of water by 1° F. 1 watt = 3.4 Btu/ hr

Horsepower = for automobiles 1 horsepower = 746 watts

Energy units

Kilowatt = 1000 or 10 3 watts

Megawatt = 1,000,000 or 10 6 watts

kWh (kilowatt hour) is used for billing EX. Heater uses 1 kWh 60 watt lightbulb for 1 hour uses .06 kWh

60 watt lightbulb for 1000 hours uses 60 kWhMeasuring electricityhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPat2PULZYw

LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

1ST LAW = (also called “law of conservation of energy” ENERGY CANNOT BE CREATED NOR DESTROYED

2ND LAW = WHEN ENERGY IS CONVERTED TO ANOTHER FORM –A LESS USEFUL FORM RESULTS

EX. Only 20% of energy in gasoline is converted 80 % is lost as heat

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=26_GN-uL4Jc

ELECTRICITY

Video Energy 101: electricity generationhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=20Vb6hlLQSg

ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY SOURCEWood (1776)*Industrial RevolutionCoal (1850)Petroleum(1860)Natural Gas (1880)Hydroelectric (1890)Nuclear (1960)Other Renewables (1965)

ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN UNITED STATES

12

34

3412

ENERGY SOURCES

NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES = SOURCES THAT CAN NOT BE REPLENESHED

EX. FOSSIL FUELS (coal, oil, natural gas) NUCLEAR ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES = SOURCES THAT CAN BEREPLENESHED

EX. SOLAR, BIOMASS, GEOTHERMALHYDROPOWER, WIND

COALhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=okTQyWAdauc

- Produced by decomposition of ancient organic matter (over 280 million years) under high pressure

- Sulfur is trapped in coal from decomposition of Hydrogen sulfide- 3 types of Coal

- 1. Lignite (softest, lowest heat content) - 2. Bituminous (soft, high sulfur content)- 3. Anthracite (hard, high heat content, low sulfur content)

- Peat = pre-coal (low heat content)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XacGwiVmMhY

COAL EXTRACTION

2 METHODS OF MINING COAL1. SURFACE STRIP MINING2. UNDERGROUND MINING

Must go through preparation process:-removing foreign material-screening for size-crushing-washing to remove contaminants

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylkdUuNOJzw (underground coal mining)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=euhbkoFik_8 (strip mining)

COAL CONSUMPTION

*U.S. consumes the most*87% of coal is for electricity (largest source used for electricity)*estimated to last about 300 years at current extraction

consumption

COAL POWER PLANT https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rEJKiUYjW1E (coal power plant)

COAL (PROS & CONS)

PROS

-more abundant than other fossil fuels -high net energy yield-stable-not harmful if spilled

CONS

-land disruption (erosion)-disrupts wildlife habitat-coal burning produces fly ash and sludge-expensive to transport & clean -causes pollution -causes global warming

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wd3_B4LqvOw Coal documentary

OIL

-produced by decomposition of deeply buried ocean plants and animals under high temperature and pressure after millions of years-products of oil are called petrochemical (paints, medicines, plastics)-found in varying depths of Earth’s crust-can be trapped in a layer of porous sandstone between nonporous rock like limestone or trapped at a fault

OIL EXTRACTION

-oil is released by drilling a well and puncturing the limestone layer-it flows from the well because it is under pressure (will be pumped out when pressure is diminished)-after oil is collected, it goes to a Refinery where it is cracked ( cracking involves separating the components by their boiling points)-Refined crude oil produces gasoline, diesel, asphalt

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0WyqQe2W7khttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0SmSNRTU1Vw

OIL CONSUMPTION-about 50 – 70% of crude oil reserve is already gone-estimated 50 year supply left-most of oil reserve is in Middle East-U.S. owns 3% of world’s oil reserve-U.S. uses 30% of extracted oil / year-2/3 of oil used in U.S. is for transportation-1/4 of oil used in U.S. is for industry -Oil imports in U.S. have declined due to improved energy efficiency

OIL (PROS & CONS)

PROS-inexpensive-Easily transported with pipeline network-high net energy yield-versatile (produces paints, medicine, plastics etc.)

CONS

- Oil reserves limited- Produces pollution (SO2, NO,

CO2)- Releases wastewater & brine

(salty water)- Disrupts land surface (erosion)- Disrupts wildlife habitat- Oil spills (land & ocean)

NATURAL GAS

- Methane or CH4 from dense shale rock- Methane is a greenhouse gas, is highly flammable and odorless

- By decomposition of ancient organic matter under high

temperature and high pressure - Associated with oil deposits (floats above oil)- Can be liquefied (LNG – liquid natural gas)

NATURAL GAS EXTRACTION/HYDROFRACKINGhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UXDWEb6RjZY

-flows from wells (under pressure) due to hydrofracking-HYDROFRACKING = HYDRAULIC FRACTURING

1. chemicals are mixed with large quantities of water2. these chemicals are injected into wells at high pressure to

create fractures in the rock3. this allows natural gas (and oil) to escape and flow out of well

*PROS= short process, well can be in production for 20 to 40 years *CONS= toxic, radioactive, liquid waste pose storage/disposal issues

(can contaminate water supply), impacts flora (plants) and fauna (animals)

20.9%

13.6%

4.6%4.2%

3.7%

2.9%2.7%

2.4%2.3%

2.2%

40.6%

NATURAL GAS CONSUMPTION

-most natural gas reserves are in the Middle East-Russia and Kazakstan together have 40%

NATURAL GAS (PROS & CONS)

PROS- Pipeline network (LNG can be

transported by rail & ship)- Inexpensive- World reserves will last 125

years- High net energy yield- Produces less pollution than

other fossil fuels

CONS

-H2S AND SO2 are released during processing-LNG processing is expensive and dangerous-disrupts land area -releases contaminated waste water and brine

NUCLEAR ENERGY

-can result from Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion-Nuclear Fission= when an atom splits into 2 or more smaller nuclei *when controlled, heat produced will form the steam needed

to turn a turbine and generate electricity-common nuclear fuels used are isotopes of Uranium like:

U-235, U-238, Pu-239 -(half-life years)U-235 is 700 million , U-238 is 4.5 billion , Pu is 24,000-U-238 will decay into Pu-239

NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS4 different nuclear reactor types- 1. light-water reactor (uses normal water)- 2. heavy-water reactor (uses deuterium oxide water)- 3. graphite-moderated reactor (uses graphite)- 4. exotic reactors (experimental material)

ALL NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS CONSIST OF THE FOLLOWING:CORE= contains fuel rods with fuels like U-235CONTROL RODS= move in and out of core to absorb neutrons

and slow down reactionModerator= uses a medium such as water or graphite to reduce

velocity of fast neutronsCOOLANT= removes heat and produces the steam

NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

NUCLEAR ENERGY – PROS & CONS

PROS

-amount of potential energy is 10 million times more than fossil fuels-1/6 of CO2 emission (little air pollution)-little land disruption

CONS

-nuclear waste is highly radioactive for thousands of years-low net energy yield due to mining & processing uranium, building & operating the plant,Storage & disposal of waste-safety/malfunction issues

ENERGY CONSERVATION

EPA= Environmental Protection AgencyNRC=Nuclear Regulatory CommissionDOE=Department of EnergyEnergy Star= develops programs to save

energy and avoid greenhouse gasesCAFE=(Corporate Average Fuel Economy)

are standards for fuel economieswhich follow EPA guidelines

Standards include: *better engine design *weight reduction *streamlining *hybrid technology