APES 2.11 and 2.12 Please take out your FRQ and get your groups filter paper Ozone Lab Purpose: learn how to use relative humidity and Schoenbein number to determine ppb of Ozone 1.Do steps 3a-c under Testing Procedure 2.Use the online color chart (within lab document) 3. Do Post-Lab Qs 1-9 in your lab book #7: Urban Heat Island FRQ Find the Urban Heat Scoring Guide on my website Trade papers with someone and grade them out of 11 points If your paper hasnt already been printed, please print it (TH-133) Put it in your folder for grading over break Smog City! Complete the scenarios on pages 1-2 using a laptop Acid Rain Acid Range? Base Range? Is a strong acid closer to 7 or closer to 1? Each step on the scale is 10 fold increase in acidity or basicity Rain is naturally slightly acidic because of the reaction of CO 2 and H 2 O: H 2 O + CO 2 H 2 CO 3 Anthropogenic sources make it more acidic by the reaction of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and nitrogen dioxides (NO x ) with water Local & Regional effects 1) Premature tree & plant death 2) Fish die offs & decrease in amount of aquatic primary producers 3) Damage to buildings 4) Tall stacks on power plants increases residence times and spread pollution over wider area Acid Rain/Deposition How Acid Deposition Forms and Travels Formation of acid deposition. The primary pollutants sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are precursors to acid deposition. After transformation to the secondary pollutantssulfuric and nitric acid dissociation occurs in the presence of water. The resulting ionshydrogen, sulfate, and nitratecause the adverse ecosystem effects of acid deposition. Acid Rain/Deposition Equations H NOx HNO 3 H + + NO 3- H SO 2 H 2 SO 4 2H + + SO 4 2- When the acids dissociate into ions, they cause damage to living tissues and non-living, softer materials Why do some areas have acid rain and others dont? 1.Use of coal 2.Winds carry emissions to neighboring states/countries 3.Soil types can contain natural buffers- CaO (lime) or CaCO 3 (limestone) neutralize acids Minimizing Effects of Acid Rain Scrubbing of smoke stacks to remove SO 2 Ionic compounds and water are added to react with toxins Dirty liquid is filtered out as sludge Clean air is emitted Farmers often add lye to fields (NaOH or KOH) Control of Particulate Matter and SO 2 Due Next Time Smog City/Acid Rain Packet Read the Bhopal Disaster article on my website Write a 6-8 bullet point summary of the article in your lab book- who, what, when, where, why + what you found most interesting/terrible.