Jacob BurckhardtCame up with the term 'Renaissance'

Published "Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy"

CastiglioneBook of the Courtier - how an upperclass gentleman should be educated in

music, arts, and swordsmanship

Cosimo de MediciControlled Florence, was a member of a wealthy banking family who ran the

city-state government

Lorenzo the

MagnificentA leading patron of art and scholarship; powerful member of the Medici family.

PetrarchThe father of humanism, he wrote that literature should not be subordinate to

religion.

MachiavelliWrote "The Prince", a book that recommended harsh and arbitrary rule for

princes

Three Estates1st (Clergy, 1%)

2nd (Nobility 2%)3rd (Everyone else 97%)

HumanismA Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts

and focused on human potential and achievements

High RenaissancePeriod beginning in the late 15th century, it produced some of the most well-

knownreligious and secular artwork of the period from such figures as Leonardo, Raphael, and Michelangelo

Peace of LodiCreated a relative 40-year period of peace in Northern Italy; represented balance

of powers

Hanseatic LeagueA commercial and defensive confederation of free cities in northern Germany

and surrounding areas

Leonardo BruniWrote "New Cicero" ; humanists believe that their studies of humanism should

be put to the service of the state.Translated Greek --> Latin

Cicero a Roman statesman and orator remembered for his mastery of Latin prose

Federigo de

Montefeltro

Ruler of Urbino (under his rule, Urbino became a well-known cultural and

intellectual center)

Lorenzo VallaProved Donation of Constantine was a fake, which challenged the authority of

the papacy.

Renaissance

Hermeticism

Included two types of writing:

1) occult sciences or magic 2) otological and philosophical beliefs and stipulations

Johannes Gutenberg German printer: Movable type and printing press

Sandro BotticelliFlorentine painter known for vivid colors; painted both mythological works

("The Birth of Venus" & "Primavera") & religious works ("The Adoration of the Magi")

Poggio Bracciolini Papal secretary, collected manuscripts

Donato da DonatelloItalian sculptor renowned as a pioneer of the Renaissance style with his natural,

lifelike figures, such as the bronze statue David.

Filippo Brunelleschi Massive dome on the Cathedral of Florence

Leonardo da VinciThis Italian painter and inventor is best known for his painting called the "Mona

Lisa" and "The Last Supper"

RaphaelItalian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, most famous being The School

of Athens

MichelangeloSculptures: David

Paintings: Sistine Chapel ceiling, Last Judgement

Donato Bramante Painter, Rebuilt St. Peter's Basilica, Tempietta

Jan van Eyck Flemish painter, who used oil paints in his "Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride."

Albrecht DurerDid not reject the use of minute details, characteristics of Northern artists.

"Adoration of the Magi"

Charles VIIFrench King; With help of the Estates-General, he established a royal army in

France and earned the right to levy the "taille" or permanent tax.

Louis XI(1461-1483) French king, nicknamed the"Spider King," manipulated the Estates-

General to gain a permanent taille, took over part of Burgandy when Charles the Bold died

Henry VII Defeated Richard III in the War of the Roses; and started the Tudor Dynasty

War of the RosesStruggle for the English throne between the house of York (white rose) and the

house of Lancaster (red rose) ending with the accession of the Tudor monarch Henry VII

Alexander VIThe most infamous Pope of the Renaissance; a Borgia, he used nepotism and

simony to enrich himself and his family.

Isabella and

Ferdinand

The king and queen of Spain who funded Columbus

Castille + Aragon

ConversosJews and Muslims who converted to Christianity, either willingly or

unwillingly, following the Christian takeover of Spain

WyclifHe stated that the Bible was the sole authority and stressed a personal

communion with God; his followers were known as the lollards

John HusHe spoke out against corruption in the church and was burned at the stake in

Prague, the capital of Bohemia, in 1415Followers = Hussites

Pope Julius II "Warrior Pope". Sponsored Michaelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel.

Sixtus IV Used Nepotism to promote his own family in the church

Leo XPope who excommunicated Martin Luther and tried to stop the spread of

lutheranism. Sold indulgences

Renaissance

economic developments

Taxes brought higher rates of income for the government

Foreign occupiers Slaves

Renaissance

education

Schools were opened for boys and men in which pupils studied roman history,

philosophy etc. For high status women, private tutoring was attainable

Renaissance SlaveryBlack Death had made open jobs that could not be filled by skilled workers. 

Also brought by Spanish inquisitions

NeoplatonismPlatonic philosophy based upon a hierarchy of substances and a theory of

spiritual love