Kanchanjunga apartment. Passive sustainable design. Case study
Apartment Design Guide: Part 3
Transcript of Apartment Design Guide: Part 3
43Apartment Design Guide
Part 3 Siting the development
This part provides guidance on the design and configuration of apartment development at a site scale. Objectives, design criteria and design guidance outline how to relate to the immediate context, consider the interface to neighbours and the public domain, achieve quality open spaces and maximise residential amenity. It is to be used during the design process and in the preparation and assessment of development applications
3A Site analysis 46
3B Orientation 50
3C Public domain interface 52
3D Communal and public open space 56
3E Deep soil zones 62
3F Visual privacy 64
3G Pedestrian access and entries 68
3H Vehicle access 70
3J Bicycle and car parking 72
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3A Site analysis
3. Local context plan
Plan drawing(s) of the existing features of the local context including relevant sections and elevations should also be provided, especially for sloping sites. Information may include but is not limited to:
• land use, height and typology of adjacent and opposite buildings in the street
• views to and from the site
• circulation patterns and access for pedestrians, vehicles and servicing
• location of heritage items and areas of environmental significance
• patterns of buildings, open spaces and vegetation
• significant noise sources on and near the site, particularly roads, rail, aircraft and industrial noise
• building envelopes and setbacks for future development
• a written statement of key issues.
4. Site context and survey plan
Plan and section drawings of existing site features including properties that are adjoining and on the other side of the street, together with appropriate written material. Information may include but is not limited to:
• site dimensions, site areas and north point
• topography showing spot levels and contours at 0.5m intervals, any unique natural features such as rock outcrops or watercourses and clearly identify adjoining streets and land adjoining the site
• location of major trees on site and adjacent properties including identification of canopy size and species
• location and use of any existing buildings or built features on the site
• location and important characteristics of adjacent public, communal and private open spaces
• location and height of existing windows, balconies, walls and fences on adjacent properties, as well as parapet and ridge lines
• pedestrian and vehicular access points
• location of utility services including electricity poles, substation kiosks, stormwater drainage, natural drainage, kerb crossings and easements.
Wider context
Local context
Site context
Site
Site analysis is an important part of the design process and should be undertaken at the outset of a project to inform the design principles. Development proposals need to illustrate that design decisions are based on careful analysis of the site conditions and relationship to the surrounding context.
By describing the physical elements of the locality and the conditions impacting on the site, opportunities and constraints for future apartment development can be identified and addressed in the design. It may be beneficial to undertake a site analysis in collaboration with technical consultants, depending on the nature of the site and scale of development.
The key elements of a site analysis include:
1. Site location plan
A plan showing the wider context that identifies the site in relation to retail and commercial areas, community facilities and transport.
2. Aerial photograph
A colour aerial photograph of the development site and surrounding context.
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Main street
Local street
Local street
Local street
Local street
Local shops
Local shops
Local shops
Local sports reserve
Reserve
400m
wal
king
radi
us
Railway station
Sports fields and reserve
Main street
Local shops
Local shops
Local shops
Hospital
High school
Major road
Major road
Site
Reserve
Grammar school
Legend
Site boundary
Future planned built form
Existing buildings to change
Existing buildings to remain (1 - 2 stories)
Existing buildings to remain (3 - 6 stories)
Heritage listed buildings
Existing cycle lane
Public open space
Existing trees
Private open space (planned)
Wider context plan
Local context plan
Site context plan
Proposed development site
Future planned built form
Adjacent existing buildings
Deep soil
Vehicle access
Pedestrian access
Proposed development site
Future planned built form
Existing buildings to change
Existing buildings to remain (1 - 2 stories)
Existing buildings to remain (3 - 4 stories)
Existing buildings to remain (+5 stories)
Public open space
Private open space (planned)
Heritage listed item
Bus route
Cycle lane
Existing public car park
Local street
50m
N
N
N
Figure 3A.1
Figure 3A.2
Figure 3A.3
45m
Proposed development site
Education facility
Public open space
Local shops
Heritage listed item
Railway line
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5. Streetscape elevations and sections
Photographs and drawings of nearby existing buildings help explain the existing scale of the area, the spacing of development and the local architectural character. Information may include but is not limited to:
• streetscape showing both sides of any street that the development fronts including the patterns of building frontages, street and side setbacks
• adjacent buildings showing overall height (in metres and storeys) and important parapet and datum lines, awnings, colonnades and other building elements
• planned heights or building envelopes
• a written statement of key issues.
6. Analysis
These plans and sections synthesise and interpret the context, streetscape and site documentation into opportunities and constraints that generate design parameters. Analysis information may include:
• overshadowing of the site and adjoining properties by neighbouring structures. The winter sun path should be shown from 9 am to 3 pm on 21 June
• direction of prevailing wind
• geotechnical characteristics of the site including topography, and how this relates to the proposed development
• public domain interface and street setback
• relationship to and interface with adjacent properties, including side and rear setbacks
• orientation including solar access and ventilation
• building footprint location
• retained trees and tree protection zones
• proposed trees and deep soil zones
• communal open space location
• building entries
• car park footprint and depth.
3A Site analysis
Winter sun path
Local street
Afternoonsun
Morningsun
Prevailing wind (summer)
Solar and wind access
Figure 3A.4 Analysis of solar and wind access
Proposed development site
Proposed built form
Adjacent existing buildingsN
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Figure 3A.5 Cross section
Figure 3A.6 Streetscape elevation
A written statement explaining how the design of the proposed development has responded to the site analysis must accompany the development application. Where relevant, this should include technical advice from landscape architects, contamination specialists, geotechnical engineers and arborists.
See Appendix 1 Site Analysis Checklist, Appendix 2 Pre-development application design proposal check sheet and Appendix 3 Development Application Recommended Documentation Checklist.
Objective 3A-1 Site analysis illustrates that design decisions have been based on opportunities and constraints of the site conditions and their relationship to the surrounding context
Design guidance
Each element in the Site Analysis Checklist should be addressed (see Appendix 1)
Future development
Future development
Future development
Future building separation in m
AHD in m
6m
3m
Local street
North
East
West
South
Proposed development
Car parking
Car parking
Deep soil
Retail
Residential
AHD in m
AHD in m
AHD in m
AHD in m
AHD in m
AHD in m
AHD in m
AHD in m
AHD in m
AHD in m
AHD in m
Rea
r bou
ndar
y
Sid
e bo
unda
ry
Sid
e bo
unda
ry
Proposed development
AHD in mAHD in m
Future development
Future development
Future development
Future building separation in m
AHD in m
6m
3m
Local street
North
East
West
South
Proposed development
Car parking
Deep soil
Retail
Residential
AHD in m
AHD in m
AHD in m
AHD in m
AHD in m
AHD in m
AHD in m
AHD in m
AHD in m
AHD in m
AHD in m
Rea
r bou
ndar
y
Sid
e bo
unda
ry
Sid
e bo
unda
ry
Proposed development
AHD in mAHD in m
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Figure 3B.1 Proposed buildings are sited to clearly address the street while maximising solar access to apartments
NN
Stre
et
NN
Stre
et
Figure 3B.2 Building orientation and height influences solar access to apartments and common open spaces. On south facing slopes, orient the rear wing of the building(s) east to west to maximise solar access, on north facing slopes, step building(s) with the slope
Orientation is the position of a building and its internal spaces in relation to its site, the street, the subdivision and neighbouring buildings. Building orientation influences the urban form of the street and building address. Building orientation directly affects residential amenity including solar access and influences other matters including visual and acoustic privacy to both the development and neighbouring sites.
Designing the site layout to maximise northern orientation is an important consideration, but it must be balanced with:
• responding to desired streetscape character
• promoting amenity for both the proposed development and neighbouring properties
• providing for the enjoyment of significant views
• retaining trees and locating open spaces
• responding to the topography and contextual constraints such as overshadowing and noise.
3B Orientation
South facing slope North facing slope
N
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Figure 3B.3 Shadow diagrams demonstrate the impact of overshadowing within and beyond the site
21 June (winter solstice)
21 March/September (equinox)
Objective 3B-1 Building types and layouts respond to the streetscape and site while optimising solar access within the development
Design guidance
Buildings along the street frontage define the street, by facing it and incorporating direct access from the street (see figure 3B.1)
Where the street frontage is to the east or west, rear buildings should be orientated to the north
Where the street frontage is to the north or south, overshadowing to the south should be minimised and buildings behind the street frontage should be orientated to the east and west (see figure 3B.2)
Objective 3B-2Overshadowing of neighbouring properties is minimised during mid winter
Design guidance
Living areas, private open space and communal open space should receive solar access in accordance with sections 3D Communal and public open space and 4A Solar and daylight access
Solar access to living rooms, balconies and private open spaces of neighbours should be considered
Where an adjoining property does not currently receive the required hours of solar access, the proposed building ensures solar access to neighbouring properties is not reduced by more than 20%
If the proposal will significantly reduce the solar access of neighbours, building separation should be increased beyond minimums contained in section 3F Visual privacy
Overshadowing should be minimised to the south or down hill by increased upper level setbacks
It is optimal to orientate buildings at 90 degrees to the boundary with neighbouring properties to minimise overshadowing and privacy impacts, particularly where minimum setbacks are used and where buildings are higher than the adjoining development
A minimum of 4 hours of solar access should be retained to solar collectors on neighbouring buildings
9 am
9 am
12pm
12pm
3 pm
3 pm
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Figure 3C.1 Diagrams illustrating various public domain interface scenarios
StreetFront setback
A change in level from the
footpath to a ground floor
apartment by up to 1m enhances
privacy while allowing surveillance
of the public domain
Ground floor terraces at street
level can help promote activity
along a street and contribute to
the safety of the public domain
Where ground floor apartments
are elevated above the footpath,
landscaping should be considered
to soften the building edge and
improve the relationship with the
public domain
Street
Street
Level change max. 1m
Level change max. 1m
StreetSetback
The public domain interface is the transition area between the apartment building, its private or communal space at the street edge and the public domain.
The interface of the development contributes to the quality and character of the street. Subtle variations through planting and fencing can create an attractive and active public domain with a pedestrian scale. Long, high blank walls or fences can detract from the appearance of the public domain and impact on the safety of pedestrians and residents. Direct access from the street to ground floor apartments and windows overlooking the street can improve safety and social interaction.
Key components to consider when designing the interface include entries, private terraces or balconies, fences and walls, changes in level, services locations and planting. The design of these elements can influence the real or perceived safety and security of residents, opportunities for social interaction and the identity of the development when viewed from the public domain.
See also sections 3G Pedestrian access and entries, 3H Vehicle access and 4S Mixed use.
Gardens with a variety
of plantings including
trees and shrubs can
enhance the quality
of the public domain,
while providing privacy
and amenity benefits
to apartment residents
3C Public domain interface
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Figure 3C.1 Diagrams illustrating various public domain interface scenarios
Objective 3C-1Transition between private and public domain is achieved without compromising safety and security
Design guidance
Terraces, balconies and courtyard apartments should have direct street entry, where appropriate
Changes in level between private terraces, front gardens and dwelling entries above the street level provide surveillance and improve visual privacy for ground level dwellings (see figure 3C.1)
Upper level balconies and windows should overlook the public domain
Front fences and walls along street frontages should use visually permeable materials and treatments. The height of solid fences or walls should be limited to 1m
Length of solid walls should be limited along street frontages
Opportunities should be provided for casual interaction between residents and the public domain. Design solutions may include seating at building entries, near letter boxes and in private courtyards adjacent to streets
In developments with multiple buildings and/or entries, pedestrian entries and spaces associated with individual buildings/entries should be differentiated to improve legibility for residents, using a number of the following design solutions:
• architectural detailing
• changes in materials
• plant species
• colours
Opportunities for people to be concealed should be minimised
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Figure 3C.2 This courtyard design locates tree planting along the pedestrian pathway, allowing for natural ventilation and daylight access to the adjacent underground car parking below, and visual screening of the car park
Figure 3C.3 Planting can be used to soften the edges of raised terraces to the street
Figure 3C.4 Front fences along public street frontages should use visually permeable materials and treatments such as timber slats
3C Public domain interface
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Figure 3C.5 Setbacks can be used to retain existing trees which increases the quality of the development and the public domain
Figure 3C.6 This development makes use of landscaping, pathways and building entries to clearly identify the transition between public and private space
Objective 3C-2Amenity of the public domain is retained and enhanced
Design guidance
Planting softens the edges of any raised terraces to the street, for example above sub-basement car parking
Mail boxes should be located in lobbies, perpendicular to the street alignment or integrated into front fences where individual street entries are provided
The visual prominence of underground car park vents should be minimised and located at a low level where possible
Substations, pump rooms, garbage storage areas and other service requirements should be located in basement car parks or out of view
Ramping for accessibility should be minimised by building entry location and setting ground floor levels in relation to footpath levels
Durable, graffiti resistant and easily cleanable materials should be used
Where development adjoins public parks, open space or bushland, the design positively addresses this interface and uses a number of the following design solutions:
• street access, pedestrian paths and building entries which are clearly defined
• paths, low fences and planting that clearly delineate between communal/private open space and the adjoining public open space
• minimal use of blank walls, fences and ground level parking
On sloping sites protrusion of car parking above ground level should be minimised by using split levels to step underground car parking
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Figure 3D.1 Quality landscape design of communal spaces and pathways is particularly important for high density developments
Communal open space is an important environmental resource that provides outdoor recreation opportunities for residents, connection to the natural environment and valuable ‘breathing space’ between apartment buildings. It also contributes to the appeal of a development and the wellbeing of residents. Some communal open space is accessible and usable by the general public.
The size, location and design of communal or public open space will vary depending on the site context and the scale of development. The function of open space is to provide amenity in the form of:
• landscape character and design
• opportunities for group and individual recreation and activities
• opportunities for social interaction
• environmental and water cycle management
• opportunities to modify microclimate
• amenity and outlook for residents.
The useable part of the communal open space area may be supplemented by:
• additional landscape area, circulation space and areas for passive use and outlook
• public land used for open space and vested in or under the control of a public authority.
High quality open space is particularly important and beneficial in higher density developments (for private open space requirements see section 4E Private open space and balconies).
3D Communal and public open space
Figure 3D.2 Communal open spaces can be located on the podium or roofs and should offer gathering areas to provide opportunity for social interaction amongst residents
Pho
to: A
SP
EC
T S
tudi
osP
hoto
: AS
PE
CT
Stu
dios
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Figure 3D.3 The principal usable part of communal open spaces should be consolidated
Figure 3D.4 Recreation areas such as the communal garden setting above allow residents to relax and connect to the natural environment
Proposed building footprint
Objective 3D-1An adequate area of communal open space is provided to enhance residential amenity and to provide opportunities for landscaping
Design criteria
1. Communal open space has a minimum area equal to 25% of the site (see figure 3D.3)
2. Developments achieve a minimum of 50% direct sunlight to the principal usable part of the communal open space for a minimum of 2 hours between 9 am and 3 pm on 21 June (mid winter)
Design guidance
Communal open space should be consolidated into a well designed, easily identified and usable area
Communal open space should have a minimum dimension of 3m, and larger developments should consider greater dimensions
Communal open space should be co-located with deep soil areas
Direct, equitable access should be provided to communal open space areas from common circulation areas, entries and lobbies
Where communal open space cannot be provided at ground level, it should be provided on a podium or roof
Where developments are unable to achieve the design criteria, such as on small lots, sites within business zones, or in a dense urban area, they should:
• provide communal spaces elsewhere such as a landscaped roof top terrace or a common room
• provide larger balconies or increased private open space for apartments
• demonstrate good proximity to public open space and facilities and/or provide contributions to public open space
Pho
to: O
CU
LUS
Minimum deep soil zonePrincipal usable part of communal open space area
Site boundary
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Figure 3D.5 Well designed public and communal open spaces invite informal recreation and outdoor activities
Figure 3D.6 Play facilities and spaces should be safe, overlooked by development and provide shade areas for children to play
3D Communal and public open space
Figure 3D.7 The location and design of open space responds to microclimate and site conditions
Pho
to: M
cGre
gor C
oxal
l
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Figure 3D.8 The public open space should be well connected with public streets along at least one edge
Figure 3D.9 Communal open space and public domain should be readily visible from habitable rooms and private open space areas while maintaining visual privacy
Figure 3D.10 Community gardens incorporated into residential developments foster interaction amongst residents of all ages
Objective 3D-3Communal open space is designed to maximise safety
Design guidance
Communal open space and the public domain should be readily visible from habitable rooms and private open space areas while maintaining visual privacy. Design solutions may include:
• bay windows
• corner windows
• balconies
Communal open space should be well lit
Where communal open space/facilities are provided for children and young people they are safe and contained
Objective 3D-2Communal open space is designed to allow for a range of activities, respond to site conditions and be attractive and inviting
Design guidance
Facilities are provided within communal open spaces and common spaces for a range of age groups (see also 4F Common circulation and spaces), incorporating some of the following elements:
• seating for individuals or groups
• barbecue areas
• play equipment or play areas
• swimming pools, gyms, tennis courts or common rooms
The location of facilities responds to microclimate and site conditions with access to sun in winter, shade in summer and shelter from strong winds and down drafts
Visual impacts of services should be minimised, including location of ventilation duct outlets from basement car parks, electrical substations and detention tanks
Pho
to: A
shfie
ld C
ounc
il
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Figure 3D.11 Attractive and inviting communal open spaces with good solar access should be provided
3D Communal and public open space
Pho
to: M
icha
el Z
anar
do
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Figure 3D.12 This communal courtyard provides gathering spaces, seating facilities, pergolas and barbecue facilities for residents
Figure 3D.13 This semi-public courtyard connects to the surrounding inner-city neighbourhood and offers a central water feature, seating and convenient pedestrian through-site links
Objective 3D-4
Public open space, where provided, is responsive to the existing pattern and uses of the neighbourhood
Design guidance
The public open space should be well connected with public streets along at least one edge
The public open space should be connected with nearby parks and other landscape elements
Public open space should be linked through view lines, pedestrian desire paths, termination points and the wider street grid
Solar access should be provided year round along with protection from strong winds
Opportunities for a range of recreational activities should be provided for people of all ages
A positive address and active frontages should be provided adjacent to public open space
Boundaries should be clearly defined between public open space and private areas
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Deep soil zone Deep soil zoneStreet
Figure 3E.1 Opportunities for deep soil zones are increased when parking levels are contained within the building footprint
Parking
Parking
Deep soil zones are areas of soil not covered by buildings or structures within a development. They exclude basement car parks, services, swimming pools, tennis courts and impervious surfaces including car parks, driveways and roof areas.
Deep soil zones have important environmental benefits, such as allowing infiltration of rain water to the water table and reducing stormwater runoff, promoting healthy growth of large trees with large canopies and protecting existing mature trees which assist with temperature reduction in urban environments. Deep soil zones may be constrained by the size of the lot or the location of a proposed development. To provide shade and amenity for residents they can be co-located with communal open space.
Services Min. 6m wide
Deep soil zone
Building zone
3E Deep soil zones
Figure 3E.2 Diagram showing the minimum dimension of deep soil zones for sites greater than 1,500m2
Table 2 Suggested soil volumes on sites with sand, clay, alluvial, transition and disturbed soils
Tree size Height Spread Soil volume
Large trees 13-18m 16m 80m3
Medium tree 9-12m 8m 35m3
Small tree 6-8m 4m 15m3
Note: On sandy sites with reduced soil volumes, the number of trees planted is proportional to the available soil volume
services greater than
300mm diameter
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Objective 3E-1 Deep soil zones provide areas on the site that allow for and support healthy plant and tree growth. They improve residential amenity and promote management of water and air quality
Design criteria
1. Deep soil zones are to meet the following minimum requirements:
Site areaMinimum
dimensionsDeep soil zone (% of site area)
less than 650m2 -
7%
650m2 - 1,500m2 3m
greater than 1,500m2 6m
greater than 1,500m2
with significant existing tree cover
6m
Design guidance
On some sites it may be possible to provide larger deep soil zones, depending on the site area and context:
• 10% of the site as deep soil on sites with an area of 650m2 - 1,500m2
• 15% of the site as deep soil on sites greater than 1,500m2
Deep soil zones should be located to retain existing significant trees and to allow for the development of healthy root systems, providing anchorage and stability for mature trees. Design solutions may include:
• basement and sub basement car park design that is consolidated beneath building footprints
• use of increased front and side setbacks
• adequate clearance around trees to ensure long term health
• co-location with other deep soil areas on adjacent sites to create larger contiguous areas of deep soil
Achieving the design criteria may not be possible on some sites including where:
• the location and building typology have limited or no space for deep soil at ground level (e.g. central business district, constrained sites, high density areas, or in centres)
• there is 100% site coverage or non-residential uses at ground floor level
Where a proposal does not achieve deep soil requirements, acceptable stormwater management should be achieved and alternative forms of planting provided such as on structure
Deep soil zone
Figure 3E.3 Deep soil zones promote the growth of larger trees which improve amenity and local microclimate
Figure 3E.4 Pedestrian pathways and paving which is specifically designed for tree root growth can occupy up to 10% of the deep soil zone
Minimum deep soil zone areaCommunal open space area
permeable paving over deep soil zone
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Figure 3F.1 Visual privacy is an important factor for residential amenity. The siting of buildings needs to ensure adequate separation between apartments
Visual privacy allows residents within an apartment development and on adjacent properties to use their private spaces without being overlooked. It balances the need for views and outlook with the need for privacy. In higher density developments it also assists to increase overall amenity.
Visual privacy balances site and context specific design solutions with views, outlook, ventilation and solar access. The adjacent context, site configuration, topography, the scale of the development and the apartment layout all need to be considered.
Degrees of privacy are also influenced by a number of factors including the activities of each of the spaces where overlooking may occur, the times and frequency these spaces are being used, the expectations of occupants for privacy and their ability to control overlooking with screening devices.
3F Visual privacy
The privacy separation space in
front of a balcony or window can
not be used by another balcony
or window. This does not apply
to adjacent windows in the same
building face
Figure 3F.2 Any one development will have a variety of visual privacy conditions to be accommodated. Section A (Figure 3F.4)shows separation distances between apartments within the same site
6
Boun
dary
H
Future
Existing
H
6
HH 93
DCP Setback
6
6
H
H
Blan
k
Blan
k 3
6 H
NH
Boun
dary
3 NH6H
Street
6H
ExistingDCP setback
Future
H: habitable room
NH: non-habitable room
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Objective 3F-1Adequate building separation distances are shared equitably between neighbouring sites, to achieve reasonable levels of external and internal visual privacy
Design criteria
1. Separation between windows and balconies is provided to ensure visual privacy is achieved. Minimum required separation distances from buildings to the side and rear boundaries are as follows:
Building heightHabitable rooms and balconies
Non-habitable
rooms
up to 12m (4 storeys) 6m 3m
up to 25m (5-8 storeys) 9m 4.5m
over 25m (9+ storeys) 12m 6m
Note: Separation distances between buildings on the same site should combine required building separations depending on the type of room (see figure 3F.2)
Gallery access circulation should be treated as habitable space when measuring privacy separation distances between neighbouring properties
Design guidance
Generally one step in the built form as the height increases due to building separations is desirable. Additional steps should be careful not to cause a 'ziggurat' appearance
For residential buildings next to commercial buildings, separation distances should be measured as follows:
• for retail, office spaces and commercial balconies use the habitable room distances
• for service and plant areas use the non-habitable room distances
New development should be located and oriented to maximise visual privacy between buildings on site and for neighbouring buildings. Design solutions include:
• site layout and building orientation to minimise privacy impacts (see also section 3B Orientation)
• on sloping sites, apartments on different levels have appropriate visual separation distances (see figure 3F.4)
Apartment buildings should have an increased separation distance of 3m (in addition to the requirements set out in design criteria 1) when adjacent to a different zone that permits lower density residential development to provide for a transition in scale and increased landscaping (figure 3F.5)
Direct lines of sight should be avoided for windows and balconies across corners
No separation is required between blank walls
6mcould be
<6m
Sid
e or
rear
bou
ndar
y
Existing New development
5th
4th4th
3rd3rd
2nd2nd
1st1st
Figure 3F.3 New development adjacent to existing buildings should provide adequate separation distances to the boundary in accordance with the design criteria
9m
5th
5th
6th
7th
8th
4th
4th3rd
3rd6m
9m
9m
2nd 6m
6m
9m
2nd1st
1st
6th
Figure 3F.4 Within the same site, minimum separation should be shared equitably between buildings. On sloping sites, appropriate separation distances ensure visual privacy for apartments on different levels
7th
8th
5th
Higher density Lower density
9m
Figure 3F.5 To resolve amenity impacts, apartment buildings should increase the building separation distance (+3m) when adjacent to a different zone that permits lower density residential development
(6m+3m)
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Figure 3F.6 Diagrams showing different privacy interface conditions
Figure 3F.7 Solid walls with non-habitable room windows are used for end elevations to manage privacy impacts between buildings. Solid balconies at lower levels provide better privacy from the street
Figure 3F.8 Well designed fences and balconies provide privacy to apartments when viewed from the public domain or adjacent apartment buildings
Blank wall conditionsBoundary conditionsConditions within a development
6m
6m
45˚
45˚
6m
boun
dary
futu
re b
uilt
form
6m
45˚45˚6m
45˚
6m
45˚ 3m45˚
boun
dary
<6m 6m45˚45˚
3m
45˚
Habitable to habitable rooms Habitable to habitable rooms To habitable rooms
Habitable to non-habitable rooms Habitable to non-compliant existing To non-habitable rooms
3F Visual privacy
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Building layout and design features such as off set windows can contribute to increased privacy between apartments
Privacy to apartments can be improved by locating circulation cores at the internal corners of a building
Figure 3F.9 Fencing of ground floor apartments should not be solid to allow for surveillance of common open space and the public domain
Objective 3F-2
Site and building design elements increase privacy without compromising access to light and air and balance outlook and views from habitable rooms and private open space
Design guidance
Communal open space, common areas and access paths should be separated from private open space and windows to apartments, particularly habitable room windows. Design solutions may include:
• setbacks
• solid or partially solid balustrades to balconies at lower levels
• fencing and/or trees and vegetation to separate spaces
• screening devices
• bay windows or pop out windows to provide privacy in one direction and outlook in another
• raising apartments/private open space above the public domain or communal open space
• planter boxes incorporated into walls and balustrades to increase visual separation
• pergolas or shading devices to limit overlooking of lower apartments or private open space
• on constrained sites where it can be demonstrated that building layout opportunities are limited, fixed louvres or screen panels to windows and/or balconies
Bedrooms, living spaces and other habitable rooms should be separated from gallery access and other open circulation space by the apartment’s service areas
Balconies and private terraces should be located in front of living rooms to increase internal privacy
Windows should be offset from the windows of adjacent buildings
Recessed balconies and/or vertical fins should be used between adjacent balconies
Figure 3F.10 Examples of solutions to increase privacy Note: building separations are shown for up to 12m (4 storeys)
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Figure 3G.1 Successful building entries define public and private space, are clearly identifiable and activate the street
Figure 3G.2 Breaks between buildings, colour and landscaping can be combined to help identify building entries
Figure 3G.3 The use of colour of this building entry contrasts with the facade and surrounding landscape setting
3G Pedestrian access and entries
Good pedestrian access delivers high quality, equitable, safe and pleasant walking environments along the street, into the development and to individual apartments. Pedestrian access and entries must be priorities over vehicle access.
Building entries provide a connection with the public space and an address for a building or group of buildings. The design of building entries and their integration with the building and landscape design contributes to the identity of the building and the character of the streetscape. Building entries may lead into a common entry or directly into the private space of an apartment.
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Figure 3G.4 Features such as awnings, blade walls and signage contribute to building entries that are clearly identifiable from the street
Figure 3G.5 Pedestrian through-site links need to be direct with clear sight lines to each end
Objective 3G-1Building entries and pedestrian access connects to and addresses the public domain
Design guidance
Multiple entries (including communal building entries and individual ground floor entries) should be provided to activate the street edge
Entry locations relate to the street and subdivision pattern and the existing pedestrian network
Building entries should be clearly identifiable and communal entries should be clearly distinguishable from private entries
Where street frontage is limited and multiple buildings are located on the site, a primary street address should be provided with clear sight lines and pathways to secondary building entries
Objective 3G-3Large sites provide pedestrian links for access to streets and connection to destinations
Design guidance
Pedestrian links through sites facilitate direct connections to open space, main streets, centres and public transport
Pedestrian links should be direct, have clear sight lines, be overlooked by habitable rooms or private open spaces of dwellings, be well lit and contain active uses, where appropriate
Objective 3G-2Access, entries and pathways are accessible and easy to identify
Design guidance
Building access areas including lift lobbies, stairwells and hallways should be clearly visible from the public domain and communal spaces
The design of ground floors and underground car parks minimise level changes along pathways and entries
Steps and ramps should be integrated into the overall building and landscape design
For large developments ‘way finding’ maps should be provided to assist visitors and residents (see figure 4T.3)
For large developments electronic access and audio/video intercom should be provided to manage access
Figure 3G.6 Windows and balconies should overlook through-site connections to provide passive surveillance
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Figure 3H.1 The impact of vehicle access points on the street can be minimised by locating them on secondary frontages
The location, type and design of vehicle access points have significant impacts on the streetscape, the site layout and the building facade design. It is important that vehicle access is integrated with site planning from an early stage to balance any potential conflicts with traffic patterns, streetscape elements and safe pedestrian access.
3H Vehicle access
Figure 3H.2 Clear sightlines help to keep pedestrians safe. Locating entries to car parks at the lowest level of the site reduces ramp length
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Objective 3H-1Vehicle access points are designed and located to achieve safety, minimise conflicts between pedestrians and vehicles and create high quality streetscapes
Design guidance
Car park access should be integrated with the building’s overall facade. Design solutions may include:
• the materials and colour palette to minimise visibility from the street
• security doors or gates at entries that minimise voids in the facade
• where doors are not provided, the visible interior reflects the facade design and the building services, pipes and ducts are concealed
Car park entries should be located behind the building line
Vehicle entries should be located at the lowest point of the site minimising ramp lengths, excavation and impacts on the building form and layout
Car park entry and access should be located on secondary streets or lanes where available
Vehicle standing areas that increase driveway width and encroach into setbacks should be avoided
Access point locations should avoid headlight glare to habitable rooms
Adequate separation distances should be provided between vehicle entries and street intersections
The width and number of vehicle access points should be limited to the minimum
Visual impact of long driveways should be minimised through changing alignments and screen planting
The need for large vehicles to enter or turn around within the site should be avoided
Garbage collection, loading and servicing areas are screened
Clear sight lines should be provided at pedestrian and vehicle crossings
Traffic calming devices such as changes in paving material or textures should be used where appropriate
Pedestrian and vehicle access should be separated and distinguishable. Design solutions may include:
• changes in surface materials
• level changes
• the use of landscaping for separation
Figure 3H.3 Vehicle and pedestrian access should be clearly separated to improve pedestrian safety and comfort
Figure 3H.4 The visual impact of vehicle entries can be minimised by an offset alignment of the driveway and screen planting
Figure 3H.5 Where possible vehicle access points should not dominate the streetscape and be limited to the minimum width possible
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3J Bicycle and car parking
Integrating car parking within apartment buildings has a significant impact on site planning, landscape and building design. On site parking can be located underground, above ground within a structure or at grade.
The location, form and organisation of parking is usually a balance of development feasibility, site constraints, local context, apartment types and regulatory car parking requirements. Deep soil zones, stormwater management and the retention of trees can also affect the size and shape of a car park footprint.
Parking requirements should be determined in relation to the availability, frequency and convenience of public transport or proximity to a centre in regional areas. Reduced requirements promote a reduction in car dependency and encourage walking, cycling and use of public transport. Provision of parking for alternative forms of transport such as car share vehicles, motorcycles and bicycles should also be considered. Where less car parking is provided, councils should not provide on street resident parking permits.
Figure 3J.1 This development provides green open space on top of the car park structure (top photo). The ground level facing the street is 'wrapped' with retail and commercial uses (bottom photo)
Nominated regional centres
Albury, Ballina, Batemans Bay, Bathurst, Bega, Bowral, Cessnock, Charlestown, Coffs Harbour, Dapto, Dubbo, Glendale–Cardiff, Gosford, Goulburn, Grafton, Lismore, Maitland, Morisset, Newcastle, Nowra, Orange, Port Macquarie, Queanbeyan, Raymond Terrace, Shellharbour, Tamworth, Taree, Tuggerah–Wyong, Tweed Heads, Wagga Wagga, Warrawong and Wollongong
Table 3 Nominated regional centres for design criteria 1
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Figure 3J.2 Car share parking spaces that are conveniently located as part of apartment developments encourage reduced car ownership
Figure 3J.3 Car share parking spaces can be provided in private areas of development for use by residents
Objective 3J-1Car parking is provided based on proximity to public transport in metropolitan Sydney and centres in regional areas
Design criteria
1. For development in the following locations:
• on sites that are within 800 metres of a railway station or light rail stop in the Sydney Metropolitan Area; or
• on land zoned, and sites within 400 metres of land zoned, B3 Commercial Core, B4 Mixed Use or equivalent in a nominated regional centre
the minimum car parking requirement for residents and visitors is set out in the Guide to Traffic Generating Developments, or the car parking requirement prescribed by the relevant council, whichever is less
The car parking needs for a development must be provided off street
Design guidance
Where a car share scheme operates locally, provide car share parking spaces within the development. Car share spaces, when provided, should be on site
Where less car parking is provided in a development, council should not provide on street resident parking permits
Objective 3J-2Parking and facilities are provided for other modes of transport
Design guidance
Conveniently located and sufficient numbers of parking spaces should be provided for motorbikes and scooters
Secure undercover bicycle parking should be provided that is easily accessible from both the public domain and common areas
Conveniently located charging stations are provided for electric vehicles, where desirable
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Figure 3J.5 Bicycle parking for residents should be secure and easy to access from common areas
3J Bicycle and car parking
Figure 3J.4 Permeable roller doors allow for natural ventilation and improve the safety of car parking areas by enabling passive surveillance
Figure 3J.8 Efficient car park layouts and ramp design should be used Figure 3J.9 Car wash bays can be accessed without crossing car parking spaces
Figure 3J.6 Natural ventilation to the underground car park is integrated into the landscape design of this development
Figure 3J.7 An example of a car wash bay integrated into the basement car park of a residential apartment building
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Figure 3J.10 Car parking is well organised and used a logical, clearly marked structure
Figure 3J.11 Visitor car parking is provided within car parks
Figure 3J.12 Where car parks are located above ground and visible from public or common areas, they should be partially of fully screened from view
Objective 3J-3Car park design and access is safe and secure
Design guidance
Supporting facilities within car parks, including garbage, plant and switch rooms, storage areas and car wash bays can be accessed without crossing car parking spaces
Direct, clearly visible and well lit access should be provided into common circulation areas
A clearly defined and visible lobby or waiting area should be provided to lifts and stairs
For larger car parks, safe pedestrian access should be clearly defined and circulation areas have good lighting, colour, line marking and/or bollards
Objective 3J-4Visual and environmental impacts of underground car parking are minimised
Design guidance
Excavation should be minimised through efficient car park layouts and ramp design
Car parking layout should be well organised, using a logical, efficient structural grid and double loaded aisles
Protrusion of car parks should not exceed 1m above ground level. Design solutions may include stepping car park levels or using split levels on sloping sites
Natural ventilation should be provided to basement and sub basement car parking areas
Ventilation grills or screening devices for car parking openings should be integrated into the facade and landscape design
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3J Bicycle and car parking
Figure 3J.13 Landscaped on-street parking can enhance streetscape character
Figure 3J.14 Landscaping of on-street parking reduces visual impact while providing amenity and environmental benefits such as shade, reduced surface temperatures and water management
Figure 3J.15 The impact of car parking and vehicular access points on the streetscape should be minimised
Figure 3J.16 Screening can be used to integrate above ground car parking with the facade
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Figure 3J.17 Above ground parking should be concealed behind the building facade and wrapped with other uses along the primary street frontage, such as retail, commercial or two storey SOHO units
Retail
Commercial
Objective 3J-6Visual and environmental impacts of above ground enclosed car parking are minimised
Design guidance
Exposed parking should not be located along primary street frontages
Screening, landscaping and other design elements including public art should be used to integrate the above ground car parking with the facade. Design solutions may include:
• car parking that is concealed behind the facade, with windows integrated into the overall facade design (approach should be limited to developments where a larger floor plate podium is suitable at lower levels)
• car parking that is ‘wrapped’ with other uses, such as retail, commercial or two storey Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) units along the street frontage (see figure 3J.9)
Positive street address and active frontages should be provided at ground level
Objective 3J-5Visual and environmental impacts of on-grade car parking are minimised
Design guidance
On-grade car parking should be avoided
Where on-grade car parking is unavoidable, the following design solutions are used:
• parking is located on the side or rear of the lot away from the primary street frontage
• cars are screened from view of streets, buildings, communal and private open space areas
• safe and direct access to building entry points is provided
• parking is incorporated into the landscape design of the site, by extending planting and materials into the car park space
• stormwater run-off is managed appropriately from car parking surfaces
• bio-swales, rain gardens or on site detention tanks are provided, where appropriate
• light coloured paving materials or permeable paving systems are used and shade trees are planted between every 4-5 parking spaces to reduce increased surface temperatures from large areas of paving
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