APARTHEID by Julia Pasqualini. A foreword Life was born in Africa more precisely in Ethiopia but The...
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APARTHEIDAPARTHEID
by Julia Pasqualini
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A forewordA forewordLife was born in Africa
more precisely in Ethiopia
but
The whole of Africa was colonised and abused by the white man.
Why ?
Africans were thought to be “uncivilised”
whites considered themselves superior to every other “race”
the white man was chosen by God and blacks were a subservient species.
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• a
real motivations were based on economical considerations
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Are we really different?
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Apartheid: an old idea, a new term
• Apartheid was a form of segregation based on racial differences launched by Malan.
• It became a law in 1948 with the National Party.
• Declared to be a“crime against humanity” in 1972
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Motivations
Ideological motivationsIdeological motivations Real motivationsReal motivations
Each racial group will have the possibility of enhancing their culture and traditions
Real motivations were based on economic considerations
Botha’s speech (1980)
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What are the main features of apartheid?
National Party
A.N.C
Umkhoto we Sizwe
Inkata party for freedom
Black consciousness movement
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National PartyNational Party
• The party ruling from 1948 to 1994 imposed apartheid on South Africa.
• N.P imposed also the segregation of blacks in reserved areas called “bantustan” * or “homeland”.
*Natives were called Bantù by whites
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A.N.C & Umkhoto we SizweA.N.C & Umkhoto we Sizwe
• A.N.C promoted a policy characterized by the presence of democratic and anti-racial -segregation elements. It was inspired by Gandhi’s non-violence movements.
• Some important personalities like Nelson Mandela belonged to A.N.C
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Umkhoto we SizweUmkhoto we Sizwe
• When A.N.C was banned, Mandela launched an armed struggle by forming “Umkhoto we Sizwe” also known as MK.
So MK represented the armed wing of the ANC
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Inkata party for freedomInkata party for freedom
• An illegal party, which opposed the A.N.C on tribal issues.
• They also created concentration camps where the spies of the government where tortured and killed
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Black consciousness movementBlack consciousness movement
• A protest movement of black university students led by Steve Biko
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Resistance and repression Resistance and repression
• During the1960s and 1970s black university students began to react against the government. The most important leader was Steve Biko a very charismatic figure
• He became a martyr and a symbol of black resistance to the oppressive regime.
• Massacre of Soweto 1976
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What measures were adopted by What measures were adopted by the National Party?the National Party?
• 1913-1936 reserves were created for blacks
• 1948-1951 3, 5 million people were transported in “Bantustans”
• 1959: N.P deliberated “The different development”
• 1960: creation of “Pass Law” and of different rights.
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What apartheid entailed
…
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Times of change:Times of change: from 1989 to 1994 from 1989 to 1994
• De Klerk understood that apartheid must be abolished.
• In 1991 he decided to make a referendum to re-write the Constitution and to abolish racial segregation.
• In February 1993 Chris Hani was killed.• 1994 Mandela and De Klerk received the
Nobel prize for peace.• 1994 South Africa’s first free elections
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