APA Style--ReviewAPA Style--Review

College of Graduate and Continuing StudiesCollege of Graduate and Continuing Studies

20052005

Kitty says, “relax”! It’s a breeze!

Why APA style?Why APA style?

Allows readers to cross-reference sources Allows readers to cross-reference sources

Provides a consistent standard across Provides a consistent standard across programprogram

Gives the student credibility as a writer and Gives the student credibility as a writer and protection from plagiarismprotection from plagiarism

Help students be more critical consumers of Help students be more critical consumers of the information they read and selectthe information they read and select

Format basicsFormat basics

Margins:Margins: One inch on all sides (top, bottom, left,  One inch on all sides (top, bottom, left, right)          right)         

Font Size and Type:Font Size and Type: 10-12-pt. font (Times Roman,  10-12-pt. font (Times Roman, Courier, or Arial are acceptable typefaces)          Courier, or Arial are acceptable typefaces)         

Spacing:Spacing: Double-space throughout the paper, Double-space throughout the paper,

Alignment:Alignment: Flush left (creating uneven right  Flush left (creating uneven right margin)          margin)         

Paragraph Indentation:Paragraph Indentation: 5-7 spaces           5-7 spaces         

Pagination: Pagination: The page number appears one inch from The page number appears one inch from the right edge of the paper on the first line of every the right edge of the paper on the first line of every pagepage

HeadingsHeadings

Level 1:Centered Upper- and Lowercase Heading

Level 2:Centered, Italicized, Upper and Lowercase Heading

Level 3:Flush Left, Italicized, Upper and Lowercase Side Heading Level 4:

Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.

HeadingsHeadings

Example of 2 levels:Example of 2 levels:MethodMethod11

ProcedureProcedure33

Example of 3 levels:Example of 3 levels:Experiment 2Experiment 211

MethodMethod33

Participants.Participants.22

Citing summariesCiting summaries

Summarizing: condensing and restating Summarizing: condensing and restating another’s ideas in your own wordsanother’s ideas in your own words

Example:Example:– Smith has written an entire book on how much Smith has written an entire book on how much

she enjoys using APA format.she enjoys using APA format. Smith (2003) explains that APA is fun.Smith (2003) explains that APA is fun. APA is fun (Smith, 2003).APA is fun (Smith, 2003).

Summarized information needs to be cited Summarized information needs to be cited in both the text and the reference pagein both the text and the reference page

Citing paraphrasesCiting paraphrases

Paraphrasing: restating another’s ideas in Paraphrasing: restating another’s ideas in your own wordsyour own words

Example:Example:– Smith’s direct quote on page 28 is as follow: Smith’s direct quote on page 28 is as follow:

“Using APA is great fun.”“Using APA is great fun.” Smith (2003) explains that APA is fun (p. 28).Smith (2003) explains that APA is fun (p. 28). APA is fun (Smith, 2003, p. 28).APA is fun (Smith, 2003, p. 28).

Paraphrased information needs to be cited Paraphrased information needs to be cited in both the text and the reference pagein both the text and the reference page

Citing quotesCiting quotes

Use block quotes when citing 40 or more words in a Use block quotes when citing 40 or more words in a rowrow– Wu (2002) has found self-fulfillment through APA:Wu (2002) has found self-fulfillment through APA:

APA citations have solidified my purpose and direction in life. APA citations have solidified my purpose and direction in life. Reading the Reading the Publication manualPublication manual has helped me find structure has helped me find structure and order in my chaotic, postmodern existence. As an and order in my chaotic, postmodern existence. As an instructor, one of my greatest joys is sharing this sense of instructor, one of my greatest joys is sharing this sense of order with others. (p. 174)order with others. (p. 174)

WARNING: Avoid over-using block quotes in WARNING: Avoid over-using block quotes in papers. Keep quotations, especially block quotes, papers. Keep quotations, especially block quotes, to a minimum. Instead, use summaries and to a minimum. Instead, use summaries and paraphrases whenever possible.paraphrases whenever possible.

In-text citationsIn-text citations

A direct quote… (Bradley, 1998, p.276).

Paraphrasing with one author (Bradley, 1998).…with two authors… (Bradley & Calhoun, 1998).…with three to five authors

(1st time only) (Bradley, Calhoun, Davis & Fitch, 1998).

…with three to five authors(following the 1st time) (Bradley et al., 1998).

…with six or more authors (Bradley et al., 1998).With no author, use the first identifying words of the title (“The Journey,” 1998).

ReferencesReferences

Bibliography: contains sources listed in Bibliography: contains sources listed in the paper plus sources consulted in the paper plus sources consulted in writing the paperwriting the paper

References: contains only sources References: contains only sources listed in the paperlisted in the paper

Use reference pagesUse reference pages

BooksBooks

Drucker, P. F. (1990). Drucker, P. F. (1990). Managing the non-profit organization: Practices Managing the non-profit organization: Practices

and principles.and principles. New York: Harper-Collins. New York: Harper-Collins.

Herrington, J., Bonem, M., & Furr, J. H. (2000). Herrington, J., Bonem, M., & Furr, J. H. (2000). Leading congregational Leading congregational

change: A practical guide for the transformational journey. change: A practical guide for the transformational journey. San San

Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Title: only first word of title, subtitles, & proper nouns in capsTitle: only first word of title, subtitles, & proper nouns in caps City, state: publisherCity, state: publisher Colon between place of publication and publisherColon between place of publication and publisher Certain cities, no state or country neededCertain cities, no state or country needed

Locations need no state, Locations need no state, countrycountry BaltimoreBaltimore BostonBoston ChicagoChicago Los AngelesLos Angeles New YorkNew York PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia San FranciscoSan Francisco

AmsterdamAmsterdam JerusalemJerusalem LondonLondon MilanMilan MoscowMoscow ParisParis RomeRome StockholmStockholm TokyoTokyo ViennaVienna

JournalsJournals

From Electronic Database:From Electronic Database:

Borman, W. C., Hanson, M. A., Oppler, S. H.,Puklakos, E. D., & Borman, W. C., Hanson, M. A., Oppler, S. H.,Puklakos, E. D., & White, L. A. (1993). Role of early supervisor performance. White, L. A. (1993). Role of early supervisor performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 443-449. Retrieved 443-449. Retrieved October 23, 2000, from PsycArticles Proquest database.October 23, 2000, from PsycArticles Proquest database.

Hardcopy:Hardcopy:

Wilson, J. (1996). Direct mail: How to reduce your costs & Wilson, J. (1996). Direct mail: How to reduce your costs & increase your results. increase your results. Evangelism, 10Evangelism, 10(4), 121-126.(4), 121-126.

Web Pages vs. Web SitesWeb Pages vs. Web Sites

Web sitesWeb sites– Summarized information obtained through Summarized information obtained through

reviewing an entire web sitereviewing an entire web site– Cite the information within the text, but not in the Cite the information within the text, but not in the

referencesreferences– The APA Activists (The APA Activists (http://http://www.apaactivists.orgwww.apaactivists.org) )

website explains how students and professors website explains how students and professors can become more effective in promoting APA can become more effective in promoting APA standards within academia.standards within academia.

Web PagesWeb Pages

Web PageWeb Page

National Consumers League. (1999). National Consumers League. (1999). Helping Helping seniors targeted for telemarketing fraudseniors targeted for telemarketing fraud. . Retrieved January 23, 2001, from Retrieved January 23, 2001, from http://http://fraud.org/elderfraud/helpsen.htmfraud.org/elderfraud/helpsen.htm

WritingWriting

Avoid passive voiceAvoid passive voice– The fly ball The fly ball was caught was caught by by

HernandoHernando– Hernando Hernando caught caught the ball the ball– The transformer The transformer was struckwas struck by by

lightning, plunging us into darknesslightning, plunging us into darkness– Lightning Lightning struck struck the transformer, the transformer,

plunging us into darknessplunging us into darkness

Avoid “be” verbs (wordy)Avoid “be” verbs (wordy)– Burying nuclear waste in Antarctica Burying nuclear waste in Antarctica

would bewould be in violation of an in violation of an international treatyinternational treaty Use “would violate”Use “would violate”

ResourcesResources

Writing CenterWriting Center: : http://concordia.csp.edu/Writihttp://concordia.csp.edu/WritingCenter/ngCenter/

A writer’s reference bookA writer’s reference book Dianahacker.com/writersrefDianahacker.com/writersref