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APA Publication

Manual Sixth Edition

1

2

2001 2010

What is APA?

APA

(American Psychological

Association)

It was developed by social and

behavioral scientists to

standardize scientific writing.

It is the most commonly used

format for manuscripts in the

social sciences.

3

What is APA?

• Manual Chapters

o Chapter 1:Writing for the Behavioral and Social Sciences.

o Chapter 2: Manuscript Structure and Content.

o Chapter 3: Writing Clearly and Concisely.

o Chapter 4: The Mechanics of Style.

o Chapter 5: Displaying Results.

o Chapter 6: Crediting Sources.

o Chapter 7: Reference Examples.

o Chapter 8: The Publication Process.

4

What is APA?

• APA style is used for:

o Empirical studies.

o Literature reviews.

o Theoretical articles.

o Methodological articles.

o Case studies.

5

Ethical and Legal

Standards

6

Ethical and Legal Standards in

Publishing

• Ensuring accuracy of scientific knowledge.

o Ethical reporting of research results: be honest.

o Data sharing: make data available during review and publication

process.

o Data retention: retain raw data for five years after publication and

protect confidentiality of research participants.

o Duplicate publication: same data or ideas in two separate

publications.

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Publishing

• Ensuring accuracy of scientific knowledge.

o Piecemeal publication of data: unnecessary splitting of

the findings from one research effort into multiple

articles.

o Plagiarism.

o Self-plagiarism: present previously published work as

new scholarship.

8


Publishing

• Protecting the rights and welfare of research

participants.

o Rights and confidentiality of research participants.

o Conflict of interest.

9


Publishing

• Protecting intellectual property rights.

o Publication credit: authorship is reserved for persons who make a

substantial contribution to and who accept responsibility for a

published work.

o Reviewers: the manuscript is a confidential and privileged document

during review process.

o Author´s copyright on an unpublished manuscript: include the

copyright notice on all published and unpublished works.

o Planning for ethical compliance.

10

Format and

Manuscript Elements

11

Language in an APA paper

• Clear: be specific in descriptions and explanations.

• Concise: condense information when you can.

• Plain: use simple, descriptive adjectives and minimize the figurative

language.

• Use:

o The third person rather than the first person:

e.g. Correct: The study showed that…

Incorrect: I found that...

o The active voice rather than the passive voice:

e.g. Correct: The participants responded…

Incorrect: The participants have been asked....

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13

Format

• Margins: Set margin at 1 inch (2.54 cm.) from all edges of the

paper.

• Alignment: Is set at the left margin only for all text except title

and title page.

• Font (typeface): The preferred typeface is Times New Roman 12.

• Indents: Indent the first sentence of each paragraph ½ inch. All

other lines of the paragraph wrap to the left margin. Indent

blocked quotes (40 words or more) including the first sentence.

• Line Spacing: All lines are double-spaced. The first line of each

page (except title page) begins at the top margin.

14

• Page Numbers: Place page numbers at the top right corner (inside

the header), beginning with the title page.

• Order of Manuscript Pages

o Title page

o Abstract

o Text

o References

o Tables

o Figures

o Appendices

Format

15

Manuscript Elements: Title Page

• Running Head

o On the first line of the title page flush-left.

o Begin with the words “Running head” following by a

colon. Then give an abbreviated title of your paper in 50

characters or less (in caps.).

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• Running Head


17


In the upper half of the title page:

• Full Title

o Twelve words or less.

o It should be a concise statement of the main topic and should

identify the variables or theoretical issues under investigation and

the relationship between them.

o Should be typed in uppercase and lowercase letters, centered.

• Author’s name: First name, middle initial(s) and last name. Omit

all titles and degrees.

• Institutional Affiliation

18

Manuscript Elements: Abstract

• Brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of the article.

The label “Abstract” should appear in uppercase and lowercase

letters, centered, at the top of the page. The abstract must begin

in a new page.

• A good abstract is (APA, 2010, p. 26):

o Accurate

o Non-evaluative

o Coherent and readable

o Concise

• No indentation.

19

Manuscript Elements: Main Body

• Type the title of the paper centered, at the top of

the page.

• Type the text double-spaced with all sections

following each other without a break.

20

Manuscript Elements: References

• Begin in a new page.

• The label “References” should appear in uppercase

and lowercase letters, centered (APA, 2010, p. 37).

• Double-space all reference entries.

• The first line of each reference is set flush left and

subsequent lines are indented.

Organizing a

Manuscript

21

22

Headings (APA, 2010, pp. 62-63).

• There are five possible formatting arrangements,

according to the number of levels of

subordination.

• Each section starts with the highest level of

heading.

• The introduction section does not carry a heading.

Level of Heading (APA, 2010, p. 62).

Centered, Boldface, Uppercase

and Lowercase Headings

Flush Left, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading

Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph heading

Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.

Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Level 4

Level 5

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Seriation (APA 2010, p. 63).

Within a paragraph or sentence:

• Identify elements in a series by lowercase letters in parentheses

The participant’s three choices were (a) working with another

participant, (b) working with a team, and (c) working alone.

• Use commas to separate three or more elements that do not have

internal commas; use semicolons to separate three or more

elements that have internal commas

Sales classification was (a) low sales, who obtained less than

$25,000; (b) regular sales, who obtained between $25,000 and $100,000;

and (c) remarkable sales, who obtained sales for more than $100,000.

25

Seriation (APA 2010, p. 62).

Separate paragraphs in a series:

1. An Arabic numeral followed by a period but not enclosed in or

followed by parentheses.

2. The first word is capitalized, and the sentence ends with a

period or correct punctuation.

3. If the use of numbered lists may connote an unwanted or

unwarranted ordinal position among items; these items could

be identify by bullets.

Numbers and

Statistical Symbols

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27

Numbers

• Use numerals to express numbers 10 and above and words to

express numbers below 10.

• Exceptions:

o Use words for approximations of numbers of days,

months, and years

...about three months ago.

o Any number that begins a sentence, title, or text heading.

Thirty-four men were selected to participate in the experiment.

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• Exceptions (cont.):

o Common fractions.

one fifth of the class two-thirds majority.

o Universally accepted usage.

the Twelve Apostles Five Pillars of Islam

• Combining numerals and words to express numbers

o Use a combination of numerals and words to express back-to-back modifiers.

2 two-way interactions ten 7-point scales

o When combining numerals and words, readability may suffer, spell out both numbers.

first two items

Numbers

29

• Decimal Fractions

o Use a zero before the decimal point with numbers that

are less than 1 when the statistic can exceed 1.

0.23 cm 0.48 s

o Do not use a zero before a decimal fraction when the

statistic cannot be greater than 1.

r(24) = -.43 p = .028

Numbers

30

• To form the plural of numbers, whether expressed as figures or as words, add s or es alone, without an apostrophe

fours and sixes 1950s 10s and 20s

• Commas in numbers

o Use commas between groups of three digits in most figures of 1,000 or more.

Exceptions:

Page numbers page 1029

Binary digits 00110010

Serial numbers 290466960

Degrees of temperature 3071 °F

Degrees of freedom F(24, 1000)

Numbers

Statistical Symbols

• When using a statistical term in the narrative, use the term, not

the symbol:

o Use: The means were

o Not: The Ms were

• Population parameters are usually represented by Greek

letters:

o Population correlation would be represented as r.

• Most estimators are represented by italicized Latin letters.

o Population correlation would be represented as r.

31

Statistical Symbols

• Symbols for number of subjects:

o Use an uppercase, italicized N to designate the number of

members in the total sample: N = 135.

o Use a lowercase, italicized n to designate the number of

members in a limited portion of the total sample: n = 30.

• Symbol for percentage: use it only when it is preceded

by a numeral: 18%.

32

Statistical Symbols

• Standard, boldface, and italic type:

o Greek letters, subscripts, and superscripts that function as

identifiers and abbreviations that are not variables are set in

standard typeface:

mgirls, a1 bi

o Symbols for vectors and matrices are set in boldface:

V, S

o All other statistical symbols are set in italic type:

N, Mx´, df, SSE, MSE, t, F

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Tables and Figures

34

Tables and Figures

• Enable authors to present a large amount of information

efficiently and to make their data more comprehensible.

• Tables

o Show numerical values or textual information arranged in an

orderly display columns and rows.

• Figures

o May be a chart, graph, photograph, drawing, or any other

illustration or non-textual depiction.

35

Tables and Figures: General Information

• Number all tables and figures with Arabic numerals in the

order in which they are first mentioned in text.

Table 1, Table 2, Figure 1, Figure 2...

• List of Tables (first)

• List of Figures (then)

• When Tables and Figures are cited in the text : use T and F.

36

Tables and Figures: Copyright Permission

• If you reproduce or adapt a table, figure, questionnaire, or test item from a copyrighted source, you must obtain written permission for print and electronic reuse and give credit in the table or figure capture to the original author and copyright holder.

From [or The data in column 1 are from] “Title of Article,” by A.N. Author and C.O. Author, year, Title of Journal, Volume, p. xx. Copyright [year] by the Name of Copyright Holder. Reprinted [or adapted] with permission.

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Tables

38

General Information

• Allows complex data to be expressed in a tidy format.

• They should not be used when results can easily be

expressed in text.

• Consider combining tables that repeat data (identical

columns or rows of data should not appear in two or

more tables).

• Tables may be submitted either single - or double -

spaced.

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40

Tables

Table Number: Table numbers must be written in Arabic numbers

Table Title: A description of the table in italics, single-spaced from

the table number.

Table Note: Three types of notes can be place below the table:

Note. General notes to a table appear here, including definitions of

abbreviations.

aA specific note appears on a separate line below any general notes;

subsequent specific notes are run in.

* A probability note (p value) appears on a separate line below any

specific notes; subsequent probability notes are run in.

Table Number Table Title

Stub Head: heading that

identifies the entries in

leftmost column

Column Spanner: heading

that identifies the entries in

two or more columns in the

body of the table

Decked heads: heading

that is stacked, often to

avoid repetition of words

in column headings

Column heads:

heading that

identifies the

entries in just one

column in the body

of the table

Cell: point of

intersection between a

row and a column

Table Body: rows of

cells containing

primary data of the

table

Stub or stub column:

leftmost column of the

table; usually lists the

major independent or

predictor variables

Table note: three

types of notes can be

placed below the

table, which can

eliminate repetition

from the body of the

table 41

Basic Components of a Table

Table X

Number of Children With and Without Proof of

Parental Citizenship

___ ____________________________________

Girls Boys

Grade With Without With Without

Wave 1

3 380 240 281 232

4 297 251 290 264

5 301 260 306 221

_______________________________________

Total 878 751 877 717 _______________________________________ Note. General notes to a table appear here, including definitions of abbreviations. a A specific note appears on a separate line below any general notes; subsequent specific notes are run in

*A probability note ( p value) appears on a separate line below

any specific notes; subsequent probability notes are run in .

Table Titles

• Brief but clear and explanatory Too General:

Relation between College Majors and Performance [It is unclear what data

are presented in the table.]

Too detailed:

Mean Performance Scores on Test A, Test B, and Test C of Students with

Psychology, Physics, English, and Engineering Majors [This duplicates

information in the headings of the table.]

Good Title:

Mean Performance Scores of Students with Different College Majors

42

Table Titles

• Abbreviations that appear in the heading or the body

of a table sometimes can be parenthetically

explained.

Comparison of Median Income of Adopted Children (AC) v.

Foster Children (FC)

• If the abbreviations require longer explanations or do

not relate to the table title, explained them in the

table notes.

43

Table Headings

• Establish the organization of the data and identify the

columns of data beneath them.

• Should be brief and should not have many more characters

in length that the widest entry

Poor: Good:

44

Grade level

3

4

5

Grade

3

4

5

Table Headings

• Use standard abbreviations and symbols for nontechnical terms

(e.g., no. for number, % for percent) and statistics without

explanations (e.g., M, SD, χ2).

• A list of statistical abbreviations and symbols can be found in

the APA Publication Manual.

Table 1

Demographic Characteristics of Participants (N = 1,022)

45

Characteristics n %

Age at time of survey (years)

20 - 29 244 24

30 - 39 534 52

40 - 49 132 13

50 - 59 112 11

Table Headings

• Establish the organization of the data and identify the columns

of data beneath them.

• A column spanner covers two or more columns, each with its

own column head: decked heads, which can be used to avoid

repetition of words in column heads.

• Do not use more than two levels of decked heads.

Incorrect: Wordy: Correct:

46

Temporal lobe:

Left Right Left temporal

lobe

Right temporal

lobe

Temporal lobe

Left Right

Table Headings

• Table spanners can be used for establishing divisions

within the text body.

Table 2

Individual and Family Characteristics as a Percentage of the Sample

47

Table

Spanners

Characteristic

Mother

( n = 750 )

Father

( n = 466 )

Child

( n = 750 )

Self - identity

Mexican 77.2 71.0 41.0

Mexican American 22.8 29.0 59.0

Nativity

Mexico 74.2 (38.2 ) 80.0 (44.2) 29.7

United States 25.8 (61.8) 20.0 (55.8) 70.3

Language preference

English 30.2 (52.7) 23.2 (52.7) 82.5 (70.0)

Spanish 69.8 (48.3) 76.8 (48.3) 17.5 (30.0)

Table Body

• Decimal Values

o In general round to two decimal places.

o To report p values, report exact p values to two or three

decimal places.

o Report p values less than .001 as p < .001.

Table 3

Analysis of Covariance of Posttest Knowledge Scores as a Function of Instruction

Condition and Tutor Help, with Pretest Knowledge Scores and Covariates

48

Source df SS M S F ω 2

Covariate 1 39.31 9 .31 4.22 ** .05 Instruct ion condition (IC) 2 38.78 1 9 .39 2.50* .03 T utor held (TH) 2 30.26 3 0 .26 3.90** .04

IC X TH 2 76.04 3 8 .02 4.90** .06 Error 54 419.04 7 .76 Total 60 573.43 9 .56

* p < .05. ** p < .0 1

Table Body

• Empty Cells

o If the data cannot be filled because data are not applicable,

leave the cell blank.

Table 4

Demographic Characteristics of Participants (N = 1,022)

49

Characteristics n % M

Gender

Male 560 54.79

Female 462 45.21

Age at time of survey (years)

20 - 29 244 24 25.60

30 - 39 534 52 34.80

40 - 49 132 13 45.50

50 - 59 112 11 56.10

Table Body

• Empty Cells

o If a data cannot be reported, insert a dash in that cell and explain

the use of the dash in the general note.

o By convention a dash in the main diagonal position of a

correlation matrix indicates the correlation with itself.

50

Table 5

Intercorrelations for Dimensions of Achievement Scale and Five other Need for Achievement

Measures

Measure 1 2 3 4 5 6

1. Dimensions of Achievement Scale --

2. Brunswick Achievement Measure .76 --

3. Need for Achivement Inventory .70 .88 --

4. Achievement Perception Test .56 .65 .61 --

5. Peer rating of need for achievement .45 .5 5 .52 .67 --

6. Self - rating of need for achivement .53 .56 .43 .37 .87 --

Table Notes • General Notes

o Qualifies, explains, or provides information relating to the table

(abbreviations, symbols, references and the like).

51

Table 6

Predictors of Self Reported Moral Behavior

Self - reported moral behavior

Model 2

Variable Model 1 B B 95% CI

Constant 3.192** 2.99** [2.37, 3.62]

Gender 0.18* 0.17 [ - 0.00, 0.33]

Age - 0.06 - 0.05 [ - 0.14, 0.03]

Social desirability bias - 0.08** - 0.08** [ - 0.10, - 0.05]

Moral identity internalization - 0.17** - 0.16 [ - 0.26, - 0.06]

Moral identity symbolization - 0.07* 0.06 [ - 0.01, 0.12]

Perceptual moral attentiveness 0.07* [0.00, 0.13]

Reflective moral attentiveness - 0.01 [ - 0.08, 0.06]

R 2 .29 .31

F 19.07** 14.46**

R 2 .01

F 2.39 Note. N = 242. CI = confidence interval . . Adapted from “Moral Attentiveness: Who Pays Attention to the Moral Aspects of Life?,” by S. J. Reynolds, 2008, Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, p. 1035. Copyright 2008 by the American Psychologi cal Association. * p < .05 . * * p < . 0 1

Table Notes

• Specific Notes

o Refers to a particular column, row, or cell.

o Indicated by superscript lowercase letter (e.g., a,b,c).

Table 6

Individual and Family Characteristics as a Percentage of the Sample

52

Characteristic

Mother

( n = 750)

Father

( n = 466)

Child

( n = 750)

Na tivity a

Mexico 74.2 (38.2) 80.0 (44.2) 29.7

United States 25.8 (61.8) 20.0 (55.8) 70.3

Language preference b

English 30.2 (52.7) 23.2 (52.7) 82.5 (70.0)

Spanish 69.8 (48.3) 76.8 (48.3) 17.5 (30.0) Note. Adapted from “ Sampling and Recruitment in Studies of Cultural Influences on Adjustment: A Case Study with Mexican

Americans, ” by M. Roosa, F. F. Liu, M. Torres, N. A. Gonz ales, G. P. Knight, and D. Saenz, 2008, Journal of Family

Psychology, 22, p. 3 00. Copyright 2008 by the American Psychological Association. a Census data are for all women or men and are not limited to parents or adults in our age group.

b The most comparable census

data for mothers and fathers are for all adults 18 and older and for children are for 15 to 17 year olds.

Table Notes

• Probability Note

o Indicate how asterisk are used in a table to indicate p values.

o Assign the same number of asterisks from table to table within

your paper, such as *p < .05, **p < .01, and ***p < .001.

Table 3

Analysis of Covariance of Posttest Knowledge Scores as a Function of Instruction Condition and Tutor

Help, with Pretest Knowledge Scores and Covariates

53

Source df SS M S F ω 2

Covariate 1 39.31 9 .31 4.22 ** .05

Instruct ion condition (IC) 2 38.78 1 9 .39 2.50* .03

T utor held (TH) 2 30.26 3 0 .26 3.90** .04

IC X TH 2 76.04 3 8 .02 4.90** .06

Error 54 419.04 7 .76

Total 60 573.43 9 .56

* p < .05. ** p < .0 1

Table Notes

• To distinguish between one-tailed and two-tailed tests in the

same table use an asterisk for the two-tailed p values and an

alternate symbol for the one-tailed p values.

*p < .05, two-tailed. **p < .01, two-tailed. †p < .05, one-tailed. †p < .01,

one-tailed.

• Order the notes in the following sequences: general note,

specific note, probability note.

• Each type note begins flush left (no indentation).

Note. The participants.... Responses

an = 25. bn = 42.

*p < .05. **p < .01.

54

Figures

55

General Information

• Figures can be used to:

o Illustrate complex theoretical formulations.

o Represent a theory graphically through a set of path

models.

o Show the sample flow of subjects through a

randomized experiment.

o Flow of participants in a survey study.

o Illustrate the results of a one-way design with error

bars representing precision of the resulting estimates.

o Empirical results from a complex multivariate model.

o Details of an experimental laboratory set-up. 56

Standards

• Simplicity, clarity, continuity and information value.

• Checklist for a good figure:

o Augments the text.

o Conveys only essential facts.

o Omits visually distracting detail.

o Is easy to read, its elements are large enough to read.

o Is easy to understand.

o Is consistent with and in the same style as similar figures in the same article.

• Do not forget that:

o Lines are smooth and sharp.

o Inside the Figure, sans serif may be used because is simple.

o Elements within the figure are labeled or explained.

57

58

Figures

• Legend: Is an integral part of the figure; therefore, it should have the same kind and proportion of lettering that appears in the rest of the figure. Capitalize major words in the legend.

• Caption: It serves both as an explanation of the figure and as a figure title. After the descriptive phrase, add any information needed to clarify the figure including any acknowledgement that a figure is reproduced from another source. They should be placed below the figure.

Legends

• Integral part of the figure

• It should have the same kind

and proportion of lettering

that appear in the rest of the

figures

• Capitalize major words in the

legend

59

Legends

Captions

• Explanation and title of the figure.

• The figure itself should not include a title.

• The caption should be a brief but descriptive phrase.

Too brief: Figure 3. Fixation duration

Sufficiently descriptive: Figure 3. Fixation duration as a function of the

delay between the beginning of eye fixation and the onset of the stimulus in

Experiment 1.

• After the descriptive phrase, add nay information needed to

clarify the figure.

60

61

Figure Example

Figure 1. Conceptual framework of the relationship between TQM practices and

operating and business performance.

Home Literacy

Environment

(Predictors)

Language and

Literacy Skill

(Criterion)

Mediators (Phonological Awareness,

Preschool Letter Identification, Vocabulary)

c

a b

c’

a) Direct pathway

b) Indirect or Mediated Pathway

Home Literacy

Environment

(Predictors)

Language and

Literacy Skill

(Criterion)

Figure 1. Generic mediation model being tested (on the basis of Baron & Kenny, 1986).

Adapted from “Preschool Home Literacy Practices and Children’s Literacy Development: A longitudinal

Analysis,” by M. Hood, E. Conlon, and G. Andrews, 2008, Journal of Educational Psychology, 100, p. 259.

Copyright 2008 by the American Psychological Association.

62

Figure Example

Quoting

63

Direct Quotation of Sources

• If the quotation has less than 40 words, incorporate it into text and enclose the quotation with double quotation marks.

Hofstede (1991) defined culture as “the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another” (p. 5).

“In designing new products and services, we use the requirements of domestic customers” (Samson & Terziovski, 1999, p. 406).

64

Direct Quotation of Sources

• If the quotation comprises 40 or more words, display it in a freestanding block of text and omit the quotation marks. Indent the block from the left margin.

Schein (1992) defined culture as the following:

A pattern of shared basic assumptions that the group learned as it

solved its problems of external adaptation and of internal integration,

that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to

be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, to think, and

to feel in relation to those problems. (p. 12)

65

References

66

Citing References in Text

• One work by one author

o The surname of the author (do not include suffixes such as Jr.) and the year of

publication are inserted in the text at the appropriate point:

Lagrosen (2003) found that cultural dimensions of uncertainty avoidance

and individualism-collectivism have an influence on the TQM principles.

The cultural dimensions of uncertainty avoidance and individualism-

collectivism have an influence on the TQM principles (Lagrosen, 2003).

In 2003, Lagrosen found that cultural dimensions of uncertainty

avoidance and individualism-collectivism have an influence on the TQM

Principles.

67


• One work by multiple authors

o When the work has two authors, cite both names every time the

reference occurs in text.

As Sashan and Datta (2005) demostrated...

...as has been shown (Sashan & Datta, 2005).

o When the work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs; in subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by “et al.” and the year if it is the first citation of the reference within a paragraph.

Bolumole, Frankel, and Naslund (2007) found... [First citation in text].

Bolumole et al. (2007) found [Subsequent citations ]

68


• One work by multiple authors o Exception: If two references of more than three surnames with the same

year shorten to the same form, cite the surnames of the first authors and

of as many of the subsequent authors as necessary to distinguish the

two references, followed by a comma and “et al.”.

Ahire, Golhar, and Waller (1996) – Ahire, Waller, and Golhar (1996)

• Ahire, Golhar, et al. (1996)

• Ahire, Waller, et al. (1996)

69


• One work by six or more authors

o Cite only the surname of the first author followed by “et al.” and the year for the first and subsequent citations.

o If two references with six or more authors shorten to the same form, cite the surnames of the first authors and of as many of the subsequent authors as necessary to distinguish the two references, followed by a comma and “et al.”

70


• Groups as authors

o The names of groups that serve as authors are spelled out each time they appear in a text citation and in the subsequent citations, if the abbreviation is familiar, it may be abbreviate the name in second and subsequent citations.

Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI, 2010) [First citation]

(Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática [INEI], 2010) [First citation]

INEI (2010) [Second and subsequent citations]

71

Type of Citation First citation in

text

Subsequent

citations in text

Parenthetical

format, first citation

in text

Parenthetical format,

subsequent citations

in text

One work by one

author

Walker (2007) Walker (2007) (Walker, 2007) (Walker, 2007)

One work by two

authors

Walker and Allen

(2004)

Walker and Allen

(2004)

(Walker & Allen,

2004)

(Walker & Allen,

2004)

One work by three

authors

Bradley, Ramirez,

and Soo (1999)

Bradley et al.

(1999)

(Bradley, Ramirez, &

Soo, 1999)

(Bradley et al., 1999)

One work by four

authors

Bradley, Ramirez,

Soo, and Walsh

(2006)

Bradley et al.

(2006)

(Bradley, Ramirez,

Soo, & Walsh, 2006)

(Bradley et al., 2006)

One work by five

authors

Walker, Allen,

Bradley, Ramirez,

and Soo (2008)

Walker et al. (2008) (Walker, Allen,

Bradley, Ramirez, &

Soo, 2008)

(Walker et al., 2008)

One work by six

authors

Wasserstein et al.

(2005)

Wasserstein et al.

(2005)

(Wasserstein et al.,

2005)

(Wasserstein et al.,

2005)

Groups (readily

identified through

abbreviation) as

authors

National Institute of

Mental Health

(NIMH, 2003)

NIMH (2003) (National Institute of

Mental Health

[NIMH], 2003)

(NIMH, 2003)

Groups (no

abbreviation) as

authors

University of

Pittsburgh (2005)

University of

Pittsburgh (2005)

(University of

Pittsburgh, 2005)

(University of

Pittsburgh, 2005)


• Authors with the same surname

o Include the first author’s initial in all text citations, even if

the year of publication differs.

References:

Light, I. (2006).

Light, M. A., & Light, I. H. (2008).

Text

Among studies, we review M. A. Light and Light (2008) and I. Light

(2006).

73


• Two or more works within the same parenthesis o Order the citations of two or more works within the same parentheses

alphabetically in the same order they appear in the reference list. Separate the citations with semicolons.

Several studies (Miller, 1999; Shafranske & Mahoney, 1998)

o Identify works by the same author by year of publication. Give the authors’ surnames once; for each subsequent work, give only the date.

Several studies (Porter, 1981, 1992)

o When the work of one author has the same publication date, identify them by the suffixes a, b, c, and so forth, after the year; repeat the year.

Training materials are available (Department of Veterans Affairs, 2001, 2003a, 2003b).

74


• Secondary sources

o Use secondary sources sparingly, for instance, when the

original work is out of print, unavailable through usual

sources, or not available in English.

o Put the secondary source in the reference list; in text, name

the original work and give a citation for the secondary

source.

Allport’s diary (as cited in Nicholson, 2003)

75

Reference List

• Begin in a new page.

• References are listed in alphabetical order.

• One-author entries by the same author are arranged by year of publication, the earliest first:

Upenieks, V. (2003)

Upenieks, V. (2005)

• One-author entries precede multiple-author entries beginning with the same surname:

Alleyne, R. L. (2001)

Alleyne, R. L., & Evans, A. J. (1999)

76

References

1. First, write the authors’ surname and then their names’ initials; give in

parenthesis the year the work was published

Author, A. A., Author B. B., & Author C. C. (year).

2. Title: Capitalize only the first word of the title and of the subtitle, if any

and any proper noun.

3. In each entry the first line is flush left, while subsequent lines are

indented.

4. Double-space all reference entries.

5. Some publications include the digital object identifier (DOI), a unique

alphanumeric string assigned by a registration the International DOI

Foundation. We must provide the DOI, if one has been assigned, at the

end of the reference, using this format: doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.3.379

77

References: Books

• For an entire book:

Author, A. A. (2001). Title of work. Location: Publisher

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (2003) Title of work. Location: Publisher.

• For a chapter in a book:

Author, A. A. (2001). Title of chapter. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.),

Title of book (pp. xx-xx). Location: Publisher.

78

Locations

• When citing books and reports, the publisher's location (city and

state or, if outside the United States, city and country) should be

indicated.

• Locations from United States: the names of U.S. states and

territories are placed in the reference list, using the official two-letter

U.S. Postal Service abbreviations.

• Locations outside the United States: spell out the city and the

country names. Use a colon after the location.

79

Locations

• When the author is also the publisher, use Author to indicate the

publisher.

• Examples:

New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Washington, DC: Author.

Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Pretoria, South Africa: Unisa.

80

References: Journals • General reference form

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of the article. Title of

Periodical,Vol(N°), pp-pp.

• More than seven authors

Gilbert, D. G., McClernon, J. F., Rabinovich, N. E., Sugai, C., Plath, L. C., Asgaard, G., ...&

Botros, N. (2004). Effects of quitting smoking on EEG activation and attention last

for more than 31 days and are more severe with stress, dependence, DRD2 A1 allele,

and depressive traits. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 6(1), 249-267.

doi:10.1080/14622200410001676305

• In-press article posted in a preprint archive

Briscoe, R. (in press). Egocentric spatial representation in action and perception.

Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. Retrieved from

http://cogprints.org/5780/1/ECSRAP.F07.pdf

81

References: Examples • Magazine article

Chamberlin, J., Novotney, A., Packard, E., & Price, M. (2008, May). Enhancing

worker well-being: Occupational health psychologists convene to share their

research on work, stress, and health. Monitor on Psychology, 59(5), 26-29.

• Newspaper article

Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The

Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.

• Online newspaper article

Brody, J. E. (2007, December 11). Mental reserves keep brain agile. The New York

Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com

82

References: Examples

• Technical and Research Report

Author, A. A. (year). Title of work (Report No. xxx). Location:

Publisher.

Krishna, A., & Uphoff, N. (1999). Mapping and measuring social capital: A

conceptual and empirical study of collective action for conserving

and developing watersheds in Rajasthan, India (Working paper N°13).

Retrieved from

http://www.wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentSe

ver/WDSP/IB/2001/10/05/000094946_01092704070811/Rende

red/PDF/multi0page.pdf

83

References: Dissertations and Theses

• Doctoral dissertations and Master’s theses available from a database service

Author, A. A. (year). Title of the doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis (Doctoral

dissertation or master’s thesis). Retrieved from Name of database. (Accession

or Order N°.).

Emale, J. M. (2010). An examination of how conglomerates impact small-medium

enterprises in their relationship (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from

ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (Publication No. AAT 3407430)

• Unpublished dissertations or thesis

Author, A. A. (year). Title of the doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis

(Doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis). Name of Institution, Location.

84

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