AP World History Closers

7/29/2019 AP World History Closers

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SEDENTARY -Staying & farming in one spot.

AGRICULTURE Opposite of nomadic herding.

Led to the rise of cities

(Draw a pic) (What you drew and why)

NEOLITHIC -Began ~10,000 BCE with the

REVOLUTION start of sedentary agric., rise of

farming, & the domestication of

animals. Started in Middle East.


CHINESE -Peasants were the largest group,

SOCIAL merchants were ranked below

CLASSES peasants, very patriarchal.



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CASTE -Functioned as a political

SYSTEM institution in India by enforcing

rules of social behavior, tied in

with Hinduism; Untouchables

were at the bottom.

HINDUISM -Indias major religion,

polytheistic, believed in

reincarnation

(Draw a pic) (What you drew & why)

BUDDHISM -Founded by Siddhartha

Gautama, spread to China

HELLENISTIC -Spread of Greek ideas by

Alexander the Great. The

character, thought, culture, or

ethical system of ancient Greece.


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GREEK -Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

PHILOSOPHERS were students of each other,

the search for wisdom or

knowledge.

NOMADS -Moved from place to place,

acted as agents of contact

between sedentary peoples;

raiding & trading; example:

Huns

(pic) (what you drew & why)


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ROMAN -In the Roman republic, were

SENATE the main legislative body; 300

members, made laws.


BEDOUINS -Arabic camel nomads


CALIPH -The office of the political &

religious successor of

Muhammad; this issue split

Islam into Sunni & Shia sects(pic) (what you drew & why)


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UMMA -The concept of the community

of faithful that transcended

clan boundaries within Islam.


ISLAMIC -Bedouin culture, clan identity

INFLUENCES & rivalry, desert environment,

merchants & trade.


SALADIN -Muslim commander who


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defended the Holy Land from

western European Christian

crusaders.


SAHEL -Grassland belt at the s. edge of the

Sahara desert.


MANSA -Malis greatest ruler, made a

MUSA famous pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324


IBN -The greatest Arab traveler of the

BATUTA 14th century. Traveled for nearly 30

yrs. Visited Europe, Africa, & Asia.


TIMBUKTU -Great Islamic trading & culturalcenter in Mali during the 14th-16th

centuries.



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JUSTINIAN -Emperor of the Byzantine empire,

known for systemizing Roman

legal code & constructing the Hagia

Sophia church.


CONSTANTINOPLE -Capital of the Byzantine

Empire. Named after

Constantine, now known

as Istanbul. Overrun by

the Turks in 1453.


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FEUDALISM -Military & political system in

the Middle Ages in which

greater lords provided

protection & aid to others.

Serfs/peasants were on the

bottom.


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AZTEC EMPIRE -Located in present day

Mexico & C. America; highly

advanced & unified under 1

leader; capital wasTenochtitlan; taken over by

Cortes & the Spanish.


INCA EMPIRE -Located in present day Peru;highly advanced; taken over by

Pizarro & the Spanish (Pizza

Inc); also known as

Twantinsuyu empire

(pic) (what you drew & why)SPLIT -Incan practice whereby all the

INHERITANCE political power of the ruler went

to his successor but all his

wealth & land went to his male

descendants.


MITA -Incan practice of mandatory labor

on church & state lands for citizens.



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FOOTBINDING -Practice in China in which

young girls feet were

restricted from growing;

subordinated women.


JUNKS -Chinese ships that were the

best in the world; increasedChinese trade & contact with the

rest of the world.


FEUDALISM -Took place in both Europe &Japan. Very militaristic, rigid

social class system. Peasants

made up largest group in both

Euro & Japan.



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SAMURAI -Mounted troops who served as

professional warriors in Japan.


ZHENG HE -Led a series of trading voyages for

the Chinese Ming dynasty from

1405-1433.

(pic) (what you drew & why)RENAISSANCE -Cultural & political

movement that began in Italy

circa 1400. A time of literary

and artistic rebirth.


COLUMBIAN -The biological exchange

EXCHANGE between the e. & w.

hemispheres. Note: African &

Euro diseases to the Americas(pic) (what you drew & why)

FERDINAND -This explorer became the

MAGELLAN 1st to circumnavigate the globe.

Sailed westward from Europe


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around the s. tip of S. America

& across the Pacific.


GUTENBERG -Printing press is named after

him; responsible for the

invention of movable type in the

west.(pic) (what you drew & why)

HELIOCENTRIC -Sun-centered theory of the

universe supported by

Copernicus. Countered the

geocentric (earth-centered)

idea supported by the

church.


PREDESTINATION -Belief that Goddetermined if you were

going to heaven or hell

before you were born; key

belief in Calvinism.


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PETER THE -Russian czar; ruled from 1689-

GREAT 1725. Imitated western

European countries.(pic) (what you drew & why)

BOYARS -Russian nobles; had less power

than their western Euro.

counterparts. Forced to

westernize by Peter the Great.(pic) (what you drew & why)

TREATY OF -1494 treaty between Spain &

TORDESILLAS Portugal that divided the

Americas into two colonial

zones (Spain ended up with

a majority of the land)


PENINSULARES -Those living in the

Americas who were Spanish-born (from the peninsula);

the top social class



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TRIANGULAR -Linked Europe, Africa, &

TRADE the Americas. Africans were

sent to the Americas to work

as slaves.

(picture) (what you drew & why)

MIDDLE PASSAGE - The voyage between

Africa & the Americas


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during the triangular

trade.


SHAKA ZULU -Zulu leader in southern

Africa during the early 1800s.

Zulus held their power until

they were defeated in the

1870s by the British.


SALT-WATER -Slaves that were newly arrived

SLAVES in the Americas. Known as this

because they crossed the

Atlantic Ocean.


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Tokugawa Shogunate


JAPANS -By early 17th century Japan

ISOLATION outlawed Christianity, forbid

Japanese ships to trade or sail

overseas & banned w. books.


JESUITS -Founded by Ignatius of Loyola.

Goals: start Catholic schools,

convert non-Christians, stop

Protestantism from spreading

MING -Restored ruling power in

DYNASTY China to the Chinese after years

of Mongol rule. Restricted trade

with foreign countries.



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CARAVEL -Slender ships used by the

Portuguese; key to the development

of the Portuguese trade empire in

Asia.


MERCANTILISM -Based on the idea that a

nations wealth was

measured by how much

gold/silver they had.

Countries should do all they

could to increase wealth.


OTTO VON -Conservative prime minister


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BISMARCK of Prussia. Helped unify

Germany.


KARL MARX -German socialist who saw

history as a class struggle

between the poor & the rich.

Preached social revolution.


CHARLES -Biologist; developed theory of

DARWIN evolution of species


SOCIAL -Used as a justification for

DARWINISM imperialism; Darwins ideas of

survival of the fittest to

societies.



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SEPOYS -Indian troops, trained in

European style, serving the

French & British.


RAJ -British political establishment

in India. Were in charge.


WHITE -Settlement colony, such as in

DOMINIONS Australia or N. America where

Euro settlers make up the

majority of the pop.


SETTLER -Colonies, such as in S. Africa,

COLONIES Kenya, & Hawaii where minority

European settlers live among

a majority of indigenous peoples.(picture) (what you drew & why)

TOUSSAINT -Led slave rebellion on the


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LOVERTURE island of St. Domingue; led to

the independent republic of

Haiti.


TANZIMAT -Western-style reforms within

REFORMS the Ottoman Empire during

mid-1800s; established schools,

railways, postal system.


YOUNG -Intellectuals & political figures in

TURKS Ottoman Empire who brought

about Tanzimat Reforms.


SUEZ CANAL -Built to link the Med. & Red

seas; opened in 1869; British

later occupied Egypt tosafeguard their interests.


MEIJI -Ended Shogunate; began


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RESTORATION a period of reform; Power

restored to an emperor; 1868


SINO-JAPANESE -Fought in Korea between

WAR Japan & China; Japanese

victory demonstrated its

arrival as an industrial giant


BOLSHEVIKS -Russian political group

backed by a minority of the

pop.; Most radical branch of the

Marxist movement; led by

Lenin.


MATTHEW -U.S. Commodore who sailed

PERRY to Japan in 1853 & forced opentrade.



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W. FRONT -War zone that ran from Belgium to

Switzerland during WWI; trench

warfare; massive casualties.


TREATY OF -Post WWI conference that

VERSAILLES created the League of Nations;

also blamed & punished

Germany


MANDATES -Treaty of Versailles established

British or French control over

territories formerly held by

Germany & the Ottoman

Empire.


ZIONISTS -Supporters of Jewishnationalism; especially a

creation of a Jewish state in

Palestine.



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ATATURK -Postwar leader of Turkey who

launched sweeping reforms,

including womens suffrage; also

known as Mustafa Kemal.


KELLOGG- -Multinational treaty created

BRIAND PACT by U.S. & France that outlawed

war.


SUN YAT- -Western-educated leader of the

SEN Chinese Revolutionary Alliance;

Known as the father of modern

China.


CHIANG -Successor to Sun as leader of

KAI-SHEK the Nationalists; fierce opponentof Communists.


LONG MARCH -China, 1934; led by Mao Tse

Tung, 90,000 communists


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traveled thousands of miles

to remote regions fleeing

from Nationalists.


APPEASEMENT -Britain & Frances policy

of compromise with Hitler

& Mussolini (keep them

happy & theyll leave us

alone)


IRON -Term coined by British P.M.

CURTAIN Churchill to describe the political

division of Europe between free (W.


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Europe) & repressed (E. Europe)

during the Cold War.


MARSHALL -U.S. aid to W. Europe after

PLAN WWII helped it recover & also

kept the Communists away at

the same time.


NAFTA -North American Free Trade

Agreement. Non-tariff policy between

the U.S., Canada, & Mexico that began

in the 1990s.


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FIDEL -Communist dictator of Cuba

CASTRO since 1959. Backed up by Soviet

regime.


NELSON -Imprisoned by S. African

MANDELA apartheid leaders; released in 1990

& elected as president of S. Africa

in 1994.


AYATOLLAH -Religious leader of Iran

KHOMEINI following the 1979 revolution;

worked for fundamentalist

Islamic religious reform &elimination of western

influences.



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