REVOLUTIONS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

1750 – 1914AP WORLD HISTORY

WAYS OF THE WORLD, R. STRAYER

CHAPTER 17

INTRODUCTION No element of Europe´s Modern transformation hels a

greater significance for the history of humankind than the Industrial Revolution, which took place in 1750 and 1900.

French Revolution transform European society, Agricultural Revolution some 12,000 years ago had a way of life been so fundamentally altered.

Industrial Revolution in Great Britain, spread much more rapidly than agriculture. More than Christianity, democracy or capitalism.

Industrial Revolution enthusiastically welcomed everywhere.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The global context for this transformation lies in the

very substatial increase in human numbers. From 375 million in 1400 to 1 billion in 19th century.

Industrial Revolution marks a human response to that dilemma as nonrenawable fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas replaced the endlessly renewable energy sources of Wind, water and wood.

Raw materials to feed to fuel industrial machinery- coal iron, petroleum altered landscape in many places. Somle from coal fired industries and domestic use polluted the air in urban areas, - respiratory illness.

Industrial Revolution marked a new era in both human history and the history of thep lanet. – ecological, atmospheric and geological history.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Technological innovations: The Spinning Jenny,

Power Loom, Steam Engine, Cotton Gin = culture of innovation.

Industrial Revolution spread beyond textile industry to iron and steel production, railroads, steamships, food processing and construction.

Second Industrial Revolution focused on chemicals, electricity, precision machinery, the telegraph and telephone.

New industries emerged in automobiles, airplanes, consumer durable goods, electronics, computers.

WHY EUROPE? Was destined to lead the way to modern economic

life. Its not Eurocentric approach? Islamic world generated major advances in

shipbuilding. India had long been world center of cotton textile. Economic indicators such as life expectancies,

patterns of consumption and nutrition, wage levels, general living standards, free markets and merchant communities led to the major civilizations of Europe emerged to innovate.

The new societies of the Americas offered a growing number market for European machine produced goods and generated substantial profits for European marchants and entrepreneurs.

WHY BRITAIN?British aristocrats had long been interested in the

world of business – new mining and manufacturing enterprises. British commerce extended around the world.

British political life encouraged commercialization and economic innovations. British government favored men of business, tariffs kept cheap, with creation of canals and roads = unified internal market and patent laws to protect the interests of investors.

The Parliament provided a free arena for private enterprise than elsewhere in Europe.

BRITISH ARISTOCRACY Individual landowning aristocrats, long the dominant

class in Britain, suffered little in materials terms from the Industrial Revolution.

Mid 19th century 1000 families still owned hald of the cultivated land in Britain most leased to tenant farmers. Rapidly growing urganzation demand for food products grown on that land.

Landowners continued to dominate the British Parliament.

Aristocracry declined when in 1840s high tariffs on foreign agricultural imports, designed to protect the interest of British landlords.

MIDDLE CLASSES Those who benefited the most from industrialization were

members of that amorphous group called the middle class. Middle class containted wealthy factory and mine owners,

bankers, merchants. Buying country houses, affording universities.

Doctors, lawyers, teachers, journalists, scientists and oter professionals required in any industrial society.

Reform Bill 1832 – broadened the right to vote to many men of middle class (no women).

Women in middle class: wives, homemakers, mothers. Educators of respectability and managers of household consumption “shopping”.

Families aspire status – middle class status. Women aspire to enter the teaching, clerical, nursing

professions, by the second half of 10th century educated middle class women flooded the labor force.

LABOURING CLASSES The manual workers in the mines, factories, construction sites,

workshops, farms. Laboring classes who suffered most and benefited from epic

transformations of industrial revolution. Labring classes were shaped by the new woking conditions of

industrial era. Cities were overcrowded and smoky, inadequate sanitation,

periodic epidemics, few open places, polluted water supplies. By 1850 average life expectancy was 39 years. Long hours, low wages and child labor were nothing new for

the poor. The ups and downs of capitalist economy made industrial

work insecure. British industrialits favored young, unmarried women in textile

mills because they were willing to accept lower wages. Domestic servants for upper and middle class families to

supplement meager family incomes.

SOCIAL PROTEST When trade unions were legalized in 1824, growing

numbers of factory workers joined these associations in their efforts to achieve better wages and working conditions.

Socialist ideas of various kinds gradually spread within working class, challenging the assumptions of ca capitalist society.

Karl Marx (1818-1883) had expected industrial capitalist societies to polarize into small wealthy class and a huge proletariat.

Social democracy evolved with Marxism in Germany. Wages rose in Britain under pressure from unions and

cheap imported food improved working class diets, infant mortality rates fell.

EUROPEANS IN MOTIONIndustrial revolution prompted a massive migratory process. They were pulled abroad by the enormous demand for labor overseas, the ready availability of land in some places.It was Latin America that felt the brunt of this huge movement of people. Latin america received 20% of European migratory stream, from Italy, Spain and Portugal. Considered “white” they enhanced the social weight of the European element in those countries enjoyed economic advantages over mixed race.Some 30 million newcomers from all Europe to United States which offered affordable land to many industrial jobs.

UNITED STATES: INDUSTRIALIZATION WITHOUT SOCIALISM American industrialization began in the textile factories of

New England, 1820s. By 1914 United States was the leading industrial power,

used funds to generate an independent industrial revolution of its woen.

U.S Government played an important role. Huge grants of public land to the railroad companies, laws enabling them esay formation of coorporations, large business enterprises – growing number of employment.

United States pioneered techniques of mass production. Henry Ford democratize the automobile.

American Union organizations, focused on skilled workers excluded the more radical unskilled laborers – massive immigration from Europe. – created a diverse industrial labor force

RUSSIA: INDUSTRIALIZATION AND REVOLUTION While United States was the most exuberant democracy

during the 19th centuries Russia remained absolute monarchy.

29th century Russia had no national parliament or legal parties.

Russia was far more in control of society. The early transformations were of Peter the Great(1689-

1725) to modernize Russia, followed by freeing the serfs 1861.

1890s Russias Industrial Revolution was launched and growing rapidly and focused on railroads and heavy steel industry.

RUSSIAN REVOLUTION Although factory workers constituted 5% of Russias total

population, they quickly developed a radical class consciousness. By 1897 over 70% of the population in Moscow and S. Petersburg

were recent migrants from the rural areas. 13 hour working day was common, and ruthless discipline overt disrespect of supervisors.

Marxist socialism found a way of understanding the changes. In 1898, they created an illegal Russian Socialist Democratic

Labor Party. – Working in unions and revolutionary actions. St. Petersburg went on strike and created their own

representative councils called Soviets. Varoious revolutionary groups, many of them socialist published

pamphlets and newspapers. World War I provided that moment where the revolution moment

arrived. The massive upheal quickly brought to power the most radical

socialist gropus – Bolsheviks led by Lenin (Vladimir). ONLY RUSSIA WAS INDUSTRIALIZATION ASSOCIATED WITH

VIOLENT SOCIAL REVOLUTION.

AFTER INDEPENDENCE IN LATIN AMERICA Spanish America ultimately dissolved into 18 separate

countries. Mexico lost huge territories into the United States (1846-

1848). Political life was turbulent and unstable. Conservatives

favored centralized authorty and sought to maintain the social status quo of the colonial era in alliance with the Catholic Church.

Antonio Lopes de Santa Anna, was president of Mexico at least 9 times between 1833 and 1845. Constitutions replaced one another.

Bolivia at least had 10 constitutions during the 19th century.

Social life did no change fundamentally in the aftermath of independence.

FACING WORLD ECONOMY The most significant economic outcome of this growing

integration was a rapid growth of Latin American exports to the industrializing countries – needed food products, raw materials.

Latin American landowners eager to supply thse needs. Exports boom after 1850.

Mexico continued to produced vast amounts of silver. European capital investment was 10 billion alone

between 1870 and 1919 – most of this investment came from Great Britain.

By 1910 business interests controlled 40% of Mexican property and produced half ot its oil.

BECOMING LIKE EUROPE? To the economic elites of Latin America, intent on making

their countries resemble Europe or United States all of this was progress.

Urbanization also proceeded rapidly. Latin America became modern metropolises, compared to urban giants anywhere.

Authoritarian governments interested in stability and progress, and acted harshly to crush or repress unions.

1906 Mexican dictator Porfirio Diaz invited the Arizona Rangers to supress a strike at Cananea newar U.S Border.

1907 in Chile thousands of women and children slaughtered because of protested miner wages.

Majority of lower classes lived in rural areas, and suffered the most and venefited the least from the export boom.

Huge peasant armies like Emiliano Zapata helped oust Porfirio Diaz. Mexico settled with a new constitution in 1917 that proclaimed universal male suffrage.