A.P. World History Chapter 1: Before History Mr. Schabo Crestwood High School Rm. 126.
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Transcript of A.P. World History Chapter 1: Before History Mr. Schabo Crestwood High School Rm. 126.
Learning Objectives• Compare and contrast the hominids Australopithecus
and Homo erectus.• Explain the development and migration of Homo
sapiens.• Identify economic and social features of human
societies during the paleolithic era.• Understand the key elements of paleolithic culture.• Explain the reasons behind the transition to agriculture
during the neolithic era.• Discuss the impact that the development of agriculture
had upon human society.• Understand the key elements of neolithic culture and
the emergence of urban life.
Forming the Complex Society
Basic development: Hunting and foraging Agriculture Complex society
Key issue: surplus capital Major development of first complex
societies 3500 B.C.E. – 500 B.C.E.
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Prehistory
What is “history”? Documentation
Written records Archaeological discovery
Requisite human presence (or “natural” history)
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Development of Hominids
Animals adapt themselves to environment
Hominids adapt environment to themselves Use of tools Language Complex cooperative social structures
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Reserved.
Australopithecus “The southern ape” –
despite name, a hominid
Discovery of skeleton AL-288-1, north of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Nicknamed “Lucy”
3’5”, 55lb., bipedal, brain 500 cc (modern human: 1400 cc), limited speech but opposable digit
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http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MEH_Australopithecus_afarensis_29-04-2012_11-30-00_2521x3223.JPG
Later Hominids Homo erectus, “upright
walking human” Larger brain capacity (1000
cc), improved tool use, control of fire, ability to communicate complex ideas
Homo sapiens, “consciously thinking human” Largest brain, esp. frontal
regions Most sophisticated tools and
social organization; flexible language
Migrations of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens
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http://blogs.westword.com/latestword/cathode_chronicles/index.php?page%5Cu003d2&page=3
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus
Global Migrations of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens
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The Natural Environment By 13,000 B.C.E.,
Homo sapiens in every inhabitable part of the world
Archaeological finds: Sophisticated tools
Choppers, scrapers, axes, knives, bows, arrows
Cave and hut-like dwellings
Use of fire, animal skins
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http://www.infoniac.com/environment/how-old-is-human-race-new-data.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laas_Geel_cow_and_human.jpg
The Natural Environment –Continued Hunted several
mammal species to extinction Climatic
change may have accelerated process
https://basictrainingacademy.wordpress.com/category/lifestyle/
Relative Social Equality Nomadic culture precludes accumulation
of land-based wealth Relatively egalitarian existence More likely determinants of status: age,
hunting skill, fertility, personality Possible gender equality related to food
production Men: protein from hunting Women: plant gathering
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Big-Game Hunting Evidence of intelligent coordination
of hunting expeditions Development of weaponry Animal-skin disguises Stampeding tactics
Lighting of fires, etc., to drive game into kill zones
Required planning, communication
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Paleolithic Settlements Natufian society
Modern Israel and Jordan Wild wheat, herding
Jomon society Japan Wild buckwheat, fishing
Chinook society Pacific northwest Berries, acorns, salmon runs
Groups of 1000 or more
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http://bibleistrue.net/the-walls-of-jericho/
http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread744533/pg
Neandertal Peoples Neander valley,
western Germany Flourished in Europe
and southwest Asia, 200,000 to 35,000 years ago
Also found in Africa, east Asia
Evidence of spirituality: ritual burial
Inhabited some of the same areas as Homo sapiens
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal
Creativity of Homo sapiens Constructed flexible
languages for communication of complex ideas
Increased variety of tools – stone blades, spear throwers, sewing needles, barbed harpoons
Fabricated ornamental beads, necklaces and bracelets
The bow and arrow – a dramatic improvement in humans’ power over nature
“Venus” figurines Cave paintings©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
http://www.anthropark.wz.cz/prechod_kultury_a.htm
http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic%5CP%5CA%5CPaleolithic%20bracelet%20Mizyn%2015000%20BC%20(incised%20mammoth%20bone).jpg&page=pages%5CP%5CA%5CPaleolithicPeriod.htm&id=10693&pid=7314&tyt=Paleolithic%20Period&key=Paleolithic+Period%2C+%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%3B+Paleolit%2C+%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%3B+Paleolit%5D%2E+The+earliest+period+of+human+development%2C+lasting+until+approx+8000+BC%2E+In+Western+archeology+the+Paleolithic+Period+or+Old
Neolithic Era (“New Stone Age”) Distinction in tool production
Chipped vs. polished Relied on cultivation for
subsistence Men: herding animals rather than
hunting Women: nurturing vegetation rather
than foraging
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Neolithic Era Continued Spread of agriculture
Slash-and-burn techniques Exhaustion of soil promotes migration Transport of crops from one region to
another
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Agriculture and Population Growth
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3000 B.C.E.
2000 B.C.E.
1000 B.C.E.
500 B.C.E.
0102030405060708090
100
Population (millions)
Early Agricultural Society Emergence of villages and towns Discoveries at Çatal Hüyük – a
prominent village located in Turkey, occupied 7250-5400 B.C.E. Pots, baskets, textiles, leather, stone,
metal tools, wood carvings, carpets, beads, and jewelry
Development of crafts – pottery, metallurgy, and textile production
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Social Distinctions
Accumulation of landed wealth initiates development of social classes
Individuals could trade surplus food for valuable items
Archaeological evidence in variety of household decorations, goods buried with deceased members of society at Çatal Hüyük
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Neolithic Culture Farmers closely observed the natural
world – an early kind of applied science Elements of natural environment
essential for functioning Archaeological evidence of religious
worship: thousands of clay figurines, drawings on pots, tool decorations, other ritual objects Fertility: Venus figurines
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