AP WH Chapter 16
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Transcript of AP WH Chapter 16
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Transformationsin Europe
1500-1750 C.E.
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Culture and Ideas
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New Churches
• In 1500, Pope Leo X raised money for new churches by authorizing the sale of indulgences.
• Indulgences paid for Saint Peter’s Basilica in Rome.
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Saint Peter’s Basilica
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Inside the Basilica
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Martin Luther
• Challenged the Pope on the issue of indulgences and other practices he considered “not Christian.”
• Began the Protestant Reformation.
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Protestant Reformation
• Salvation could be by faith alone.
• Christian belief could be based only on:– Christian Bible– Christian tradition
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John Calvin
• Formulated a different theological position in The Institutes of Christian Religion.
• Argued that salvation was God’s gift to those who were predestined.
• Christian congregations should:– be self-governing– stress simplicity in life and in worship.
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John Calvin
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Protestant Reformation
• Appealed not only to religious sentiments, but also to:– Germans who disliked the Italian-
dominated Catholic church.– Peasants and urban workers who
wanted to reject the religion of their masters.
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Catholic Reformation
• Agreed on a number of internal reforms
• Reaffirmed the fundamental Catholic beliefs in the Council of Trent.
• These responses to the Protestant Reformation, with the activities of the “Society of Jesus,” comprise the “Catholic Reformation”
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War!
• The Protestant Reformation led to a number of “wars of religion.”
• Last of these wars concluded in 1648.
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Traditional Thinking
• European concepts of the natural world were derived from:– Local folk traditions– Judeo-Christian beliefs
• Most people believed that natural events could have supernatural causes.
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Witch Hunts
• Late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries.
• Over 100,000 people (3/4 women) were tried.– Half of them were executed on
charges of witchcraft
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Why Witch Hunts?
• Manifestations of fear of unattached women?
• Social stress?
• Poor and marginal people believed they were capable of witchcraft and welcomed the notoriety and attention gained from public confession?
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Scientific Revolution• European intellectuals derived
understanding of natural world from the writings of the Greeks and Romans.
• For example:– Everything on Earth was reducible to
four elements.– The sun, moon, planets, and stars
were so light and pure, they floated in spheres around the Earth in circular orbits.
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Ptolemy and theEarth-Centered Model
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Copernicus and Galileo
• Observations by scientists like Copernicus and Galileo undermined the earth-centered model of the universe.
• Led to the introduction of the Copernican sun-centered model of the universe.
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Copernicus and theSun-Centered Model
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Criticism
• Copernican model was suppressed by Protestant leaders and the Catholic church.
• Even so, printed books spread these and other new scientific ideas among European intellectuals.
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Gravity
• Isaac Newton’s discovery of the law of gravity showed why planets move around the sun in elliptical orbits.
• His discoveries led to the development of Newtonian physics.
• Newton and other scientists did not believe that their discoveries were in conflict with religious belief.
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Isaac Newton
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Thinking Caps On
• Advances in scientific thought inspired European governments and groups of individuals to question the reasonableness of accepted practices in fields ranging from agriculture to laws, religions, and social hierarchies.
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Early Enlightenment
• This intellectual movement assumed that social behavior and institutions were governed by scientific laws was called the Enlightenment.
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Influences
• The Enlightenment thinkers were also influenced by the Reformation and by accounts of other cultures, including the Jesuit accounts of China.
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Changing Society
• New scientific methods provided the enlightened thinkers with a model for changing European society.
• Not a homogeneous group. – Drew inspiration from disparate
sources and espoused a variety of agendas.
• Most were optimistic that the application of reason would lead to human progress.
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Opposition
• Ideas of the Enlightenment aroused opposition from many absolutist rulers and from clergymen.
• The printing press made the survival and dissemination new ideas of possible.
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Social and Economic Life
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The Bourgeoisie
• Europe’s cities experienced major growth between 1500 and 1700.
• The wealthy urbanites thrived on manufacturing, finance, and trade, including the profitable grain trade.
• Amsterdam’s growth, built on trade and finance, show the power of the seventeenth century enterprise.
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Relationships
• The bourgeoisie forged mutually beneficial relationships with the monarchs.
• Built extensive family and ethnic networks to facilitate trade between different parts of the world.
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Partnerships
• Partnerships between merchants and governments led to the development of joint-stock improvement of Europe’s transportation infrastructure.
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Nobility
• Bourgeois gentry gradually increased ownership of land.
• Many entered the ranks of the nobility by:– Marrying into noble families– Purchasing titles of nobility
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Labor
• Serfdom declined and disappeared in Western Europe, but it gained prominence in Eastern Europe.
• African slaves working in the Americas contributed greatly to the European economy.– New world crops helped Western
European peasants avoid starvation.
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Wood Shortage
• At this time, wood was used for:– Heating– Cooking– Construction– Shipbuilding– Industrial uses
• Led to severe shortage and wood became very expensive.
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Use of Coal
• Europeans began to use coal instead of wood because of the price of wood.
• Some efforts were also made to conserve forests and to plant trees.
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Lack of Forests
• Very devastating to rural poor.
• The poor relied on free access to forests for:– Wood– Building materials– Nuts and berries– Wild game
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Urban Poor
• Deserving Poor = permanent residents
• Unworthy Poor = migrants, peddlers, beggars, and criminals
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Common People and Marriage
• Married late because:– Young men served long periods of
apprenticeship while learning a trade.– Young women needed to work to
earn their dowries.
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Bourgeois and Marriage
• Also married late because men delayed marriage until after finishing their education.
• Late marriage allowed couples to be independent of their parents.
• Late marriage also kept the birthrate low.
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Political Innovations
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Charles of Burgundy
• Descendant of Austrian Habsburg family.
• Inherited the thrones of Castile and Aragon as well as the title of Holy Roman Emperor.
• Never able to unify all of his territorial possessions.
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Rebellion!
• Lutheran German princes rebelled against the French-speaking Catholic Charles.– Seized church lands and brought
about the German Wars of Religion.
• Charles abdicates the throne.– Spain goes to his son Philip– Holy Roman Empire goes to his
brother Ferdinand
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Religious Policies
• Rulers of Spain and France successfully defended state-sponsored Catholicism against Protestant challenge.
• In England, Henry VIII challenged papal authority and declared himself head of the Church of England. – Later English monarchs resist the efforts of
English Calvinists to “purify” the Anglican church.
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The Monarchy in England
• A conflict between Parliament and king led to:– Civil war– The establishment of a Puritan
republic under Oliver Cromwell
• After the Stuart line was restored, Parliament enforced its will on the monarchy…
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New Leaders
• Parliament drove King James II from the throne in the Glorious Revolution of 1688.
• Forced his successors, William and Mary, to sign the Bill of Rights, which limited the power of the crown.
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William and Mary
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The Monarchy in France
• Bourbon kings were able to circumvent the representative assembly known as the Estates General and develop and absolutist style of government.
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Money
• Louis XIV’s finance minister Colbert was able to increase revenue through more efficient tax collection and promoted economic growth.
• Louis entertained the controlled the French nobility by requiring them to attend his court at Versailles.
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Versailles
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Warfare
• Constant warfare led to a military revolution in which the cannon, musket, and commoner foot soldier became the mainstays of the European armies.
• Armies became larger and most European states maintained a standing army.
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Naval Technology
• Warships with multiple tiers of cannons and four-wheel cannon carriages to make reloading easier.
• England took the lead in developing naval technology.– Helped them to beat the Spanish
Catholic Armada in 1588.• Signaled the end of Spanish military
dominance in Europe.
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After the fall of Spain…
• France rises as the strongest power on continental Europe.
• England remains superior in naval power.
• During the war of Spanish Succession, England, Austria, and Prussia were able to stop France from taking the Spanish throne.
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The Four Powers of Europe
• France, Britain, Austria, and Russia
• Able to maintain a balance of power that prevented any one power from becoming too strong for about two centuries.
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Paying for War
• Most successful states made profitable alliances with commercial elites.
• The Spanish, however, undermined their economy by driving out Jews, Protestants, and the descendants of Muslims so their money was spent on payments to creditors and manufactured goods and food.
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The Netherlands
• Got autonomy from Spain and became a dominant commercial power.
• United Provinces of the Free Netherlands favored commercial interests, craftsmen, and manufacturing enterprises.
• Amsterdam became a major center of finance and shipping.
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Using Naval Power
• After 1650 England used its naval power to break Dutch dominance in overseas trade.
• The English government also improved its financial position by collecting taxes directly and creating a central bank.
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French Methods
• Streamlined tax collection
• Used protective tariffs to promote domestic industries
• Improved its transportation network
• They were not able to:– Introduce direct tax collection– Tax the land of the nobles– Secure low-cost loans