Hoovers Foreign Policy

Hoovers Foreign PolicyAP US HistoryMr. MelvinUnit 6, Reading 2The Beginnings1929 policy marked with goodwill and peaceBelieved last major war foughtEurope would take care of itselfLatin America and Asia, with occasional US advice

Expected arms race to stopKellogg-Briand Pact?

The Good Neighbor PolicyWent on 10-week Latin American tourPromised not to intervene in affairs1930- Secretary of State (Stimson) announces recognition of de-facto governments1930- Repudiated Monroe Doctrine1933- Removed marines from Nicaragua

Henry Stimson

The Good Neighbor Policy50 Latin American revolutions took place

Kept his word hands off

Revolts sometimes led to stoppage of debt payments or nationalization of US assets

Better relations with Latin America1930 London ConferenceU.S., England, and Japan continue 5 Power Treaty on capital shipsUS & England formula to limit smaller shipsJapans ratio # Gave Japan equal number of submarines1930 London ConferenceFrance refused to limit naval productionThreat of Fascist Italy

All powers created escalator clauseAllow major powers to increase fleets if their national security was ever threatenedEuropean Financial CrisisFinancial Panic in Europe by 1931Cause: US investors cut of loans to GermanyNo reparations paymentsAllies couldnt pay back debts to U.S. (WWI)

Hoover 1 year moratorium on debt payments and reparationsJune 1930Another Financial IssueUS banks lent $1.7 billion without collateralEuropean bank closings made debt collection impossible

July 1930 Stimson Standstill AgreementFroze private debts gave bankers time to protect assetsExtended through March 1933Another Financial IssueStandstill Agreement didnt stop panicInvestors began hoarding moneyRuns on banks Made every major country except Italy, France, and US off gold standardLed to countries depreciating the value of their $The Gold StandardEvery currency has a different value.Thing that makes them comparable is gold.Makes it easy to convertGoing off gold standard = floating currency exchange rates & values

Europe & FinancesHigh U.S. tariff made international trade difficult (Hoover failed to lower)Lausanne Conference (1932)G.B. & France agreed to scale down reparations IF U.S. scaled back its debtsHoover & Congress refused

Led toNations defaulting on loansBad feelings between U.S. and EuropeCountries not doing anything to stop Japans aggressionJapan & ChinaSince 1905:Japan controlled economy of Southern ManchuriaLet China politically claim it, as long as it didnt interfere with Japans economyJapan & China1920s Chaing Kai-shek took control of Chinese governmentWanted to regain full control of China again

Russians were building a RR where its Pacific station was near ManchuriaLed to Japanese sending more troops to Manchuria

Expansion into Manchuria

Japan & ChinaFall 1931 Japanese military took control of governmentSept. 1931 occupy Shenyang & other Manchurian cities (political control)Violated Kellogg-Briand Pact & 9 Power Treaty

Manchurian Invasion

Japan & ChinaChina turns to League of Nations for helpMembers paralyzed by depression

January 1932 Japanese continue to advance in ManchuriaStimson sent notes to both (Non-recognition doctrine)U.S. would not recognize any territory change brought about by forceAnything that impaired U.S. trade Anything that took away Chinese territorial independenceJapan & ChinaLate Jan. 1932 Japan invades Shanghai Kills thousands of civilians

Feb. 1932 Stimson reiterates non-recognition and asked other countries to helpNobody did

Japan & ChinaLeague of Nations voted to adopt Stimsons non-recognition doctrineNamed Japan aggressor and called on them to return Manchuria

Japan just quits League

Japan1933 Congress passes bill giving Philippines its independenceThrew islands to mercy of an aggressive Japan

Nazi PartyNazi Party National Socialist Worker Party Mussolinis Fascist Party

Fascism CharacteristicsCharacteristics:Powerful NationalismDisdain for Human RightsIdentification of Enemies or ScapegoatsMilitary SupremacySexism (Male-dominated)Control of Mass Media Outlets (Propaganda)Obsession with National Security (Anti-Communist)Usage of Secret Police to keep orderIntertwining of Religion & Government (Single Leader)

Nazi PartyWorld Disaramament Conference (1932)France wanted more security from GermanyUS wouldnt give it

Hitler & Nazi Party controlled Germany by 1933 - LEGALLY