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AP U.S. History Exam Study Guide
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AP History Exam Study Guide
By Will Erickson
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Chapter 1!
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Aztecs
• Great mathematicians, made numerous human sacrifices, and built elaborate cities for lack of simple technology
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Corn/ Maize
• Critical to early life
• Turned nomads into settlers
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• Persuaded Spain to give him 3 tiny ships, where he ventured west and ran into Bahamas (was looking for Indies, but found Americas)
Christopher Columbus
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• Plants to Old World: Tobacco, maize, beans, tomatoes, and potatoes
• Animals to New World: Cows, pigs, and horses
• Germs to New World: Smallpox, yellow fever, and malaria (90% killed by germs)
• To Caribbean: Sugar Cane
Columbian Exchange
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Treaty of Tordesillas
• Divided Americas into 2 for Portugal and Spain
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• Entered Tenochititlan amazed by its beauty , later captured it and introduced his culture
Hernan Cortes
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Chapter 2!
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• Created colony in North Carolina
Sir Walter Raleigh
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• England’s FIRST colony, later vanished
Roanoke Island
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3 Things Needed To Colonize
• 1: Popular Monarch• 2: Religious Unity• 3: Nationalism
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• Only eldest sons could inherit land
Primogeniture
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• Allowed younger siblings chance for land
Joint-Stock Company
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Surplus Population
• England was very overcrowded
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• Colonized in North America for gold
Virginia Company of London
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• Virginia Company of England’s colony
• Nasty conditions
Jamestown
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• 1: Disease 2: Disorganization 3: Disposability
Three D’s
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Tobacco/ John Rolfe
• John Rolfe: Saved economy and tobacco industry
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• First government in colony
House of Burgesses
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• Protected Catholics from Protestants
Act Of Toleration
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• Reduced risk of slave rebellion
Barbados Slave Code
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Georgia
• Savannah helped Georgia become 13th colony
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Chapter 3!
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John Calvin
• Leader who expanded on Martin Luther’s thoughts
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• Most devout Christians would only admit Visible Saints
Visible Saints
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• Agreement signed to hold government
• Colonies settled in Plymouth Bay without authority
Mayflower Compact
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• 70,000 refugees left England (1630’s)
Great Migration
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• Questioned legality of colony’s charter
• Williams was forced to leave colony
• Built 1st Baptist Church (Religious Freedom)
• Built settlements in Rhode Island
Roger Williams
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• Constitution for Connecticut river colony
Fundamental Orders
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• New settlement• Goal: Grand Seaport
New Haven
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New England Confederation
• 4 colonies founded to defend enemies
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• Goal: Make trade more efficient• Smuggling= Result
English Navigation Laws
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Dominion of New England
• Included NY, East + West NJ
• Blow to Massachusetts
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• Navigation laws- weakly enforced
Salutary Neglect
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Pennsylvania/ Penn
• Quakers arise in mid 1600’s• William Penn- earns large amount of land
(Pennsylvania)
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Chapter 4!
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Women/ Chesapeake
• Settlers faced many diseases• Life Expectancy down• Immigrants mainly men (6:1 Ratio)
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Indentured Servants
• Tobacco labor up
• White slaves worked for certain amount of money and time
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Headright System
• Whoever paid the passage of a servant acquired 50 acres of land
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• Nathaniel Bacon fed up with Gov. Berkley
• Bacon + other men attacked Indians and Berkley
• Bacon dies (disease) and Berkley returns and murders followers
Bacon’s Rebellion
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• The voyage to Americas from Africa
Middle Passage
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• Social Structure Ladder…
• Rich Planters (owned slaves + land)
• Small farmers (1-2 slaves)
• Landless whites (Indentured Servants)
• Black Slaves
Southern Social Structure
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Salem
• 20 people killed after being accused of being a witch
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• Proud national trait of New England
Yankee Ingenuity
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Chapter 5!
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Ethnic Makeup
• America: Melting Pot• Germans: 6%• Scots/Irish: 7%• Other Euro Countries: .5%• Africa: 20%• Most mixed in world
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• America= Opportunity• Started to look more
like Europe• Black slaves- No Rights
Social Structure vs. Great Britain
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Workaday America
• 90% of people- Agriculture
• Fishing, commerce, manufacturing, lumbering, and naval stores
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• Trade routes with West Indies, North America, England, and Africa
Triangular Trade
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Molasses Act
• 1733- Reduced trade between America and West Indies
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• Walked 9 days giving word of Declaration of Independence
Benjamin Franklin
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• Social place for all statuses
Taverns
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Religion & Location
• Church of England: Official religion of 6 colonies
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• Religion- Down• Jonathan Edwards: Stated
the need for complete dependence on God’s grace
• Three lasting effects– # Of Churches: Up– Encouraged missionary work
among Indians and some slaves
– 1st spontaneous mass movement of America
Great Awakening
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Schools & Religion
• New England most interested in education
• Mostly male leaders were educated
• Emphasis: Religion and Language
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• Reported on government being corrupt, almost jailed
• Achievement for reporter’s freedom
John Peter Zenger
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• Appointed by King
• Appointed by themselves
• Themselves under self-governing charters
3 Types Of Colonies
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Chapter 6!
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• Quebec founded in Canada
• French gain complete control over New France
• Valuable resource = beaver
• French goal- block Spain
New France
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• England destroyed France and Spain, rewarded land
• Spanish commander cuts off ENG captain’s ear, sends it to King
Result of wars in N.A.
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• England: ventured westward• France: Link Canada + Mississippi Valley
Ohio Valley
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Congress of Albany
• Only 7 of 13 delegates (colonies) show up
• Goal: Greater colonial unity, bolter defense against France
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• Fought around world
• Frederick the Great- Defeated French, Austrian, + Russian armies
• France- Wasted strength
Seven Years’ War
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Proclamation of 1763
• Prohibited settlement beyond Appalachians Mountains
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Chapter 7!
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• Wealth- Power• Gold- More exported then imported
Mercantilism
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• Aimed at Dutch, trying to trade in America
Navigation Laws
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Sugar Act
• Increased duty on sugar imported from West Indies
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• Required America to supply food and housing to troops
Quartering Act
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• Tax on most paper items
Stamp Act
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Stamp Act Congress
• 27 delegates (9 colonies) going to repeal Stamp Act
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• Reaffirmed England had right to bind colonies in all cases
Declaratory Act
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Townshend Act
• Small import tax, colonists still enraged
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Boston Massacre
• Colonists fired upon by ENG soldiers
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First Continental Congress
• 12 colonies met to discuss colonial grievances
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• England troops kill 8 Americans at Lexington, but cut off in/at Concord
• ENG + U.S.A officially at war
Lexington & Concord
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• POSITIVES– Population: 3-1 over U.S.
• NEGATIVES– Cockiness– 2nd rate generals– No desire to kill colonists
Positives/ Negatives of ENG
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• POSITIVES– G. Washington + Ben.
Frank.- Great leaders– Fighting for freedom
• NEGATIVES– Soldiers- Disorganized
Positives/Negatives of U.S.
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Chapter 8!
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Olive Branch Petition
• 1775- Avoided war with England• Reaffirmed America’s faith to England
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• Thomas Paine• Argued for
American freedom from England
• Written so that common people could understand
Common Sense
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• Declared that 13 British colonies were now independent
• Primarily written by Thomas Jefferson
Declaration Of Independence
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• Americans won• Turning point for U.S.
Saratoga
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• American + French forces force English surrender
Yorktown
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• Ended Revolutionary War
• America gained freedom
Treaty Of Paris
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Chapter 9!
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• Separated church and state• Written by Thomas Jefferson
VA Statute For Religious Freedom
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Republican Motherhood
• The crucial role of women in a free America
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State Constitutions
• Created to govern states, writers worked tirelessly
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Lack of Trading• England: Made own goods• America couldn’t trade with England
or French West Indies
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• Written constitution for U.S.
• States get land
• Each state= 1 vote
Articles of Confederation
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• Territorial stages, 60,000 people = state• Path to Statehood
Northwest Ordinance
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Articles of Confederation
• +: Form of government, outlined constitution
• -: No power to regulate commerce, tax collection program
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• NW land bought- National Debt
Land Ordinance
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Ugly Duckling
• U.S. + ENG: Tension
• ENG: Kept trading posts in U.S.
• Spain: Claimed north of Gulf of Mexico + Florida
• French- Wanted debts payed off
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• Farmers demanded lighter taxes
• Daniel Shay raised small army
• Rebellion crushed
Shay’s Rebellion
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• Fear of mass public disorder
Mobocracy
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• Held in Philadelphia• Saved by Alexander
Hamilton• Held in secrecy• Each state= 1 vote• Meant to agree on
Constitution
Constitutional Convention
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• Most delegates- lawyers• 55 Delegates• All rich, young, but experienced• Goals: Preserve union, ensure security of life
C.C. Delegate Make-Up
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Small/Large State Plan
• “Large State” Plan: Both houses should be based on population
• “Small State” Plan: Equal representation in population + size
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• Equal representation
• 2 senators/ state
Great Compromise
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Electoral College
• Elects the president
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• Slavery citizenship debated
• 3/5th of a vote per slave
3/5th Compromise
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“We The People”
• First words of constitution
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• Anti-Federalists: Opposed stronger fed. gov’t • Federalists: Influence of- rich-
Anti vs. Federalists
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• In favor of Constitution
• Supported federalists
Federalist Papers
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Ratification Process
• Bitter, riots erupted in NY + Penn• 4 final states join
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Chapter 10!
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• Doubled• Cities emerge + grew
Population/ 25 Years
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• Not in Constitution• Evolved by George
Washington• Members: Thomas
Jefferson (secr. of state), Alexander Hamilton (treasury), and Henry Knox (War)
The Cabinet
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Rural/ Urban Population
• Rural: 90%
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• Organized Supreme Court
• Chief Justice- John Jay + 5 Associates
Judiciary Act of 1789
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• Protection for freedom of religion, speech, press, bear arms, trial by jury, and prevent cruel punishment
Bill Of Rights
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• Federal government paid off debt at face value + interest
Hamilton/ “funding at par”
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Customs Duties/ Excise Tax
• How to get/collect money? – Taxes • 1791- Excise Tax: domestic items (whiskey)
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• Government- major stockholder + print $• Useful, but constitutional?
Bank of the U.S.
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• Strict Constructionist: Interpret constitution literally (Thomas Jefferson)
• Loose Constructionist: Loose and broad interpretation of constitution (Alexander Hamilton)
Strict vs. Loose Constructionism
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Whiskey Rebellion
• SW Pennsylvania• Tarred + Feathered
revenue officers• Collections came
to a halt• 13,000 citizens
rally to crush rebellion
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Reign of Terror
• French king killed, church attacked
• Daily hangings• French
Revolution
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• U.S. neutral to war in France• Self- Interest
Neutrality Proclamation
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• Native Americans defeated, give up land
Fallen Timbers
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• U.S. gives $20,000 and hunting rights
Treaty of Greenville
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• England: Left posts, paid ship damage
• America: Paid off Pre-Revolution debts (merchants)
Jay’s Treaty
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• U.S. + Spain• America
gained Florida and Mississippi
Pickney’s Treaty
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XYZ Affair
• Secret French officials demand $32 million
• $250,000 just to speak with French foreign minister
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• Peace between France + U.S.• Back to normal (ships, $, etc.)
Convention of 1800
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• Alien Laws- President could deport illegal immigrants, never enforced
• Sedition Act- Reduced freedom of speech + press, deface law= fine and/or prison
Alien & Sedition Act
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• Right to refuse laws
• No other states agree, 1803 adopted by Supreme Court
Nullification
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Federalist vs. Dem-Repubs