AP PSYCHOLOGY Development Modules 7 – 10 Pages 131 through 183 What is development? Physical...

AP AP PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY

DevelopmentDevelopmentModules 7 – 10Modules 7 – 10

Pages 131 through 183Pages 131 through 183 What is development?What is development?

Physical development?Physical development?Cognitive/thought development?Cognitive/thought development?Social development?Social development?

Major IssuesMajor Issues Nature vs. Nurture Nature vs. Nurture – are we more affected by – are we more affected by

heredity or environment?heredity or environment? Continuity vs. discontinuityContinuity vs. discontinuity – is – is

developmental change gradual, or do we developmental change gradual, or do we progress through distinct stages?progress through distinct stages?

Prenatal Development and Prenatal Development and the Newbornthe Newborn

Developmental PsychologyDevelopmental Psychology a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive and a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive and

social change throughout the life spansocial change throughout the life span


Congratulations!! Out of 300,000,000 entering the race, YOU WON!

Prenatal Development & Prenatal Development & the Newborn – 3 stagesthe Newborn – 3 stages

ZygoteZygote the fertilized eggthe fertilized egg enters a 2 week period of rapid cell divisionenters a 2 week period of rapid cell division develops into an embryo.develops into an embryo.

EmbryoEmbryo the developing human organism from 2 weeks the developing human organism from 2 weeks

through 2nd month. Teratogens most dangerous.through 2nd month. Teratogens most dangerous. FetusFetus

the developing human organism from 9 weeks the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.after conception to birth.


40 days 40 days 45 days 45 days 2 months 2 months 4 months 4 months

The age of viabilityThe age of viability

after about 6 months – the age at which the fetus can after about 6 months – the age at which the fetus can sustain life if it was delivered prematurely. Any sustain life if it was delivered prematurely. Any premies in here?premies in here?


TeratogensTeratogens agents, such as chemicals and viruses, smoke, alcohol agents, such as chemicals and viruses, smoke, alcohol

etc. that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal etc. that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm development and cause harm

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) physical and cognitive abnormalities in children physical and cognitive abnormalities in children

caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinkingcaused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking symptoms include misproportioned headsymptoms include misproportioned head

Primitive ReflexesPrimitive Reflexes Compared to other animals, we don’t know much – Baby scared laughCompared to other animals, we don’t know much – Baby scared laugh

Giraffe :Giraffe : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IFcFqjEp9co&feature=related&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

Rooting ReflexRooting Reflex

tendency to open mouth, and search for nipple when tendency to open mouth, and search for nipple when touched on the cheektouched on the cheek

Lemons are not nipplesLemons are not nipples

Grasp ReflexGrasp Reflex

Tendency to close hand around items.Tendency to close hand around items. Babinski ReflexBabinski Reflex

Toes flare out when bottom of foot is stroked.Toes flare out when bottom of foot is stroked. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyVLD0hl0XY&feature=related

Vid Primary ReflexesVid Primary Reflexes

PreferencesPreferences

human voices andhuman voices and facesfaces facelike images-->facelike images-->

smell and sound of mother smell and sound of mother

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IFcFqjEp9co&feature=related&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyVLD0hl0XY&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyVLD0hl0XY&feature=related


HabituationHabituation decreasing decreasing

responsiveness responsiveness with repeated with repeated stimulationstimulation

Infancy and Childhood: Infancy and Childhood: Physical DevelopmentPhysical Development

MaturationMaturation biological growth biological growth

processes that enable processes that enable orderly changes in orderly changes in behaviorbehavior

relatively relatively uninfluenced by uninfluenced by experienceexperience

At birth 3 months 15 months

Cortical Neurons

Physical DevelopmentPhysical Development There is a regular sequence of achievements There is a regular sequence of achievements

that begins with:that begins with: Holding head erectHolding head erect Rolling overRolling over CrawlingCrawling Sitting upSitting up Baby learning to sit upBaby learning to sit up

Standing upStanding up Taking a step or twoTaking a step or two WalkingWalking Baby first stepsBaby first steps

The age at which the baby masters each of these skills The age at which the baby masters each of these skills varies, but the sequence rarely does.varies, but the sequence rarely does.

Infancy and Childhood: Infancy and Childhood: Physical DevelopmentPhysical Development

Babies only 3 months old Babies only 3 months old can learn that kicking can learn that kicking moves a mobile--and can moves a mobile--and can retain that learning for a retain that learning for a month (Rovee-Collier, month (Rovee-Collier, 1989, 1997).1989, 1997).

Body Sense Vid. 10:00Body Sense Vid. 10:00 http://http://

vsx.onstreammedia.com/vsx.onstreammedia.com/vsx/pbssaf/search/vsx/pbssaf/search/PBSPlayer?PBSPlayer?assetId=68932&ccstart=0&assetId=68932&ccstart=0&pt=0&preview=pt=0&preview=

Snapple factSnapple fact This progression is also found in intellectual This progression is also found in intellectual

development. For example, first the baby development. For example, first the baby coos, then babbles, then utters a first word or coos, then babbles, then utters a first word or two. Then develops a simple vocabulary. One two. Then develops a simple vocabulary. One word sentences, then more. Babies can learn word sentences, then more. Babies can learn to talk from 10 months to 20 months or later.to talk from 10 months to 20 months or later.

First wordsFirst words

Brain DevelopmentBrain Development

While in your mothers womb, your body was While in your mothers womb, your body was forming nerve cells at the rate of about one forming nerve cells at the rate of about one quarter million per minute.quarter million per minute.

At birth, we have all of the brain cells we will At birth, we have all of the brain cells we will ever have, but they’re not developed.ever have, but they’re not developed.

What is your earliest memory? You probably What is your earliest memory? You probably can’t remember anything before your 3can’t remember anything before your 3 rdrd or 4 or 4thth birthday.birthday.

Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development Cognition, again, refers to all the mental Cognition, again, refers to all the mental

activities associated with thinking, knowing activities associated with thinking, knowing and remembering.and remembering.

Jean Piaget Jean Piaget

Swiss psychologist who was the first to:Swiss psychologist who was the first to:1.1. Study the ways infants and children see and Study the ways infants and children see and

understand the world.understand the world.

2.2. Suggest that these ways are profoundly different from Suggest that these ways are profoundly different from those of adults.those of adults.

3.3. Offer a theoretical account of the mental growth Offer a theoretical account of the mental growth process from infancy to adulthood.process from infancy to adulthood.

Infancy and Childhood: Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development

SchemaSchema http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAQur-Y_BJY&feature=related Savedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAQur-Y_BJY&feature=related Saved

a concept or framework that a concept or framework that organizes and interprets informationorganizes and interprets information

AssimilationAssimilation interpreting one’s new experience in interpreting one’s new experience in

terms of one’s existing schemas.terms of one’s existing schemas.


AccommodationAccommodation adapting one’s current understandings adapting one’s current understandings

(schemas) to incorporate new (schemas) to incorporate new informationinformation

CognitionCognition All the mental activities associated All the mental activities associated

with thinking, knowing, with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicatingremembering, and communicating

Typical Age Range

Description of Stage

Developmental Phenomena

Birth to nearly 2 years SensorimotorExperiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, touching, mouthing)

•Object permanence 8 months•Stranger anxiety

About 2 to 6 years

About 7 to 11 years

About 12 through adulthood

PreoperationalRepresenting things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning

•Pretend play•Egocentrism•Language development•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OinqFgsIbh0

Concrete operationalThinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations

•Conservation •Mathematical transformations•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLj0IZFLKvg&feature=related

Formal operationalAbstract reasoning

•Abstract logic•Potential for moral reasoning•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zjJdcXA1KH8&feature=related

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentDevelopment


Object PermanenceObject Permanence the awareness that things continue to exist even the awareness that things continue to exist even

when not perceived when not perceived http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nwXd7WyWNHY No object permancencehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nwXd7WyWNHY No object permancence

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJW6KUIdG0s&feature=related Object permanencehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJW6KUIdG0s&feature=related Object permanence


Some researchers argue that Piaget seriously Some researchers argue that Piaget seriously underestimated the intellectual capacities of infants.underestimated the intellectual capacities of infants.

Baby MathematicsBaby Mathematics Shown a numerically impossible outcome, infants stare Shown a numerically impossible outcome, infants stare

longerlonger

1. Objects placedin case.

2. Screen comesup.

3. Object is removed.4. Impossible outcome:Screen drops, revealing two objects.

4. Possible outcome:Screen drops, revealingone object.


ConservationConservation the principle that properties such as mass, volume, the principle that properties such as mass, volume,

and number remain the same despite changes in and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objectsthe forms of objects


EgocentrismEgocentrism the inability of the preoperational child to take the inability of the preoperational child to take

another’s point of viewanother’s point of view Theory of MindTheory of Mind

people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predictthoughts and the behavior these might predict

Check out first part of Mind Games Part 3Check out first part of Mind Games Part 3

AutismAutism http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1VA6Q3vTC_o See Early warning signs autismhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1VA6Q3vTC_o See Early warning signs autism

a disorder that appears in childhooda disorder that appears in childhood Marked by deficient communication, social Marked by deficient communication, social

interaction and understanding of others’ states of interaction and understanding of others’ states of mind.mind.

Social DevelopmentSocial Development

Stranger AnxietyStranger Anxiety fear of strangers that infants commonly displayfear of strangers that infants commonly display beginning by about 8 months of agebeginning by about 8 months of age

AttachmentAttachment an emotional tie with another personan emotional tie with another person shown in young children by their seeking closeness shown in young children by their seeking closeness

to the caregiver and displaying distress on to the caregiver and displaying distress on separationseparation

Social Development and Social Development and AttachmentAttachment

Freud believed that the terror of infants at Freud believed that the terror of infants at their mother’s absence is based on the their mother’s absence is based on the expectation that they would go unfed. His expectation that they would go unfed. His view became known as the view became known as the cupboard theory.cupboard theory.

John Bowlby’s theory of attachment.John Bowlby’s theory of attachment. Babies show interest in people not only because Babies show interest in people not only because

they are the one’s that feed them. Infants are born they are the one’s that feed them. Infants are born with social needs.with social needs.

Social DevelopmentSocial Development Harlow’s Surrogate Harlow’s Surrogate

Mother ExperimentsMother Experiments Monkeys preferred Monkeys preferred

contact with the contact with the comfortable cloth comfortable cloth mother, even while mother, even while feeding from the feeding from the nourishing wire mother. nourishing wire mother.

Harry Harlows landmark Harry Harlows landmark experiment.experiment.

Two videos on HarlowTwo videos on Harlow

Social DevelopmentSocial Development Critical PeriodCritical Period

an optimal period shortly after birth when an an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development.experiences produces proper development.

ImprintingImprinting the process by which certain animals form the process by which certain animals form

attachments during a critical period very attachments during a critical period very early in life.early in life.

Imprinting and Imprinting and Konrad LorenzKonrad Lorenz

Birds – as soon as ducklings can walk (12 Birds – as soon as ducklings can walk (12 hours after hatching) it will approach and hours after hatching) it will approach and follow virtually any moving stimulus. follow virtually any moving stimulus. Generally becomes the ducklings mother.Generally becomes the ducklings mother.

During early months of life, infants will accept During early months of life, infants will accept substitute mothers.substitute mothers.

Check Konrad Lorenz and Duck and DogCheck Konrad Lorenz and Duck and Dog

Separation AnxietySeparation Anxiety At about 6 – 8 months, children learn who At about 6 – 8 months, children learn who

“mother” is and cry and fuss when she “mother” is and cry and fuss when she departs. This is called departs. This is called separation anxietyseparation anxiety..

The Strange Situation – Mary AinsworthThe Strange Situation – Mary Ainsworth A child brought to a strange room full of toys and A child brought to a strange room full of toys and

is allowed to play with them while the mother is is allowed to play with them while the mother is present. A stranger then walks in.present. A stranger then walks in.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTsewNrHUHU or savedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTsewNrHUHU or saved Strange Situation Mary AinsworthStrange Situation Mary Ainsworth

Stange Situation cont’dThe mother then leaves the child with the stanger, then returns:

1. Securely attached – play with toys, show some distress when mother leaves, great enthusiasm upon return.

2. Anxious/resistant – don’t explore toys when mother is present, panicky when she leaves, ambivalent during reunion (run to be picked up and angrily tries to get down).

3. Anxious/avoidant – distant and aloof from outset, little distress when mother leaves, ignore her upon return.* About 65% were securely attached.

Social DevelopmentSocial Development

Monkeys raised Monkeys raised by artificial by artificial mothers were mothers were terror-stricken terror-stricken when placed in when placed in strange situations strange situations without their without their surrogate surrogate mothers.mothers.

Social DevelopmentSocial Development Basic TrustBasic Trust (Erik Erikson) (Erik Erikson)

a sense that the world is predictable and a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthytrustworthy

said to be formed during infancy by said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive appropriate experiences with responsive caregiverscaregivers

Self-ConceptSelf-Concept a sense of one’s identity and personal wortha sense of one’s identity and personal worth

Questions on AttachmentQuestions on Attachment What about attachment to father? Only 1 in 10 What about attachment to father? Only 1 in 10

court cases award custody to father.court cases award custody to father. What about day care?What about day care? What about domestic conflict and divorce?What about domestic conflict and divorce? What about no attachment/orphans?What about no attachment/orphans? Freud says that personality is fixed by the first Freud says that personality is fixed by the first

few years of life.few years of life. Other researchers say that the past affects the Other researchers say that the past affects the

present, but does not determine it.present, but does not determine it.

Childhood SocializationChildhood Socialization Which one of the following makes sense to Which one of the following makes sense to

you?you? Reinforcement Theory Reinforcement Theory – children are socialized – children are socialized

by pain and pleasure.by pain and pleasure. Social Learning Theory Social Learning Theory – observational learning – observational learning

is the most powerful tool for socialization.is the most powerful tool for socialization. Cognitive Development Theory Cognitive Development Theory – an – an

understanding of interpersonal conduct and understanding of interpersonal conduct and thought. Similar to obs. learning but more thought. Similar to obs. learning but more emphasis on the thought process.emphasis on the thought process.

Marshmallow TestMarshmallow Test

Social Development: Child-Social Development: Child-Rearing PracticesRearing Practices

AuthoritarianAuthoritarian parents impose rules and expect obedienceparents impose rules and expect obedience ““Don’t interrupt.” “Why? Because I said so.”Don’t interrupt.” “Why? Because I said so.”

PermissivePermissive submit to children’s desires, make few demands, submit to children’s desires, make few demands,

use little punishment,use little punishment, Authoritative or Authoritative ReciprocalAuthoritative or Authoritative Reciprocal

both demanding and responsiveboth demanding and responsive set rules, but explain reasons and encourage open set rules, but explain reasons and encourage open

discussion.discussion. – – Things I’ve learned from my children.Things I’ve learned from my children.

AdolescenceAdolescence AdolescenceAdolescence

the transition period from childhood to the transition period from childhood to adulthoodadulthood

extending from puberty to independenceextending from puberty to independence PubertyPuberty

the period of sexual maturationthe period of sexual maturation when a person becomes capable of when a person becomes capable of

reproductionreproduction

Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder pg. 161pg. 161

As moral As moral development development progresses, the progresses, the focus of concern focus of concern moves from the moves from the self to the wider self to the wider social world.social world.

ChildsWorld Part 3 10 :00 in and,ChildsWorld Part 3 10 :00 in and,

Sophies choiceSophies choice http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KczxsvVvqGEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KczxsvVvqGE

Morality of abstractprinciples: to affirm

agreed-upon rights andpersonal ethical principles

Morality of law andsocial rules: to gainapproval or avoid

disapproval

Morality of self-interest:to avoid punishment

or gain concrete rewards

Postconventionallevel

Conventional level

Preconventional level

Questions on MoralityQuestions on Morality How many of you have ever cheated on a test?How many of you have ever cheated on a test? How many of you have ever stolen anything? How many of you have ever stolen anything?

ANYTHING!!?ANYTHING!!? Have you ever hit a car and not left a note?Have you ever hit a car and not left a note? If you were hanging in the house of the person you If you were hanging in the house of the person you

were dating, and they left the house for a second – were dating, and they left the house for a second – you noticed their journal – would you read it?you noticed their journal – would you read it?

Dark Knight Morality VidDark Knight Morality Vid

Moral DilemmasMoral Dilemmas The overcrowded lifeboat.The overcrowded lifeboat. Fat man and impending doom.Fat man and impending doom. The callous passerby.The callous passerby. A poisonous cup of coffee.A poisonous cup of coffee. Scientific American Frontiers Tough Choices Alda Vid. Scientific American Frontiers Tough Choices Alda Vid. http://vsx.onstreammedia.com/vsx/pbssaf/search/PBSPlayer?http://vsx.onstreammedia.com/vsx/pbssaf/search/PBSPlayer?

assetId=68624&ccstart=0&pt=0&preview=assetId=68624&ccstart=0&pt=0&preview=

Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development Development pg. 163pg. 163

Approximateage Stage Description of Task

Infancy Trust vs. mistrust If needs are dependably met, infants(1st year) develop a sense of basic trust.

Toddler Autonomy vs. shame Toddlers learn to exercise will and (2nd year) and doubt do things for themselves, or they

doubt their abilities.

Preschooler Initiative vs. guilt Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks(3-5 years) and carry out plans, or they feel

guilty about efforts to be independent.

Elementary Competence vs. Children learn the pleasure of applying(6 years- inferiority themselves to tasks, or they feel puberty) inferior.

Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial DevelopmentDevelopment

Approximateage Stage Description of Task

Adolescence Identity vs. role Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by(teens into confusion testing roles and then integrating them to 20’s) form a single identity, or they become

confused about who they are.

Young Adult Intimacy vs. Young adults struggle to form close relation- (20’s to early isolation ships and to gain the capacity for intimate 40’s) love, or they feel socially isolated.

Middle Adult Generativity vs. The middle-aged discover a sense of contri-(40’s to 60’s) stagnation buting to the world, usually through family

and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose.

Late Adult Integrity vs. When reflecting on his or her life, the older(late 60’s and despair adult may feel a sense of satisfaction orup) failure.

Adolescence: Social Adolescence: Social DevelopmentDevelopment

IdentityIdentity one’s sense of selfone’s sense of self the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense

of self by testing and integrating various of self by testing and integrating various rolesroles

IntimacyIntimacy the ability to form close, loving the ability to form close, loving

relationshipsrelationships a primary developmental task in late a primary developmental task in late

adolescence and earlyadolescence and early adulthoodadulthood

Adulthood: Physical Adulthood: Physical DevelopmentDevelopment

MenopauseMenopause the time of natural cessation of menstruationthe time of natural cessation of menstruation also refers to the biological changes a woman also refers to the biological changes a woman

experiences as her ability to reproduce declinesexperiences as her ability to reproduce declines Alzheimer’s DiseaseAlzheimer’s Disease http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Wv9jrk-gXc http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Wv9jrk-gXc

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NWJ09iI3cc4&feature=channelhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NWJ09iI3cc4&feature=channel

Or, Two vids on AlzheimersOr, Two vids on Alzheimers

a progressive and irreversible brain disordera progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory,

reasoning, language, and finally, physical reasoning, language, and finally, physical functioningfunctioning

Adulthood: Cognitive Adulthood: Cognitive DevelopmentDevelopment

Crystallized IntelligenceCrystallized Intelligence one’s accumulated knowledge and verbal skillsone’s accumulated knowledge and verbal skills tends to increase with agetends to increase with age

Fluid IntelligenceFluid Intelligence ones ability to reason speedily and abstractlyones ability to reason speedily and abstractly tends to decrease during late adulthoodtends to decrease during late adulthood

Life by the numbers TLC Human BodyLife by the numbers TLC Human Body A few more child observation ideas:A few more child observation ideas: Vid. Kids Say the Darndest ThingsVid. Kids Say the Darndest Things

AP PSYCHOLOGY Development Modules 7 – 10 Pages 131 through 183 What is development? Physical...

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