Chapter 26 Section 5 Notes: END OF WAR and The Peace Settlement

GERMANY GOES ALL INOne Last German Offensive: 2nd Battle of the Marne 1918

-Russia withdrew-Austria, Bulgaria, Ottomans teetering on collapsing-Strong successful push (March 1918)

-Paris is evacuating -U.S. troops arrive and reinforce (August 1918) -Turns Tide of the War -Germany Retreats and Realizes they will lose

New Government and Rebellion-Austro-Hungarian Empire

Multi-National Empire Busts at Seams -Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire break down

-Germany (New Republic)-Exhausted German Public and Military-Strong Socialist/Communist Presence:

Will Germany follow Russia’s Example?Emperor William II AbdicatesWeimar Republic led by Friedrich Ebert (Social Democratic Party)WWI Split SDP (Pro and Anti War)

Spartacists Uprising:

-Led by Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht-Replicated Russian Revolution

-Overthrow Central Government-Institute soviets (worker and soldier councils) to govern towns and cities

-Weimar Republic used Free Corps to Crush Uprising-Rosa and Karl are Terminated

-Russian Bolsheviks were extremely disappointed

Treaty of Versailles-Paris Peace Talks

-“Preparing Eternal Peace” -70 Delegates from 27 Different Nations

-NOT Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia

-Treaty Not Easily Constructed By Big Four: USA-Woodrow Wilson

14 Points:- League of Nations - Free Commerce -Reduced Arms-Open Diplomacy - National Self Determination

France: Georges Clemenceau

-Emphasis on Extreme Retribution and Revenge on Germany

Great Britain: David Lloyd George-Punish Germany, but also sided with Wilson

Italy: Vittorio Orlando

Terms of Treaty

1. New Territories-New countries created-German Colonies and Ottoman Territory confiscated by Allies

2. Reduced German Military

-No Air Force/ Navy

- 100,000 Man Army

-German DMZ in Rhineland (border with France)

3. War Guilt Clause-Germany take full responsibility of War

4. War Reparations-Pay 132 Billion Gold Marks

Germany didn’t like it but was forced to sign it due to allied blockade and starving nation-Also many Germans believed Army didn’t lose war

-Stabbed in the Back by: Socialists, Democrats, Pacifists, and later Jews

5. League of Nations Created

Breakdown of the Treaty and Alliance of Big 31. U.S. Senate refuses to ratify treaty or defensive alliance with France and G.B.

-U.S. returns to Isolation Policy

2. Great Britain backs out defensive alliance, isolating France

3. Isolate France Foreign Policy- Cruel Implementation of Treaty of Versailles to Cripple Germany- Alliances with newly created central European nations like Poland

4. National Self Determination: -Each Nation to Govern Self?-Europe: New Nations still drawn across ethnic lines

-Therefore Politically and Economically Unstable-Self Determination didn’t apply to Middle East or Colonies overseas

Example: Middle East-British and French established control over these territories-Betrayed Arabic Nationalists they promised autonomy-Balfour Declaration

-British Support of Jewish Homeland in Palestine-Arab opposition was crushed in Syria and Iraq

-Turkey-Allies literally tried to dismember entire Ottoman Territory-Mustafa Kemal Defended Turkey

-Upon victory created a modern, democratic, and secular Turkey

Costs of World War I-Death

War: 10-13 MillionHomefront: 7-10 MillionFlub Epidemic: 20 Million

-37,000,000 Out of 65,000,000 Soldiers Deployed Were Casualties

-Approximately Economic Cost: $ 185,000,000,000+

-A new outlook will be born