A&P- Digestive System & Metabolism powerpoint (nursing)
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Transcript of A&P- Digestive System & Metabolism powerpoint (nursing)
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7xKYNz9AS0
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qyJx_UVEgQI&feature=related
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◦Extends from mouth to anus, and consists of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and colon.
◦Where does digestion take place?
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Teeth Tongue Salivary
glands Liver Gallbladder Pancreas
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◦Enamel:
◦Dentin:
◦Pulp cavity:
◦Periodontal membrane:
◦Crown:◦Root:
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Made of: Nerves: Papillae Swallowing:
◦Step 1:◦Step 2:
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◦Salivary glands:
◦Salivary amylase:
◦Lysozyme:
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Food movement Reflex:
_______________ Swallowing:
◦ Pharynx constricts◦ Breathing pauses◦ Soft palate elevates
to block nasopharynx
◦ Larynx elevates◦ Epiglottis closes◦ Esophagus starts
peristalsis
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Peristalsis LES (lower
esophageal sphincter) or “cardiac sphincter”
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◦Mucosa: Location: Function:
◦Submucosa: Location: Function:
◦External muscle layer: Location: Function: 2 layers:_____ & ______
◦Serosa: Location: Function:
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Visceral Peritoneum Parietal Peritoneum Mesentery
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SKP1q-xpooo
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Location: Structure: Function:
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◦Cardiac orifice◦Fundus, Body,
Pylorus◦Rugae◦External
muscle layer ◦Pyloric
sphincter◦Chyme
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◦Gastric pits◦Mucous cells◦Chief cells◦Parietal cells Proton pumps
◦G cells◦Histamine H2 receptors
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Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Peyer’s patches Peristalsis Ampulla of Vater
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xu5jDCX2cHM
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Digestive secretions: 3 sources◦Liver Bile
◦Pancreas◦Duodenum Secretin
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◦Villi vs. Microvilla◦Structure:◦Function:
◦Villi:◦Capillary network◦Lacteal (lymph
capillary)
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◦Hepatocytes◦ Digestive function:
Bile production◦Liver lobules◦Hepatic duct ◦Cystic duct ◦Common bile duct◦Portal vein ◦Hepatic vein◦http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=tat0QYxlCbo
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Bile◦Made by:◦Stored:◦Function:◦Composition:
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Produces & excretes bile Glucose/Carbohydrate
metabolism Amino acid metabolism
◦ deanimation Lipid metabolism Synthesis of plasma proteins Bilirubin formation Phagocytosis (Kupffer cells) Storage Detoxification
◦ ETOH & meds◦ Ammonia
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2 functions:◦ 1.◦ 2.
When needed, contracts to propel bile to the duodenum
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◦ Exocrine◦ Produces
pancreatic juice made of: ◦ 1. Bicarbonate
Function: ◦ 2. Digestive
enzymes◦ Pancreatic duct◦ Common bile duct
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Digestive enzymes:◦Protease (i.e.Trypsin)◦Amylase◦Lipase
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◦Functions:◦Structure:
◦Ileocecal valve◦Cecum◦Appendix
◦Purpose: ◦Ascending, Transverse,
Descending◦Sigmoid◦Rectum, Anal canal, Anus
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◦Normal Flora◦Haustra◦Goblet cells
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◦Anal canal◦Anus◦Internal anal
sphincter: ________muscle Relaxes as part of
the defecation reflex
◦External anal sphincter: _________muscle _________ control
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Sense of taste Saliva Reduced secretions LES loss of muscle tone Sluggish peristalsis Gallstones, cholecystitis
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TEMPERATURE & METABOLISM
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Normal range - 96.5-99.5 f Average = 98.6 f Fluctuates 1 to 2 f in 24 hour period Lowest temp during sleep The very young and the very old
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Thyroxine Epinephrine Active organ Food intake Fever
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Skin
Others: ◦Respiratory tract◦Urinary tract◦Digestive tract
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Radiation Conduction Convection Vasoconstriction Vasodilation Sweating
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Hypothalamus Mechanisms to increase heat loss Mechanisms to conserve heat
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Temperature above 99.5 f
Hypothalamus
Pyrogens
Purposes of fever: 1. 2.
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Sum of all chemical reactions
Anabolism
Catabolism
Cell respiration
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C6H12O6 + O2 => CO2 + H2O + ATP + heat
GLUCOSE BREAKDOWN: 3 STAGES
◦1. Glycolysis
◦2. Krebs citric acid cycle
◦3. Cytochrome (electron) transport system
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Location: Input : glucose & ATP “investment”
◦No O2 needed yet◦Changes (1) glucose to (2) pyruvic acid
Output: pyruvic acid, ATP, high energy electrons & H+ (carried by NADH), heat
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If NO O2:◦ pyruvic acid is
converted to lactic acid
If O2:◦ pyruvic acid
continues to the next stage, Krebs cycle
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Location: Input: pyruvic acid &
oxygen◦ Others: ◦ Converts each pyruvic
acid molecule into 3 carbon dioxide molecules (one carbon each)
Output: CO2, ATP, high energy electrons & H + (carried by NADH & FAD)
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Location: Input: O2, electrons & H+
◦Also need: ◦Transfers the energy that was released in the
form of high energy electrons to ATP. Output: ATP, H20 Most of the ATP comes from this stage
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Proteins: made of AMINO ACIDS◦ Extra amino acids DEAMINATED by liver, then
converted into pyruvic acid, acetyl CoA, or ketones◦ Goes directly into Kreb’s cycle
Fats: made of GLYCEROL & FATTY ACIDS◦ Can also be broken down by liver into pyruvic acid,
acetyl CoA, or ketones◦ Goes directly into Kreb’s cycle
KETONES & KETOSIS
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calorie: Kilocalorie (Calorie with a capital C)
1 gram FAT = 9 KILOCALORIES 1 gram CARBOHYDRATES = 4
KILOCALORIES 1 gram PROTEIN = 4 KILOCALORIES
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GLUCOSE◦ Used to build pentose sugars (DNA & RNA)◦ Extra: Energy stores: Glycogen
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PROTEINS: AMINO ACIDS◦Used to build amino acids not obtained in
diet by liver◦Used by tissues to build proteins Hormones Antibodies Collagen Myosin & actin Clotting factors Many more!
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FATS: FATTY ACIDS & GLYCEROL◦Used to make phospholipids cell membranes
◦Used to make cholesterol: Cell membranes Steroids (ie. Cortisol,
estrogen) Bile salts Extra: stored as fat in
adipose tissue
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Amount of heat production◦Contraction of muscles◦Contraction of heart muscle◦Breakdown of cellular components
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The energy required for merely living
Energy at rest
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Exercise Age Body configuration of adults
Sex hormones Sympathetic stimulation Decreased food intake Climate
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Metabolic rate decreases
Sensitivity to external temp changes