AP Chemistry Workbook

8/17/2019 AP Chemistry Workbook

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2/287

II

C

2

A C 2A 2

I 3

I E C 5

C ; I I C 6

A C 7

C 7

E F 7

H C F 10

11

12

12

13

E 14

15

16

C F 19

I D C : I C

I C 22

C 23

E 24

G A G 22

C 27

D 28

A 30

E A 32

I G E G 34

35

A 36

I E 37

E A 39


3/287

III

41

42

44

A 47

C A 48

B 50

E 54

C 54

59

C 60

A E 61

C 62

C 63

D 63

C 65

D 66

C D 67

69

I 70

C C 72

F 72F H 73

74

H 75

75

A E 75

77

C 85


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I

86

C E 87

G E 87

E E 88

E C 89

E C 91

E 92

H E 93

C E C 94

98

C E C 100

C 101

104

A A A B 105

B A B B 105

C A B 107

A B 108

A 110

H 112

H 112

A B 114

E E A B 115

A B 116

E E A 116

C H 117

D A I 11

C H 120

E E B 121

C H B 121

E C A 123

B 124

A B /H 125

A B C 127

C I E 128


5/287

D H E C I E 129

B 131

B C 131

H B H H E 132

H B A B A 135

A B 136

C 137

A B 137

A B B A 140

A B C 144

C , 147

F A 150

, 153

E 154

D 155

F 155

I E 156

F 159

E 160

E 161

H 162

B E 164

H F 167

C 169

173

E 173

G F E 177

E E 18

C C 185

E 186

E 187

E C 187

E 188


6/287

I

189

I B 190

B H C 191

C B 194

G B 195

B 196

B 197

198

D 198

D B : F C 202

203

E 205

E 207

E D G 209

G 210

B A 218

H 218

, 225

I : I , C B 226

E 227

I F 228

I D F 229

D D F 229

D F 230

H B 232

I F 233

B 234

I F 235

C 238

H C 239

C C 242

D 243

245

D 246

F A 247


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II

C 248

249

B E 250

F D 251

252 G G B 254

B 254

C 255

C G 256

A 256

G 257

I G E 257

I G E 258

D 259

F 261

G 261

D I B 262

E 264

D E 264

C G 265

267

I 268 269

D 270

271

D ( ) 272

H 273

A 273

274

A 275

E 276

C C 276

C C 277

278

,


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ADVANCED PLACEMENT CHEMISTRY

S d b ab :

d c a ac , ca a d a d c b a b

b a d c a

ca c a a a a c a a d c b a c a c

c a c d

d ca a d c a ca c a c c d a a d d c b d c a b c c ca a d a c d c a ac d , a c a d d a d c a c c c

a a d d c da a a d c b c c d c b a d d c c c d c b c a d c a /d c a a

ac a

ca c a c c a , a d d ca c a d a a d d c cc c a a d a a a a d

R

ba c a c a

a c a c a d a c b , a

a ab da c

d , c c d a d c a

a c c da a & ac a a da a

a d a d c d

a a

ac a a d d c d c ca ac

a

d c d

ca d c ab

, a d c da a d c c d

ba d c a ac

a c d , c d ac d a d ba

a a c d , a d c a , c a

d ba d c c a

d

a d c ca a a a

c

d c a

da a

a d ca


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2

F 2. T 6. T 6 . T

1 . T .

A Z.

P 1: ATOMIC CHARACTER AND STRUCTURE

B B ' d a , c a ac ab

ca a . T c ad b d c d, d

b a d c , a d a , . T c d c

a a da a d c .

Ma b a d d c a

a . T a " b "

a . R a a a a c ca d a , a d

add d a d d a .

T a ad , a d . T ,

. E c d c a ac .

P 1+ , 1 , .B ca a c a d a d a c ca

c a , . T

. T . T ; ca , . T a

b c a d a a a c a a , a d .

A ; ac 1+ "ca c " c a a 1c . W ca

a c ca

ca d a .

ATOMIC NUMBER

Eac a a a c b ,

c a

d c ab . T a c b

a a b

c a a

. A c b d

a . N a

a a c b , a d c a

a c b c a

d a a . S F 2.

F 1. A . T

.


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3

T a c b ca d a d a

a c a ac ca

a :

Y ad ab a c a a d

a b , b c a d d

b a a ; ,

a a d a c b .

Y d a c a ac c

b ad a b a

a c b d c a a

. E c b a d

b a a , b b

c a a .

MASS NUMBER & ISOTOPES

P a d a ba c a c a a a , a d a ca d c . T ,

c b a c a a a . T a b a a b a d c .

a c a a .

A a ca a d

b c .

I a c a d

b c .

A c d d c b a

c c c c d . F a

ca b 12 c c d b

d c b d a ca b 12 c d .

T

. Ta a

4 ca b 12, dd

ca b 13 a d

ca b 14. T a

d b a

a a a

a . A a d a a

d ca a b

T a F 4. T

b c

a c b a .

F 3. T . Y

1 ( + 0 ), 12 ( + 0 ), 238

( + 0 ). T ,

F 4. Y . T

( ), ; . T

, . T 12, 6 +

6 0 . T 13, 6 + 7 0. T 14, 6 + 8 0.


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4

T .

A a a a , c d a c a ad ad a ca . F a , a a 70%

10% a d ab a 20%. Y ca a a c a a a ac

ad a a a . I a a a , a a a a d

a 70% a a a cc , d c a a a a c a

a a a c a ( c a a a a ad d b a a a ). T a

a c a ca d a c a .

P 1.1

F ab ca a a c 28

c b a a a cc

a a a c a c , c 28.09.

W ca ca c a a a a c a b d

d a a a .

T d a a a a a c a ca c a d b ca c a

:

100 =

D a a a c a c a ba d da a ab .

T a a a c a a 58.69, a d a a cc a

. I a a ab da c 78.3% d b 58.4, a a c d

?

I A c a P c ab da c

c 28 28 92.23

c 29 29 4.67

c 30 30 3.10


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5

IONS AND ELECTRICAL CHARGE

A . H , a ca a ac a d , c a c ca c a d c ca c . T d d c a

c ca c a c c a . R ca a c a a a c ba d

a c a ac , a d a b c a d a d a c c .

M . F a , a a d ad c a d d , c a a c a 1+. T c a d d c b

c a ( ) a d a c a ( c ): a a d c a 11 a d 11 c ; a

c a 11 a d 10 c a c a (+11) + ( 10) = +1. M a a a d a a

W b ac c a b : d d a Na+.

N . F a , a a ad a c a c a d , c a a c a 3 . T c a d

b c a ( ) a d a c a ( c ): a a c a 7 a d 7

a c a 7 a d 10 c a c a (+7) + ( 10) = 3. N a a

c a a d d . T ca d d . W b ac

b : d a N3 .

P 1.2

A ab a , a d .

W a b , a d c a a a c 31?

H a a d a a ad 204? 82; 0 = 122

W a a b a ca b a c a 8 a d 6 c ?

Id c a a d a b c c . W

c ca b c .

ca c c ad c


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6

P 2: MOLECULES AND MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; IONS AND IONIC COMPOUNDS

A d , a c a

d c c c c a b d d a a a

, d c d c b

c c d , a c c d a . M c

c d a (H2O), a (C6H14 ) a d a a (NH 3). F

a c c d a a :

M c a a c d a d b

( a ) a c a b d d a . U c

c d c ca b b a c b d a d

a a d b d c a c a

b d a ca b b a c ca c a cc .

I c c d a ad a a a ac d b c a c a ac d c a d

c . T , b ca c c d a a c , d a c ;

d a a .

N c F 5 a b a b d d c

c a c ca c d . H ,

b ca a NaC a NaC c a

c ca a a a Na C d a

a (F 6).

I a a a c a c a ca

c a b d d . T b d b a

a c a c a , a ac a d

a a a a c b d. C d a

a a c a c c d a a

d a c b d a d a c a

b d a c . A a , b a a c a b d

a b a c .

F 5. A . T .

F 6. A N C . T " ."


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P 3: QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF COMPOUNDS

PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION

P d ca c c b a a c d. I a da a c d : d d a a b a a a c d.

P 1.3

W a c c b a d d ca b a ?

A 2.424 a a d ca b b d c d c 3.756 a a d 7.342 ca b d d .

U a d c c ca b a d d d ca b .

EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULAS

E d a b a d d a a c a c d. H ,

c a ac a b ac a a b a a c

, b c a , ac a b a d d a a c d a

a. T ca a ca b a c a a ac a b a a c d b

a.

I c a a a c d, ca a d ca a, b d a

d a c a a ca a.


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8

D

D

W

F , ,

.

Y d d ca a a c d b d : a c

c a d c b a a

P 1.4

A c a c d d b 71.40% b a ca b , 9.59% b a d a d 19.02% b a .

D ca a c d.

C ;

52.14 / 12.011 = 4.34 C 13.13 / 1.0079 = 13.02 H 34.73 / 15.9994 = 2.17 4 / 2.17 = 2 C

I a a 14.50 a a c d c a a d a d c d ; a

a 3.76 a a c c d. W a ca a c d?


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9

I d c a ac a a a c a c d d , ca a a d c d

c a c d. T a d a c d ca a. F a

a a c d c a ca b , d a d ( . ., a a ) b d. T d c ac

ca b d d a d a . W 4 d ca a a :

• D c c ca b ca b d d a d c c d a .

• U c c ca b a d d d a ca b a d d a• S b ac a ca b a d a d a a c d b a a • S ca a.

P 1.5

I a a 0.5540 a a a a b d. S a c a ca b , d a d .

T c b a d c 0.6793 a a d 1.383 ca b d d . W a ca a

a ?

M c a a a b ca a ; a , a c a a a d ca a

a a , d d c a a, d d a d

b a ca a, a d ca a b .

D

D

M


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10

P 1.6

T a d a c d 38.7 ca b , 9.70 d a d 51.6 100.0 a

a . I a a a b d b 62.1 / . W a c a a a ?

HYDRATED COMPOUNDS AND THEIR FORMULAS

A

. F a , c d C C2, a c d, d d a d c d C C2 6H2O, c c a a c a a c . T a c d a d d a d a d a d c

. I a d d, c ba (II) c d ca d a d c ba (II) c d , dca d c ba (II) c d a d a . T a a d a add d d a a a

c d. W ca d b a c a a c a d d a d b ad d a , c d a b a .Y

.

P 1.7

A 1.023 a a d a d c (II) a a a d d a d a d d a a a 0.6540 . W a

c c a d a , a d a b c a d a

Na c d.


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11

MASS RATIOS

M d ca a a a c ca c d. T ca b a d d b da ac a d ab a b . A a a ,

a a A B ac A a a d B d a !

P 1.8

W a a a c c d c (VI) d ?


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12

P 4: STOICHIOMETRY REVIEW: LIMITING REACTANTS & THEORETICAL YIELDS

T a ca b ad b

c a c c :

W c d c , b

c d :

F a a b a d ? I c ca a ba a c d? A a b a b

d ( ca c a a,

c a c

ac a )?

C c a

a c d d

a ca c .

I a b a b d

a a d ( c d, c )?

A c c c

a , d d d ca a 6.022

10 23 a a a d c c

a a a 6.022 1023

a a ? I a a , d d

c c c d b a

a ?

D d b c c ca c a a a d a c c a d a c ?

LIMITING REACTANTS

A a ac a a c ca a a c c c a

c ca . Y a a ca c a a ac a ca c a c c d a

d a a ac a c a d c ac a b

A a , a d a ac a d a a a

c . D ac a d c b a

ac a c a b .

R

G a S b a c A

M S b a c A

U A

M S b a c B

G a S b a c B

U B

T A ,

[O a a c

6.022 10 23 a c .

T a c c d b a ,

c .]


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13

P 1.9

A 35.0 a ac d a a d c a a 5.00 a a d . A 100%

ac , a a a a ca b d c d?

THEORETICAL YIELD AND PERCENT YIELD

A c c a d c a c d ca c a a c d a c ca ac 100% c . H , ac d d ca d d c a a a

T a d c a ac a c c d d a c ca ac ca d . L ac ca c a , c d a a b a ac a a a d a a a :

F → 100 =

F →

P 1.10

A d c c d a a 0.2850 a ad(II) d d ac d a 0.2500 a a ad(II)

a a c a a d d acc d d b d ac ac :

Pb(NO 3)2 + 2 KI → PbI 2 + 2 KNO3

W a d c d?


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14

A 200.0 a CH4 a b d 35.6% d, a d H2O d c c c d. W a a H2O a c c d?

T ac b a a d a a ca d a b ac c a d a

ac d b a a a .

W ac b b a d a .

I ac cc ab 29.5%, a a b d a 500.0 HB ?

PERCENT ERROR

A d a a c a ab a a acc d a a a

c c a a !

: 100 =

: , , .

P 1.11

W a a d c c c 5.55 ca b d d a b 2.50 a a ?


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15

T c b c a , C8H18 , d c ca d c d ca b c b .

W ba a c d c ca a c b c a .

H a a H 2O a d c d 265.5 C 8H18 b d c 685.0 O2?

H a a a d ac 1.00 c a b ?

H a c ca b d d a d c d a 4.00 a c a b c ?

P 5: REVIEW OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

E c a b c ca b a a . A d, , a c

a a a a ca c . W d a c b b b a ? T a

a a a a d a d c a :

• I d ac a , a , a a c . W d b d, , a

a a a a " a " c c d a . T ,

a c b b d c ca b a a .

• F a a ac . A a b a a ' a a . T ,

a a d a b c ca b a a . T b a (G

a ac ; G 18 a a a a .


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A a a , a d .

a : 1, 2 & 3. L a c

a . O a 6 c

T c a ac

c d c ab a a

b a a c c , a d

• V a c a

. B ca a

c . I ad, a c

.

• Va c c a b c

a a c ca b a a

• A a a c a c c

c ca b a a d ca

b ) c b

b a . F a ,

b a c

d .

OXIDATION NUMBERS

T a c c a

,

da b da a d

a , c d NaC , c c a

a a c a d c a a d a

d c b ca a

? T da a ( da

c a b d a a a ca

. O a c a : 1 a d 2. S

a ac , c

a (22 a d 2 4), a d a a

a a ' a c c , a d ca

b a c c ; c a d

a a a c a "2 4."

a a a ' a . T a

a a a a ' , a

a a 2. E c a a a c c

ca b a , a d a a c

a a c c , c d

a c d ca dH R , c ca b

. Da a a ac b a a b (

b a . T ad a a a

a c a a d

, c a d b a . W a

d c c d , c a

d c d b d a d d c a

d 1+, c c a c

c d. H , ab ca

a c . H d a c a ac

b ) c . T a ac

c a d c a c b d.

16

a c

6 c (32 a d 3 4).

a a

a . O a

c a

a a c

a ca d

d c ab

c ab b .

a

. ., b a

a d a d d

b a ; a ,

c a

. T

c ca c d . F

1 . T b ca d

NH3, c d

c a

c a d a


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1

W a da b a a b d acc d a , c a ba d a

M , a a d d :

T T T 2 ; , 1+; , 1

T T ;

Y d d a da b a a a ad c c , a d d a a ac a c a a

c b d c d, a b ca . W a c c a c a a b

ca c , b a c c a ab c a a a d c

c a ca ca c a ca d d a ab c a a a d b d . H , a

da b a d a c a , a a a a d c a d a c ca ac .

E a d c da b a c a :

M ,

. T

. T , 1+ 4+,

.

N N N

( )

A a a , d a da b b a d a da a ! A d,

ab b a ab !

P 1.12

F ac c b , d da b a :

1) CaB 2 2) H 2O 3) NaNO 3

4) Pb(NO 3)2 5) NH 4OH 6) SO 42


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18

7) C 2O72 8) NaNO 2 9) S B 4

10) P 2O5 11) NC 3 12) PO 43

F ac b , d da b ac .

Cd( ) + N O2( ) + H2O( ) → Cd(OH) 2( ) + N (OH)2( )

W c c a ac b , a d a d c

a d b b d.

S

Na

C

S

T

.


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19

P 6: NAMING COMPOUNDS USING THE STOCK SYSTEM AND WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULAS

Y a a d a c a c d a a d b , a c c d b a d

a d ca c a a d a ca a c a ca b a d R a a .

Y b a b a c d ( c a ) ca ALL b a d

a , a d b b c a d ! V a a da a

a a d ca a a c d c d d b a ab da a .

• N .

1. Id c d.

2. Id da a R a a b c d a a d

a . (N ac b a d R a a .) I d b a , , d ca

da a d .3. C a a c d d d , a d a .

• N .

1. Id c c d.

2. Id da a R a a b c d a a d

a . (N ac b a d R a a .)

3. D c a a a c a a d c d a c d a a c d.

• N .

1. Id c c d.

2. Na ca d c .

3. C a a c d d d , a d a .

• N .

1. Id c c d.

2. Na ca a d a d c , a d a .

• W .

1. Id c d a d c a R a a a a c c a .

2. S c b a a d a a c d.

• W .

1. I c d a d , d ca d b ac a . (E c H2O a a

a a d NH3 a a a a. )

2. I c d a d c , d b a d da a ac . S c

a a d a a c .


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20

• N A

Ac d a a d acc d a c a ac d d d.

P 1.13

Na ac d b .

HC O

HC O2

HC O3

HC O4

W a ac d .

c ac d

ac d

S c a c a d a ac d .

A d d C d ac d a d a d c

A d a

C d ac d a c(R )

A d C d ac d a (R )


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21

P 1.14

Na c d , a , a a a . I c d c a d a

c a c d .

(III) a

ca b (IV) d

(V) d

d c d

PF3

a ca b a

C SO4

C 2SO4

C C 6 5H2O

H2O2

d ac a

HC

(VI) c d


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22

P 7: INTRODUCTION TO DESCRIPTIVE CHEMISTRY: SOLUTIONS AND INTRODUCTORY SOLUTION CHEMISTRY

Ma ac a d c a d

a ab b d

, c a ad a b c d

d d a . A d c

d a a a , a a a

d a d a d a a

c :

• A a ad

b a c a d c ca c b . I ad,

b a c .

• T a b a c

a a b . U a ,

a .

• T b a c a d d .

I F 7 ab , ca a c c d ( d b +/ ) d a . T

a ac d a d a a c , a a ac d d

S a b a c c a ad a a a a

b a c d a b a c ( c b a c ), a b a c d a b a c .

THE SOLUTION PROCESS FOR IONIC COMPOUNDS

T a c , a NaC a , c d

R ca a a c a , a c c a a c a c a a

d d a a c a . T a a b c c d a ac d

a c , a ac d a d a c . W

a , a ac c d a a ac b a d ca d c a . F a c c

c cc b ca a ac b a a d a a a a a

A . F a , c dNaC a a d a d c d c c c d

c ca b d .

F 7.T


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23

P 1.15

I a d c d d c a ?

NH4OH

NaCH3COO

H2SO4

THE SOLUTION PROCESS FOR MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS

I a c a c d a b , d a . H , c c d , d d ac a c d d a a . T a , c c a c d a

c a a d d a c a c a a . A a3OH,

a , d a a OH a d CH 3+ a c b a . A a c

c a .

F a , a

b , c a d a

a c (1 a ). W

b a c d a ,

d d a a a a

c d a a a

d c c d d .

S c c

a a ab c a

c d b a a

c d d c c ac d, c

c d

a d c d , a d ac ca a ac a

, c d a a.

(N c a d c a

d c c d

a a ,

d d c b c a

c d a a .)

F 8 . T

I ,

. I

,

.

T

.


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24

ELECTROLYTIC PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

P a ca c d c c c , b d c d d c a d c

E c ca c d c d c a c c a .C

, .

S ( ) . S , .

W ( )

W , .

T ac d , c a ac d a d ba a d d b , a d a d b

c d d d Pa 25. Y d , a d a a a ac d a d ba a a . A

a a c d d a b b .

C T 100% ;

HC d c c ac d

HB d b c ac d

HI d d c ac d

HNO3 c ac d

HC O4 c c ac d

HC O3 c c ac d

H2SO4 c ac d

S T

HF d c ac d

CH3COOH ac c ac d

HCN d c a c ac d

HNO2 ac d

H2CO3 ca b c ac d

H2SO3 ac d

H3PO4 c ac d

C T 100% ;

NaOH d d d

L OH d d

KOH a d d

Ca(OH) 2 ca c d d

S (OH)2 d d

Ba(OH) 2 ba d d


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25

GENERAL AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY GUIDELINES

1. T c a c ac d a b . L c a a c ac d , . ., ac c ac d, a b .

2. A c c d G 1 a a b .

3. A c a c d a b .

4. A c a , ac a , c a a d c a a b .

5. T c a d c d a b c a d: d c d a b : M F2, CaF2, S F2, BaF2 &PbF 2; a d c d a b : A X, H2X2, PbX2.

6. T c a a b c ba a , ad a a d c a

7. T c a d d a b c G 1 a a d Ca, S a d Ba G 2.

8. T c ca b a , a a d a a a b c G 1 a a d a

9. T c d a b c G 1 a , G 2 a a d a .

10. P a c d a a b .

11. N a c d a a b , a b c c a .

S

S b c

c d

ba ?

I c da ac d?

I a ac d?

I c da a

c a ba ?

S E

YES YES

NO NO NO

W

N

YES

NO

S

YES


33/287

26

P 1.16

F c d :

d c d a c c a

d a a ac d , ba a

d a ac d ba a a

d a a b b

ab a ac d , ba a d a a a c

a c d a d c a , d c a a a

CaC 2

HNO3

C2H5OH

L OH

HC

C6H12 O6

CH3COOH

HB

HF

NaF

PbF 2

Ca(OH) 2

M (OH)2


34/287


35/287

28

I a a c d a d c a c a a a a a

d ca a . F a , c d a a 1M NaC . T a a

1 d c d ac . H , d c d a c c d a d c a

d a d c d . T , a 2 : 1 d a d 1 c d

, , 2M . T d b b d c a c d .

P 1.18

H a c ( c ) a 0.750 L ? W a a ,

d . G a a d c a .

0.50 M NaC 2.3M c 1.2M c ac d 0.750M (NH4)3PO4

DILUTIONS

C ab a d a d , c c c a d . T d a a

d , a ca b d:

M 1V 1 = M 2V 2,

M 1 a d V 1 a a a d c

M 2 a d V 2 a a a d d d

T a d a c d d ac a a ,V 2, a d

M 2.

P 1.19

W a L c d a 1.20 L 0.500M HC ? S c HC 12.5M .


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29

I a a d a a d d a a . I ca , d

a ad b , d a a a d

P 1.20

H c a d b add d 110.0 L 0.5000 M HC a a 0.0850M ?

I a a a d 45.0 L 2.00 M ca c ac a .

W a a d b add d a 0.350M ?

H a a a ?

W d b b a a c c a d a a ? E a .


37/287

P 8: REACTIONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

I a

c a

ac .

B c a

a ,

a d: 0.70 M

Pb(NO 3)2 a d 1.4 M KI.

I a

, Pb(NO3)2,

a

c : Pb2+

a d NO 3 . I a c d

a c a a c . I

a b c d. T a a

c a . T a K+ a d

a " a ;" . ., ad a c a

W d d ad

a d d d d: c

ab a c d K

a a d a a ,

G R

W d c a d b d ac

a NH3 ( NH4OH d c NH

d c SO2 a d HOH) H2S (d c

c a a d c c

S( ) +

N 2CO3( ) +

S

a a c : K+ a d I . W

d a , , Pb2+ a d I ac a

b c d ca d c a , a d b

O3 d ac . I ac ca

d d d a d a a c a

a c ca ac c b a d ?T

d ab a . B ca

O3, d a c d . H

a c d b ca a ab

ac a a , ac cc . M c

3 a d HOH), CO 2 ( H2CO3 d c CO2 a d H

c b a d a d d ). G

d a d a ac d.

HC( ) →→→→ H2S( ) +

HC( ) →→→→ H2CO3( ) +↑↑↑↑

H 2CO3 (H 2O + CO 2 )

H 2SO3 (H 2O + SO 2 )

NH 4OH (H 2O + NH 3 )

30

a d,

b d a d PbI2,

c d ca d a

ac c d c d

d a .

. H , a

, K+ a d NO 3 , a

, a

a c d KNO3.

, a a

OH), SO2 ( H2SO3

ac a

C2( )

N C( )


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31

M C

A d b ac cc a c a c d d. T c a c d a a

ca b , c d a ac d . C a ac a ac d ba ac , c a a ca d ac

a a ac . I ac a ac d a d a ba ac a a a d c H2O. T a

d b ac ac :

CH3COOH( ) + N OH( ) →→→→ N CH3COO( ) + HOH( ) ↑↑↑↑

P R

A d b ac c a ac c b , d c a d c d a d a d b

c a c a b a . Y d a c d a b a d a c d a b

d c a a c a ac a a c a d b . T ac c a ac :

A NO3( ) + KC( ) →→→→ A C( ) + KNO3( )

↑↑↑↑


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32

WRITING EQUATIONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

P 1.21

F d ac c a a d c a . G a a ac

ba c d add d d a

a c d d d a

YES

YESYES

NOA b ac a b

c c d ?

I ac a ad ac d a d

a d ca b a ,d d ,

d ?

NO

STOP .

N .

S 1:

C c ac a

I a d c :

a c a c d ( . ., H2O,

NH3, a ac d)

a d c c d a b a

a b c c d?

NO STOP .

N .

S 2:

C c d c

1. Id d c d c NH4OH, H2CO3

H2SO3,

2. W a c a

3. W a b c d , ac d a d

ba d c a d a a c ca

c a

4. Ca c a c a a c a d ac a

d d c d

S 3:

W c

S a 2 c a

a

S a 3 c

a


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33

c ac d d d a d a ca c ca b a

a HC add d a a a d d d

a d d a d c ba (III) a a d

a a a ca c c d a d d a a d

c d ac a a d d d c c ac d

a c a a add d c d a

d d d d ad(II) ac a


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34

P 9: USING THE IDEAL GAS EQUATION AND GAS STOICHIOMETRY

W d a a a d a a a a d , d

a . T , a d a add a d a b add d a . Acc d

a , a d a a b a acc d d a a a :

= P = a ( a , a ca , H );V = a ( d a

R); T = a a ( d a a R: C + 273 = K);R = 0.0821 a , 8.314

Pa U a 760 = 760 H = 1 a = 101.325 Pa c .

U , 1 22.414 L

273 K (0 C) 1 (101.325 P ).

M , a a d a ab a c b a a d a d

c a . T a c .

P 1.22

C a d d a a a .

1.25 a 85.0 Pa a

T ac b d a a d a d c d a .

W ba a c d a ac

W a a a ca b d c d 2.5 L d b d c a STP?

U d a a a d a a ab a d a c a

a 0.500 L a a a 200 C.


42/287


43/287

36

T b a c da a d a c ad , a , c a a

a ca b d c ab . M c d c ab b c a d add

d .

P 1: ATOMIC RADIUS

A c ad c a d

( Z ) c d b c a a . T c c a c a

a a c a c a

c d b a c . A

c c a c a c a

c , b d c

c . F a , c a

c a 7+,

8+. T , 2 c

a c d

a ac b c 2

c a

a ac d, c ad a a

ad c a d

.

A c ad a d c a

ac d c ab a

b c a a d

c c a c a c a .

A c ad a c a

d a a

c c a c a d c a

c a a d

b c c a .

T a c ad a a

a d c : b d

ad a d b d ad .

F 9. T

.

F 10. I ,


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3

T ad a c a b d b ca b d d a c a a c

ca a b d b c d d a d d b c a c a ac b c a

a d.

T b d ad a a a a b d ad b ca a a b c d

c a a c .

A c ad a d SI c , , c 1012 , 1/1 000 000 000 000 . A a a c ad

a ab 30 d ab 300 a a G 6 a d 7.

P 2: IONI ATION ENERGY

A a b c a , d b

ab a a d c a a

a b c a a

a a d a c a

b c a a a a

c . T ,

.

F a , a

c d ( ) :

Na ( ) → Na+( ) + ∆H = +496 J/

T ca d a

,I 1, d b ca

d

d a c c . T c d a ,I 2, d a d

d c d , Na+ ( . ., c d c ). N c a (a d) c a

c d c d, a b a c a a a :

Na+ ( ) → Na2+ ( ) + ∆H = +4560 J/

F 11.T . Y .


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38

T 1. T a a c c a ca a d a a c

ab a P d 3 .

I E Na M A S P S C A

F 496 738 578 787 1012 1000 1251 1520

S c d 4562 1451 1817 1577 1903 2251 2297 2665

T d 6912 7733 2745 3231 2912 3361 3822 3931

F 9543 10540 11575 4356 4956 4564 5158 5770

F 13353 13630 14830 16091 6273 7013 6540 7238

S 16610 17995 18376 19784 22233 8495 9458 8781

S 20114 21703 23293 23783 25397 27106 11020 11995

T d a ca b ad a d b a c c a c a : c a a ( a , c a c a c a ) a c c . T d ca d b

c b a c a d c . C a , a , c a d d a a

c a b . T , c b a a a c a d

c a a a ( 1) c .

T d a c d b a . I a a a a a

a ac b c a d c a d a a a . T , a a b a

a a a .

A a d a a c a ac d c ab , a c

d c a a d c d. F a , a d c a c d a G 15 G

a d H d : a G 16 d b a , c c a c

a a a d b a G 15 c

a a b ca c a a d.

F 12.F , . T ,


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39

P 3: ELECTRON AFFINITY

I a a

c a a

c a d . I a c d a a

a c . A a

a c a d a a c a d

a a a c a c

d a a . T add

c a a c, c

a a c a1, a :

C ( ) + → C ( ) ∆H = 349 J/

T a a ∆H c d a

a a a c

a a ; a a a a

ab a a . A∆H b c a d c a . I d d, a ∆H

d ca a add d add a c .

P 2.1 P ac ac d c a a c ad :

P, S , S, A Na, B , M

A a c a d d c d a : N , Na, P, A , K

1 T ∆H . R , .

F 13.T ( ) .


47/287

40

C d a :

I 1 = 577.5 J, I 2 = 1816.7 J, I 3 = 2744.8 J, I 4 = 11577 J, I 5 = 14842 J, I 6 = 18379 J

I a a ca d? J .

P ac d c d d c a a c a (

c a ( ).

Na, A , C , S

T G 1 a a a a c a , G 2 a a

a . E a b a .

W G 15 a c a a a a ,

ca a ?


48/287


O

I

S d b ab :

d da a d d c

d c a

d c b a a d ac

ac

ba a c d ac b c a ac c a d

c , c d d c

a da a d d c d c b da a a d c a d d c a

a d c c a a d a d d a ba

R R

E

c ca c ; d da a d

aca d c c a d d

a ac d

d c , a d d c d a

d c a da a d d c

b d c ab

c c ca c , a d d a c a ac

a c

a ac d c

c c ca c

b c c ca c

d c a c

41

c a c


49/287

42

P 1: OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTIONS

U d a d c a c d a d ac , c a ac a cc a c c a . F a , a ac , c cc ac d :

2 H+( ) + ( ) →→→→ 2+( ) + H2( )

D a d ac , c c a da b , a c d c a da b

a d c a da b a d a b d c d, c a c a da b

b d d. A d ac a b a d d a d d c d c .

A

. T , . T .

A

. T , . T .

2 H+( ) + ( ) →→→→ 2+( ) + H2( )

I a a , da b c a c a d ; c a b d d,

c . T da b d a ; d a b d c d,

a c . I ca , c ( ) , a d d ( ) . T cab a ca b d c a cc c

a a a d :

A . A

. T

, .

T a a c a ac a a c : da a b ac d a d da

T c a cc a a d c b d ab : c ca c d d (a a ), a d a c d

d a a ).

+1 0

+20


50/287

43

O

T da a a b a ac d a a a a d d a . Ma ac

ab a . O c da a a b d c c ac d:

M ( ) + 2 HC( ) →→→→ M C2( ) + H2( ) ( c a a )

M ( ) + 2 H+ ( ) →→→→ M 2+( ) + H2( ) ( c a )

S , a a ? Y a a d ac c d c d a d d. I ca a

a c c a a b a d d , d c d +1 2.

Ma a b d d

0 +2 a c .

O

T da a a b a a c

a ac a ac d

c a a ac

T ac a d c d;

ac a d d (F . 1

T d c ac

a a d d ac

da a a d c

a c a a a c : a

ac a ad c

a ac a . T a , a

ac a b d d b a

ac a , a d a ac a

b d c d b a ac a . W

a a

d c ca a a

a ac a .

ER d c

acE E R d c ac E

L L + + → L 3.05 F F 2+ + 2 → F 0.440

K K+ + → K 2.925 N N 2+ + 2 → N 0.28

Ba Ba2+ + 2 → Ba 2.90 S S 2+ + 2 → S 0.136

Ca Ca2+ + 2 → Ca 2.87 Pb Pb 2+ + 2 → Pb 0.126

Na Na+ + → Na 2.71 H 2H + + 2 → H2 0.00

M M 2+ + 2 →M 2.37 C C 2+ + 2 → C +0.337

A A 3+ + 3 → A 1.66 A A + + → A +0.799

M M 2+ + 2 → M 1.18 H H 2+ + 2 → H +0.854

Z Z 2+ + 2 → Z 0.763 P P 2+ + 2 → P +1.188

C C 3+ + 3 → C 0.74 A A 3+ + 3 → A +1.52

T 2. A S S E . E . A . R

, .


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44

REDUCTION POTENTIALS,E

W d c b a a a a d c b a a. W ca c a a d c a a a d a a d

d a d a d b a a a a d c , c a d , V. Y

Tab 2 a a d c , a 2H+ + 2 → H2 , c a d d a .

M , ca d c a b a a c d a a d c a

ac cc a a da . T d :

A

. A

,

. T , , .

T , ,

,

, . T

,

, .

F 14. Z . W Z C SO4 ,

, ;

, . R , C 2+( ) + 2 → C ( ),

, , Z ( )→ Z 2+( ) + 2 , .


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45

P 3.1 C d a d c ad ac d a c a c (II) . W a d ad d c c (II) a c a d b d d ad(II

ac cc ?

Pb ( ) + C 2+(a ) → Pb 2+(a ) + C ( )

F , , E . I

.

C d a d c A ac d a c a c (III) . W a c ca ac

I ca , d c ca ac b b .

P 3.2 A c a (II) . W add c c ca a ? B a d ac b b . C a a d c

a .


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46

P 3.3 U d c a d ac ac b cc . W ac , a d c a a ac a cc . J

d c a .

1) d d a a c a

2) a ad(II) a , a c a add d

3) d a b bb d a c (II) c d

4) ba add d c d a

5) a ac d d c c ac d

C d a c a , c (I) a d (IV) . Ca a d a

c c a ac ? T a , c d d c a

? (A a a a a d b a d a a .)


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4

E = E ( ) E ( )

W c c d a b a :

I E ( ) ,

; , . N , ,

.

P 2: OXIDI ING AND REDUCING AGENTS

T a a E ca c a d a a d c a ; a a

a E a a a ac , a d c ac a a ac b

, d a c .

F a , ca da c b d :

2 H+(a ) + Z ( ) → Z 2+(a ) + H2( )

I ac , c d d (Z→ Z 2+), d d c d (H+ → H2). T a E d c d

d a 0.00 V; a E d c c c a ( da c a

B ca a 0.00 V a a 0.76 V, ca a d b d c d, c

d a .

O A E .

O d a a c a ca ca da a c ; d a a a d c d

d b ab a c a c , a , a d a a ( a

a , d c a ) a d . T a a d c d d c d : a→ , c

a → c , a d d c a → c (III) [ c (VI)]. O c d a c d d

a d a . S d a a d c .

R A E .

R d c a a c a ca a c c . A c d c a a

ca a c d c a c ; a a a d d. S d c a a

R P T

I b d c ab a a d c da d c c a ac : c

c a c a d , a ca b d c d. S c a ca d c a c

a ca b d d. B d , c d c a c d ca acc

c , . F a , a a a a c d ca b d c d d d a d .


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48

COMMON OXIDI ING AND REDUCING AGENTS

• C ,

. O .

M O4 ac d → M 2+

M O2 ac d → M 2+

M O4 a ba → M O2( )

C 2O72 ac d c → C 3+

HNO3 (c c) → NO2

HNO3 (d ) → NO

H2SO4 ( , c c) → SO2

a c → a ( da a )

a → a d

Na2O2 → NaOH

HC O4 → C

H2O2 → H2O

S2O82 → SO42

C O42 → C 3+

• C ,

. A . R .

a d → a

a → a

SO2 → a

→ a

a , d ba c → a

a , c c ba c → a a

a → a c ( da a )

C2O42 → CO2

M O2 ba → M O4

Y a c a b a , c a , a c c , d c

a c c a ac d a a b d c c a d ac a

a , a b c a c a c b c c a a a . Y

a c d .


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49

P 3.4 Id a d d d d c . F c , d c .

(A)

(B) c

(C) d

(D) C 2O72

(E) d

Ra d c a d c ab

a c c a .

A , F , B

P d c c a b d c b d . B a d

c . F ac , d c da ac .

B B 2 NO3 M O4

U d c a d a a d c ac

S a d d a d c c

A c d a ac d a d c c ac d.

T ac cc a . W d c ac . Id d a

d c a .

M O4 ( ) + F 2+( )+ H+( ) → ?


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50

P 3: BALANCING REDOX EQUATIONS

Y a d b d a a ba a c a b c a a . H , a c d a

ac ba a c c a , ; c ac ba a c a c a a d a a . W

d ac b . T a ac d a a da a ac

d c a ac , ba a c ac a a a a d c a , a d a bac

a a d ad c d c ! T a ac d b ca .

W ba a c d ac , a ca d c ac a a cc ac d c ba c .T

!


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51

B

Id da a

ac a d d c a

ac

C + NO3 →→→→ NO2 + C 2+

W a ac : da a d

d c

Ba a c a a c O a d

H b a ac

Ba a c b add

a c ac

a d d

Ba a c d b add H+

a d d ac .

Ba a c c a b add

c ac .

T add

d ac a d

d .

M

a ( ) a d d ca c

c . T c

MUST ca c .

Add ac ca c a

c c ;

b .

W c a .


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52

B

Id da a ac

a d d c a acP (OH)42 + C O →→→→ P O2 + C

W a ac :

da a d

d c

Ba a c a a c O a d H

b a ac

Ba a c b add

a c ac

a d d

Ba a c d b add H+ a

d d ac .

Ba a c c a b add

c ac . T

add

d ac a d

d .

M a ( )

a d d ca c c .

T c MUST ca c .

Add ac ca c a

c c ;

b .

Add a OH ac H+

. C b a . Add a b

OH d , .

Ca c c a c .

T

T H+ !

W c a .


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53

P 3.5 Ba a c d ac b a ac d.

CN (a ) + M O4 (a ) CNO (a ) + M O2( ) ac d

C ( ) + NO3 (a ) C 2+(a ) + NO2( ) ac d

C (OH)3( ) + C O (a ) C O42 (a ) + C 2( ) ba


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54

P 4: ELECTROCHEMISTRY

VOLTAIC CELLS

R ca a a a d ac a a d c . W ac cc ,

ca b a d c ca (a , b ca S c d La , ca a a

b , c a d d a c ).

A ( )

. T a d a c a a d .

T S V

I a ca a c c ,

a ac d

2; . ., c a ac d

c , a d c

a ac d

c . B ca

a a c ac

a , d ac

ca cc a d

a c

d d. T ca bacc d b c c

a c . T

d a c d

a c

c d . A

, a c c .

I a c a a c c , a d c ac cc . H , d c ac C2+(a ) → C ( ). I a c

a c c , a da ac cc . H , da ac Z( ) → Z 2+(a ) . T c a a a c c a

a : a d c a a d ca d c a .

2 F ,

AP C , .

F 15. A .


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55

R , . T ,

. T

.

B c , ca d ab d , a d ab d a ; , c d c a

ac , c d c a a c ca c a , a c c c a a .

T a a c a a c c :

• A d c a c ; ca d

• A da a c ; a d

• A c d a c ; c c

• A d a d c c c ; b a c

• A c a d a a c d c a a a a

a b d , a d d a a a ca d c a (a d a b d;

a d )

T O V C

A) Z .T

. T

. T .

C) C . T

, . T

. T

.

B) T .

D) A

.


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56

A a c c a a a a a d c b a d a d ca d . F a a

a d d d c , a d c a a ca d a d c

a d , b ca a c a b . T ac d c

E = E ( ) E ( )

E = E ( ) E ( )

E = E ( ) E ( )

N

Y ca d ca d a d a d a c b a d c a a ac

d c a cc a a d c , c a ca d . Y ca a a E d a

d c a ac b a a a E .

P 3.6 T ac cc a a c c : Z( ) + C 2+(a ) Z 2+(a ) + C ( ). W a a E ?

A a c c a a ; c c d c c a N (NO3)2(a ) a d N ( ) a d C NO 3(a ) a d C ( ).

A) D a ac cc ac c , ba a c d ac a d d

c d da a d c d d c . Id b

c b a d.

B) W c ac cc a ca d ? J c c .

C) I c c a a c d c a ? J c c .

D) W a a c a ?


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5

A a c c a a E = +1.46 V. T ac c a :

I +(a ) → I 3+(a ) + 2

B 2( ) + 2 → 2B (a )

A) W ba a c d a ac , a d d ca b c a d.

B) W c ac cc a ca d ? W c ac cc a a d ? J ac c

C) U a ab d c a a d a c d d , d

E d c d (III) d (I).

P 3.7 C d ac : C2O72 (a ) + I (a ) C 3+(a ) + I2( )

Ba a c ac ac d , d a d a d ca d a ac d a a c

a d d a E . (I ca b a c c a . ., a c d a

a ad a a a c a P . T , ad d a , c


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T d c ac a

a d a a c c . Id

c c . T , b a b

d a a b ab d c

La , a c c a

c a c a 298 K 1M .

S N V C

W ca a d a a a

a d a d c b c . W

a c , a a ac a

a ba . W a a c b

c a b d , a d

c a a a d

P 3.8 S cad c

P 5: APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROCHEMI

R d a , ba , c a d c

add d d d a c a .

. U da a Ed ac , d

ac a cc a ca d a d ac a c

c c a a c c . T

c a c .

Cd2+(a ) + 2 → Cd( )

S2+

(a ) + 2 → S ( )

ac a a d a c . F , a

c b

da

d c

a d b ba ,

d c a

a d ac .

P ac c 3.7 a d a .

TRY: BATTERIES, CORROSION AND ELECTROLYSIS

b d a ab a , a d

58

ac a cc

c a a d . J

a a a

,

c c b


66/287


C K

S d b ab :

E a c c ac D c b , d c a d d c

ac

E a ac a a

c ca ac

D c , d a d a Ca c a a a D c c a ba I a ca da a d a E a ac a a d U A a a d

a

R c a ac a D

D , d a d d c

R M

a

ac a a c a

a c

c a

d a a d a a a d a

c c ab ac d

a a

a ca c ; d ac a a d a

c , a d d c a ac

d c a ac a c b d

ca c a ca a a c ca ac

59

c a a a ab

ac


67/287

P 1: COLLISION THEORY

A a a d ac ,

. (T a d .) B d c ac

acc d d c ca ac ca d

a d ac . T a

H , a c ad a c ca

a d c ca b d d a d a

c cc . C T

add :

• T

• T

S A , c c ;

T , ca a c a

a a a b a

, , b b d cc c c c

, c a ac a a c

a b a ab c ca ac , c d

ac . W b ca d a a

. Acc d c , d a c ca ac

c d a a a a c a

a a d ac d , a a d 1888.

: C

60

c a c

a ac . A d

ca ac c d

d c

ac

c d a

c d ac . I

a c c


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61

F 17. I (A) . I , .

ACTIVATION ENERGY

L a a . I

c a a

a a c a d ac

:

CO + NO2 →→→→ CO2 + NO

Y ca a ac a

c a a

a d

c ca c a d

ac ba

a c a d a

c . Acc d c

, a add a a

b d

a a ac a

T ac a CO a d NO2

a c a a c c d ac c d , , c a a a d a c ca ac .

D a a , ab a d d. I a a c ca ac

c d d c bac ac a . T a ab b d ac a a a

, E , ac , c a d a ac cc .

A ab , ac c, a d c a a ac a

d c b a a

a d a a

a c a ac ,∆H .

I d ac cc ,

ac a (CO2 a d NO

ac ) ac a

a ∆H a d

ac a d E a d

ac .

T a a add a

a a a a

c ca ac ; cc (A), b

a c (B)

d d c .

F 16.R .


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62

I a a , a c a ac

c

c ac . Y

ca a , a

a a a c a ,

ac c

c ac

c a .

T a a a c a

c a ac c: a

B , c a

a a bab

c c ca a

c a c a a

cc a a

a . L d B a d d

b a b a

a a a a c d

b d d c c a

b a ; , c a d a

a d b b a .

B a b d c

ba c a c , c a a d d b a 1800 . U ab ac c c a d a ac

B a c d c d 1906, a ba c d b ca a a

T , Ma d , G , R d a d .

COLLISION ORIENTATION

T c d a c a

c . T a a a ac

b a c a d c a c ca ac . I

d d c d ca b a CH3B , c a

a a ab . I (b), d d c d b a

c , c c c d a a

cc . T a a b a a a , a

a c d c a a ac a c ac

a a c .

W a a a a a c d ab 1010

c d, b 1013 c d c a ac . R

c , a a d c c a

ac cc .

F 19.T ( )

. N ( ) /

.

F 18.T M , . A

, . H ,

.


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63

P 2: CHEMICAL KINETICS AND RATES OF REACTION

C a a c c c d a c ca ac , d a c c ca cc . Ra ac ca b a c d b a ac , c a d c d.

P 4.1

F ac : d c b a a b a , d a a a c

ac c , a d d a a ac a a .

C

T

P

S

DEFINITION OF REACTION RATE

I a a ac a ca b d a A→ B.

B ca c 1:1, ac c

a c d ac a c B

d. I ac 60 ,

c c da a ab a .

ca c a

B ,∆∆∆∆ B,

,∆∆∆∆ . T d d

ac , a a c b a c B d

=∆ B

∆

N c a a c d a ac a a a c b a c B. W c d a a

a d a a a c b a c A:

=∆ A

∆

, ( ) M A M B

0 1.00 0.00

10 0.75 0.25

20 0.55 0.45

30 0.40 0.60

40 0.30 0.70

50 0.22 0.78

60 0.16 0.84


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64

P 4.2

Ca c a a ac ac ab Pa 63. L a a , ac a

c a . I ca , c a c d b d c b a c B c b a c

A R A P , B

A R D R , A

W a ac a a d a a a c B a d a a a c A a

a ?

H a c a a d c d c d?

a ∆ B a B a ∆ B A a a , 1

= 0 = 10

= 10 = 20

= 20 = 30

= 30 = 40

= 40 = 50

= 50 = 60

a ∆ A a A a ∆ A A a a , 1

= 0 = 10

= 10 = 20

= 20 = 30

= 30 = 40

= 40 = 50

= 50 = 60


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65

RATES IN TERM OF CONCENTRATION

T ac d a ab a a ac a a d d c ac b a c . H , a

c c a ac a a d d c a ac . L a ac :

C4H9C (a ) + HOH( ) → C4H9OH + HC

I a a 0.10 M C4H9C (a ) , c a a c c d ca d

c b a . I a d a a a c c b a

a da a ab a .

N c a a a d c c a ac a a

ac a a a ac a a . Ra a a

c a , a d c a a b a d a , a

a ; , a c a d a a

c d .

(T ac ca ac , a c c d a

a a ac d a a a c . T

a ac d OH a , a d a a c a d

a c ac d. T d c ac ab a a c b a

a d d c c ac d: R X + HOH→ R OH + HX.)

P 4.3

W a a d a a a c a a d a a a c c b a

a d c b a c a d d c c ac d.

Ca c a a c a M 1d a = 50.0 = 150.0 a d a = 500.0 = 1000.0

H d a ac c a c a a ab ? P a a a b

, ( c d ) [C4H9C (a ) ], M

0.0 0.100

50.0 0.091

100.0 0.082

150.0 0.074

200.0 0.067

300.0 0.055

400.0 0.045

500.0 0.037

800.0 0.020

1000.0 0.000


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66

STOICHIOMETRIC DIFFERENCES

S a a d a ac , b c ad c c a 1:1 b a c . L

ac c c a a 1:1, ac b d a d d d c d

2 HI ( ) → H2( ) + I2( )

I ac ab , ca a 2 HI a d ac H2 d c d a d ac I 2 d c d. T c a

ca c a a ac b ca d acc ac a 2 HI a d ac a

a c a a a a a c H2 I2 a d a a a c HI.

I a a a a c H2 a

= ∆[H2]∆ d c a a d a a a c HI c a ,

=∆[HI]

∆ = 2 ·∆[H]∆t

(A b a c a a d a d a a a c a a a c c a c ca ac

a , a d d c a ac a a d a a a c HI a , ac ,∆[HI] / ∆ .)

W ca c c d a a , a ac

A + B → →→ → C + D a a c a a b :

=∆ A

∆ =∆ B

∆ =∆ C

∆ =∆ D

∆

P 4.4

Acc d a 2 O3( ) → 3O2( ) , a a d a a a c , O3, a a a a c

a 6.0 105 M 1?

N d d d d N2O5 b d c . W ba a c d c ca a a

I a a a a a a c N2O5 4.2 10 7 M 1 a a . W a a d a a a c ac ac a

a ?


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P 3: CONCENTRATION DEPENDENCE OF

c a d a a a c

d a ac ca d ac . T , ca b d d c a

a a a ab

d a c d a a a a ab .

O a c c a

a a c c a a

c b ac a . Y d

b ad ac d d.

P 4.5

I c ,

c c a ac a ?

F 20. P . T .

RATE

L a

b

a

a a

a

ca

ca

ca

ac

ab

c

a :

d d

a

M

ac

ca ac a a c c c a ac a

d a a a d ac ac a a ac ( . ., d a a d a

a b a d a c ca ac a d

ac a a c a ac a a

c a a c a ac a ; a , a a

da a c ab

d c a a c ca ac d b d

∆[NO 2 100

6

a . A

Pa 65 d a

: c

a c ca ac

d c a a ac a

ac . T

c ca ac , a

ac a d c

bac a ac a

a d Pa 64

a da a

. T b a

a ab

a c ca ac

c c a

a , a .

a c a a

c c a

, , a

. T d

a c a a a a ). T

a c , a

d

a a

a . Y c c

d


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68

E N b I a [A],M I a [B],M I a Ra F a AB,M /

1 0.0100 0.200 0.540 10 3

2 0.0200 0.200 1.08 10 3

3 0.0400 0.200 2.15 10 3

4 0.0600 0.200 3.23 10 3

5 0.200 0.0200 1.08 10 3

6 0.200 0.0400 2.16 10 3

7 0.200 0.0600 3.24 10 3

8 0.200 0.0800 4.33 10 3

E T : T E c I a R ac a C c a R ac Ra I A a d I B A S F AB.

E P : T d a b a a ac b a c c a a a d.

C : H d c c a ac a a c a a ac ? S c ca , a a ca a a ca b a d?


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69

T ab :

Ra ∝ [A][B] A d, ca a a ca b d a a b b a c a , c

a = [A][B] ac . T a c a d a a a d c ,

. T d d c a c c a ac a ca d a . T ,

. Y ca a a a a d c c a a d a ca a d a c a .R

.

P 4.6

U da a Pa 68 d a a c a ac b I

a d I B.

U a c a ca c a d ab d a ac a [A] 0.100M a d a [B]

0.100 M .

REACTION ORDER

T a a = [A][B] d ca a c c a b b a c a a d

a a . T a a ca . S a add a a a a :

2N2O5( ) → 2NO2( ) + O2( ) a a = [N2O5]2

H2( ) + I2( ) → 2HI ( ) a a = [H2]0[I2]

T ( a a d ) a a a a ca d , a d d d a ac a d

a c ca a , a d ca b d d a . T a ac d

a a ac , ac d a ac ab a a d , c

R b , a ac d a c ca ac d ac a .


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70

T ac d ca a b ab a a c c a ac a a c a

d b c c a a ac a a d , ca a a c a a ac

ac a c d d , a c a a c a ac a c c a ; . ., d b ac a

c a c a a ; ac a c c a c a c a a . T

• :

• : • :

METHOD OF INITIAL RATES: USING INITIAL RATES TO DETERMINE RATE LAWS AND RATE CONSTANTS

R

L d d a a ac Pa 68, c ca a c c a

a c a ac ; a d d a a a .

1. U da a d d, d c c a c c a ac a ( ) a

a d ( ) ac a ( ).

2. W a a ac : a = [A] [B] , a d a a d .

3. U a a d a c a b a a a a ( b da a

ca ! Y ca a d a ac a a a a a a b d d.

P 4.7

U da a d d d a a a d a c a ac A + B→ C.

T a [A],M [B], M I a Ra ,M /

1 0.100 0.100 4.0 10 5

2 0.100 0.200 1.6 10 4

3 0.200 0.200 6.4 10 4

D a a ac . J a a a ca a d .


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71

W a a d ac ? E a a .

D a c a ac a a a .

W a a ac [A] = 0.050M a d [B] = 0.100 M ?

W a c c a d b d b a a a a c a a d ?


79/287

72

CONCENTRATION CHANGES OVER TIME

• FIRST ORDER REACTIONS

R ac c a d d c c a a ac a a d , a a a [A] a

d d ac , a d a

[] = + [ ] a ca c a c c a a ac a , [A] , a a a d a c c a , [A0,

a d a c a . T .

P 4.8

) W a c c a a c c d a b d a 6 a a ? T a c c a

4.5 10 4 /c 3, a d d a c a ac 0.94 1.

) H a [ c c d ] a a EPA c d d a 1.0 1012 /c 3?

T a c a d ac d c ac a , ac d

0.0001103 1. I c c a 1000.0 d d T a 0.00063 /L a b d , a

c c a a 8.0 ?

A ab c a ac c d

ac a a c c a

. B ca da d a a a

= + , a [A]

a a a

a d a c [A]0, c

c d b d

d a ac da a

d a a c a

a ca da a.F 21.T

.


80/287

73

FIRST ORDER HALF LIFE

T a a d ac a , ,

d c c a a ac a d

a a a . T a a

d ac a b :

= 0.693 [T

[A = [A 0 = 1.]

Ha ca c a a a d c , a

c c , a d

a a a a d c a

c . N c a a a dac a d c a a c c a a ab

.

W ca a a d a d a a , , a a c c a . T , a

a d d c a d c a d ca .

P 4.9

W a a T Q B Pa 72?

W a a a a d c c a ac a d b 0.0000014 L1?

F 22.N

. N


81/287

74

A c a a a a 455 a . C d a a c a c a c a d a

c b d d. T a a a

0.0065% a a a da . H a d d a d ?

F ab , d a a a d da a d a a d.

SECOND ORDER REACTIONS

R ac c a d d c c a a ac a a d c d , a a a [A]2

ac a ac a d , a a a a = [A][B] a d c d d ac , a d a

=[ ] −[ ] a ca c a c c a a c d d ac a A a a a d a

c c a , [A]0, a d a c a . T . A

d ac a d c d Pa 72, a a c a c a ac c ab a a c d d

, ca a

c d d ac a ,

. I

,

,

1/ A 0. F 23.T .


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75

SECOND ORDER HALF LIFE

F ,

,

. T a

F 24.

T c d a c d d

ac c c b d c

a c c ; a c , a

d a . H , d a

a a b d c d ab

d a .

P 4: RATE AND TEMPERATURE

W a a c d a c ca ac c

a a a ac a c a d

a a ab ba c d a a . Y

a , , a

.

THE ARRHENIUS EQUATION

A c d a c a a ac

a a c a d a a . I ad, d

c a a ac a a

a c c a . A d a a

b d a , A :

= / A a c a ca d ( a d b c a b a ab d aE

ac a ac ,R a c a 8.314 J/ K, a d T a . N ca d ca F 25 a d Pa 76.

F 24.T . (C F 22.)

F 25. T A E . S = E /R. B

E , 8.315 J/ K R.


83/287

76

B c :

A E , A T ,

I a a a A a , a b , b a a c a = + ,

c a = , = E /R = , = 1/T a d A = . (P a a A c

[A] a d c c a .) A , c c c ca

b d. T a a ca d ac a a ac a a a

a .

= W ca a a d a a a d d d a b d ac a

c a a a . A a , ac a a d a c a a

a c a a a a .

= −

P 4.10

W a a c a a a c a ac a 430.0 K ac a ac 160 J/

c a a 462.9 K 2.52 105

1

?

W a ac a ac a d F 25?


84/287

P 5: REACTION MECHANISMS

G a , c ca ac d cc

cc a a c ca ac c d .

A a a a , a a a d

b a . Y a a

a a a

d c b a R 4

11, B a I 95

, d a , c. T d c

d a a a

c a d a b

a d a cc b

• E S

W

. T aMa ac a

ac b NO( ) a d , O3( ) , cc

c a d a

I a ac a cc d a

c d a d b NO2 a d O 2 a d c

T b c a c d a

, c a c

T c a a , a

c c .

• A M M S E

L a ac b , c

a .T

. R ac c a a

a a a a B

a d B . O c , d c

. F a , a c

Ca C , B a a E

C Pa , d a b a d

d a d a d a a cc d

b a d d. S a , a ac

a d d, b ad a b , d

.

,

ac a a .

a b a d c a d. T

a a c c d

:

NO( ) + O3( ) → NO2( ) + O2( )

, a , d c

d b ca .

a d : a a d c a c

c c d a

S

a ac NO2( ) a d CO ( ), c d c NO( ) a

NO2 ( ) + CO( ) → NO ( ) + CO2( )

7

a d a

a NO a d O3

c a c a

a

, a c

d CO2( ) :


85/287

78

A a a c ca ac a cc , , ac , a ac a

a cc c d c NO( ) a d CO2( ) :

E a S 1: NO2( ) + NO2( ) → NO3( ) + NO( )

E a S 2: NO3( ) + CO( ) → NO2( ) + CO2( )

I ac c a , ca a c cc c c NO2( ) NO( ) a d

NO3( ) . T NO3( ) d a c d CO( ) d c d c NO2( ) a d CO2( ) . T NO2( ) d

c ac add a NO2( ) a S 1. T a ac ca b :

NO2( ) + NO2( ) + NO3( ) + CO( ) → NO3( ) + NO( ) + NO2( ) + CO2( )

Ca c c a cc a b ac a a d d c NO2( ) + CO( ) → NO( ) + CO2( ) a a ac .

T c d a a a d b a a ca d . I d a c c

c a a a c a . D c a d a ac a d c a

ab a d a a ab c ca c a a c ca ac cc ; a a a

b c a a a ac a d c .W

; .

P 4.11

T c a a a c : a

d c d a c c a a d a c a ; c d a a

ac b a d a c d d c d a c

A) W c ca a ac a

B) Id c a ac

C) Id a d a a

D) W a a c ca a c a a

E) W a c a a ac ?


86/287

79

L a ac :

M (CO)6 + P(CH3)3 → M (CO)5P(CH3)3 + CO

I d ac c a c a ac ? T a , c

b a ac ab a ? E a

S 1: M (CO)6 → M (CO)5 + CO

S 2: M (CO)5 + P(CH3)3 → M (CO)5P(CH3)3

• R L E S

T a a a a ca b d d b c a . (T

ac .) R ca a a a a d c b c c a ac a a c a a ac . T , ca

a a b c a a a a d a a . I d d, ca . I

a a a ac cc a ca b d d b c .

U

A ac a c a d d c c a a ac a ; , a c a

d ac a .

A → d c = [A]

B

A ac a b c a d d c c a ac a ; ; a b c a a

d a , a d ac ac a .

A + B → d c = [A][B]


87/287

P 4.12

W a a a ac

I d c c

d c .

A) W a

B) W a c a

C) W a a a

D) I c a

• R S R L

I a B a

d a a a c

. P a a 1 4 a d P a a

b ca a 300 ca a

P a a 6 a a ? W ca a

d b a a c a c ca

P a a 1 P a a 2 P a a 3

1000 1 1000 1 1000

b d a a d b a ac d

NOB , a b d a c a 2 NO +

ac

ac ? J a .

ac d c a ?

? E a .

. A d d d c a , c

. N a a a a

ca a 1000 ca , b P a a 5 d c

. T , a c bac a a a. H a ca a

a a a c ( b ca )

P a a 5 P a a 5 a a.

P a a 4 P a a 5

1 1000 1 300 1

80

c HB a ?

B 2 → 2 NOB d

a a

a a a

c a d a 3 a a a

ab a P a a

P a a 1 P a a 6

P a a 6

1000 1


88/287

81

T b ca a ca a P a a 1 P a a 6 a a d d b a a c

a P a a 5, c a a. E a a a a P a a 6 ca a 1000 , d

a ca a a 6 a a P a a 5 a a .

I a a b d a , a ac c a a a c ca

a a a d a d , a ac ca c d a a , c

, .

R a a a ac b NO a d CO:

NO2( ) + CO( ) → NO( ) + CO2( )

R ca a d ac :

E a S 1: NO2( ) + NO2( ) → NO3( ) + NO( )

E a S 2: NO3( ) + CO( ) → NO2( ) + CO2( )

I a b d a a a c d d NO2 a d d CO, a = [NO2]2. A c , a c a c c a

CO d a c a a ac . Ca d ac a d a

a a a c a a a , c a b d d b [NO2]2.

L acc a :

Ma ac cc a a

T ac c a a ac a a cc ac a d

S a a a

T a a a a ca b a d d b c

I d a ac c a b a b d a ba a c d c ca a .

U ,

.

T a , , ac d c d a d ac c a c b

1) D c a d a ac ? T a , d ac c ca c d a

I a d ac c a d ba a c d c ca a , a c

c a .

I a d ac c a d ba a c d c ca a , b c

d b d a a ac .

2) D ac c a d a d ac ?

I d a , a c a . I

a a ac d a d a T 1 c a d d


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82

P 4.13

A a a , a d c a b ac b NO2 a d CO d c CO2 a d NO:

NO2( ) + CO( ) → CO2( ) + NO( ) b d a a : = [NO2]2

P d c a :

NO2( ) + NO2( ) → NO3( ) + NO( ) T 1: I c a c

NO3( ) + CO( ) → NO2( ) + CO2( ) a ac ?

T 2: I a a c

a a a ?

A a c d a , a d c a b ac b NO a d C2 d c NOC :

2NO ( ) + C 2( ) → 2NOC ( ) b d a a : = [NO]2[C 2]

P d c a :

NO ( ) + C 2( ) NOC 2( ) T 1: I c a c

NOC 2( ) + NO( ) → 2NOC ( ) a ac ?

T 2: I a a c

a a a ?

[W ca b ac a a b ( a a c d a , a a a a

) ac a b a T 2.]

I :

1) D ac c a c b d ba a c d c ca a .

2) I c a c , c c d c a a

2a) N b : D

2b) E b : S ;

.R .


90/287

83

P 4.14

W d a a b a b ?

U a b a .

2A + B → C + D = [A][B]

W c c a c b d a a ? I a c a c ,

. F a a a c , c .

(a) A + B

⇋

C + M a b

M + A → D

(b) B⇋ M aM + A → C + X

A + X→ D

(c) A + B⇋ MM + A → C + X

X → D

U a b a .

2 NO + B 2 → 2 NOB = [NO]2[B 2]

I c a c b d a a ? J .

B2 + NO → NOB

2

NOB 2 + NO → 2 NOB a


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U a b a .

H2 + 2 IB → 2 HB + I2 = [H2][IB ]

W c c a b d a a ? J a c .

(a) 2 IB + H 2 → 2 HB + I2

(b) H 2 + IB → HI + HB

HI + IB → HB + I2

(c) H 2 + IB → HB I + HH + IB → HB + I

HB I→ HB + I

I + I → I2

T ac 2 NO + C2 → 2 NOC a b d b a a = [NO]2[C 2]. T c a

a b d ac :

NO + C 2 NOC 2

NOC 2 + NO → 2 NOC

W c a a d c ? J .

T c a a b d ac b NO a d d d d a

NO( ) + NO( )

⇋

N2O2( )

N2O2( ) + H2( ) → N2O( ) + H2O( )

T d a a a = [NO]2[H2]. J a c a c a a .


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P 6: CATALYSTS

A ca a a d

a c a a ac

. T

ca a d c a a

ac a , a d

a c a a

ac . T a , ac a

a ac

d, a

. N c a d

c a ∆H , a a a d

a a

ca a d ca a d

ac .

A

. T c a d a , c a d c

a d a ac a ab . E a

a ca a .

F 26. N ,

. Y

. A ,

E .


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8

P 1: THE CONCEPT OF EQUILIBRIUM

I a d c ac N2O4, a c

NO2, a b a . T ac a

N2O4( ) → 2 NO2( )

W a a a d ca

c c N2O4 NO2, ca

ac , a d ca a d

I ad, c N2O4 ac a d a c

b NO2, c a d ac ,

N2O4 → 2NO2, cc a a a a a ac , 2NO2 → N2O4. T a ca ,

c a d a d c cc a a a c c a ac a a d d c ac c

c c a . I c ca b a a c .

B b :

O c ac a a d d c ca b d add d ca ac b . O

ac b , a c a d .

R ac d b ac d, b ad cc b d c a a a . R ac a a ac d b d c a a a c c a ac a a d d c

a b c c a ac a a d d c .

T a c a ab ca b d d a d c ca b .

P 2: GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF EQUILIBRIUM

T a Pa 88 a a a d b :

.

Ra a c c c a ac a a d ac c a

ac c c c a b ac a a d d c ac , a d c c

a b c c a . I a a d da d a c

ac a cc a a a . N c a d a [N 2O4] = [NO2]. A b , d c NO2 a

d c N2O4, a d (a a c c a a

c a a a ).

F 27.T N 2O4 NO 2 .


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88

B ca ac d c ,

a ,⇋, d ca a ac ac a b cT d a ac a ac b a

c . O d a d b d d a

C d c d b a a a a

ac , ac cc : N2O4 → NO2 a d NO 2 → N2O4.

P 3: QUANTITATIVELY EXPRESSING EQUILIBRIUM

A b , a b c c a d c a d ac a . T a ca b d

, c a a a . W c c a a a d a a

a b . F , , d c c a d b . (T

a ac ab da b : a d a c a ac a d a c a ac . I a a

c , a ac , a d a d a c a ac a a a a .) L c

ac a ab : N2O4( )⇋ 2 NO2( ).

P 5.1

W a a ac , N2O4( ) ⇋ 2 NO2( ) ; a cc ..

A b , a a ca a b a a a d c a ?

B ca a a a b a a a ( . ., a a aa d = a a a ) ca

a a a a a :

F 28 . A , ,

.


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I a a a ca ac a c a

c a , a d a c a

a ab ca d b c a . W

b c a Pa 4.F ,

, K K .

W a a a c c a ac a a d

d a c a a b

b b ac d.I ,

. S , a

a b a a c d b a

c c a , a c c a .I

!

F a , b c b a d a ca , a b

d c . T c ab b a b d . Y

d a ab a .

P 4: THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT

B ca c c a ac a a d d c a b ac d a c a

c c a a b , b a c a a a a

d c ca c . (R ca a a a a a d d a c c a

E . T accb ca b ac a a d d c d d c , a c c a

c a . 3

G a a c a a b ,

A + B ⇋ C + D b a d ac a

= [ ][ ][ ][ ]

3 I , .

F 29.T : , .


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A d, b ca b ca b ac d d c , c d a ac

= [ ][ ][ ][ ] T , b b c c a d a b c a . Y c

c . Y , K K ′

, ,

. E b , a a , a a d c c a , .

W a b a c c a c , b c aK , a d K a

a ac , b a a a a a . F a , a a

2A( ) + B( )⇋ C( ) + 3D( ), d K a

=

T a b K c a d K a :

= ∆ ∆ ( d c a ac a a ),R = 0.0821 L a / K, a d T a

P 5.2

W b ac b a d a d d c

b K a d K .

A) 2O3( ) ⇋ 3O2( )

B) 2NO ( ) + C 2( ) ⇋ 2NOC ( )

C) A +(a ) + 2NH 3(a ) ⇋ A (NH3)2+ (a )


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P 5: THE MAGNITUDE OF THE EQUILIB

Ma d a c d d

c d , b d

a d b c a ca a

T b c a ab c

a ac cc a

c a ca ac a ca

A , K > 1,

ac d c ca d c , a d

b , ac

A , K < 1,

ac d c ca d c ,

b , ac

R ,

a d K c 1.49 108. W a

P 5.3

D a d d c

ac d c a

N2( ) + O2( )

⇋ 2N

H2( ) + I2( ) ⇋ 2HI

W d K = K

IUM CONSTANT

a d b c a . I a c

a ac a ab

d a ac d c a d

a b : a d ,

d d c d c . T ,

c a b .

,

b c a a a a a

d c a d.

,

a d b c a a a a

ac a a d.

. I

b c a a d ac 1.49

ac d c d c b

d ac a a d d c d c d ?

O( ) K = 1 10 30 a 298 K

( ) K = 794 a 298 K

ac ab ?

91

d c a c

d c d c . T

ac a a d.

c , d

b

. T a a a . W ca a a

. T a a ac a . W ca a a

a a

10 8.

ac . T a , a


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P 6: MANIPULATING EQUATIONS ANDK VALUES

W c d a a a c a a d b c a ca b a a d:

• C ,

. T a b b

c . F a , a N2( ) + O2( ) ⇋ 2 NO( ) b d 2 N2( ) + 2 O2( ) ⇋ 4 NO( ), cca b c a b , a :

K (N2( ) + O2( ) ⇋ 2 NO( )) = 1 10 30 a 298 K, K (2 N 2( ) + 2 O2( ) ⇋ 4 NO( )) = 1 10 60 a 298 K

• C

. T a b a a c c a d

a a . F a , b d a b

NOB ( ) + C 2( )

⇋ 2 NO( ) + 2 B C ( ). A d a a , d a b c a

ac a d ac :

2 NOB ( ) ⇋ 2NO( ) + B 2( ) K = 0.42B 2( ) + C 2( ) ⇋ 2B C ( ) K = 7.2

M a K (0.42 7.2) = 3.0 a b c a ac .

• R K , a a Pa 4. T ca a b b ca

a ac d c a d ac a .

P 5.4

2 A 2 B + C (K ,1 = 4.0) a d C + D 2 E ( K ,2 = 6.0)

S a d b a ac c a a b c a .

S a ac ab d 2 A + D2 B + 2 E K ,3 = K ,1 K ,2


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P 7: HETEROGENEOUS EQUILIBRIA

S a a c d d b ab d b c a a . ., a a . H

d a c d b a a a b ab d ac a a d d c a b a a . F

b ab d ac b a c :

CaCO3( ) ⇋ CaO( ) + CO2( )

F a a c d4, b a b ac cc

. T , b ab ac

K = P CO2

T a c d b a d a a .

• P . H , .

P 5.5

D a b c a ac : 2HF(a ) + C2O42 (a )⇋ 2F (a ) + H2C2O4(a ) da a:

HF(a )

⇋ H

+(a ) + F (a ) K = 6.8 10

4

H2C2O4(a ) ⇋ 2H

+ + C2O42 (a ) K = 3.8 10 6

W a d a K a a ab d c b a

ac ?

U a b c a a ac d a a .

I ac cc a a d c ? J a .

4 T ; 1 .


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W b ac .

CO2( ) + H2( ) ⇋ CO( ) + H2O( )

S O2( ) + 2CO( ) ⇋ S ( ) + 2CO2( )

S ( ) + 2H+(a ) ⇋ S 2+(a ) + H2( )

C d a d c c b d a d K . D c b a d a ac a a c c .

P 8: CALCULATING EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS

T a d ca c a a b c a , a d a d . T ca cK

b d a ab a c a a c a a .

• I

. D

. T , .


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P 5.6

Ca c a b c aK a d K d c a a a 745 K. T

b c a :

N2: 2.46 a H 2: 7.38 a NH 3: 0.166 a

Ca c a b c a a ac c ac d a 298 K. T a c c a

c a b a :

[CH3COOH]: 0.0165 M [H+]: 0.000544 M [CH3COO ]: 0.000544 M

W c b c c a a a a , b

a d c ac ca d a d d

a a a da a ca b b a d. S a ab a a ca

c a a d b a . O c c d, b a

d a b d dK c.

1. Tab a a a d b c c a c

b c a . D c d d, d

c .

2. Ca c a c a c c a c c b a a d

b c c a a .

3. U c ac c c d

c a a c a c d b .4. Ca c a b c c a . U a ca c aK c.

O a a c a a a a

d c d ab . I ac ca , a da a b a a ab ; d a d

b c ca d a d a b a .

P ,

!

F 30.G ,

K .


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P 5.7 D a K b ab d b a a a d a d c

a a d d d . T a c c a 5.0 L a 0.0124M a a. T [OH ] a b

0.000464 M a 298 K.

W : W a b c c a a d c , a d a a c c a a

W : W d b c c a a ac a a d d c d dK .W : W a ab a a a c d d b

c c a c .

S a ab ( d ca d a ICE c a ) a d a c . A a

b a d ba a c d . Tab c d a c c a , c a c c

b c c a .

NH3( ) H2O( ) ⇋ NH4+( ) OH ( )

I a

XC a

E b

(N c a d c d d a b b . P

d a d a c d d; , d a a a.)

D c a a c a a d b a a . H , ca ca c a∆[OH ].

NH3( ) H2O( )

⇋

NH4+( ) OH ( )

I a 0.0124

X

0.0 0.0

C a

E b 4.64 10 4

U c d c a a d b c c a c

NH3( ) H2O( ) ⇋ NH4+( ) OH( )

I a 0.0124

X

0.0 0.0

C a + 4.64 10 4

E b 4.64 10 4

U b a d c c a a b dK .


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D a K b ab d b d a d d c

d d a d a . A 1000 K, a c a a d d a a

b , a a d b 0.200 a .

S a ab a d a c . A a a d b a d ba

.

D c a a c a a d b a a .

U c d c a a d b c c a c

U b a d c c a a b dK .

T a PC5 a ac a d c a a a d a 4.50 a . A d c a d

ab b , a c a a a d a 7.00 a . U

d a K a d K d c PC5. T d c a PC3( ) a d C 2( ).


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P 9: REACTION QUOTIENTS

F a a c a a d , ac a b a d b ac a , a d

d c , a b a b . W a b d d c a b

• D Q,

U a a ac , ca d ac a a c a .T

. T ac a d c ac a a a c a ac aW ca c a a a d d aK , a a a . Y d a ad a

c c a a a K , ac a b . (K a a c a ca Q.)

P 5.8W a ac ,Q, a 2.00 H2( ) , 1.00 N 2( ) , a d 2.00 NH 3( ) ac d a

2.00 L c a ? (H : W ca a aK K .)

• U Q.

O c a d d ac

, ca c a a

b

c a . T c a Q K

a d d c b d a d

d c ac a

d c , a

a b .

F 31.T . I

, .

8/17/2019 AP

AP Chemistry Workbook

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