AP Chapter 16

The Civil War

Mobilizing for War

•Both sides blamed each other for starting the war and both thought it would be a quick easy victory

•Attack on Fort Sumter, SC in April of 1861 started the war

•100,000 joined the Confederate army out of patriotism

•Border States (VA, AR, TN and NC) joined the southern cause

•Maryland’s loyalty was divided but remained loyal to the Union

•Missouri, Delaware, Kentucky also remained which was a severe blow to the south

•1st Battle of Bull Run- Confederates defeated the Union troops in a bloody conflict

Bull Run

Civil War Advantages

North• Population

• Political leadership

• Manufacturing

• Foreign Policy

• Naval Superiority

South•Morale

•Military leadership

•Military training

•Strategic position

Expanding the Power of the Federal Government

• Legal Tender Act- created a national currency “greenbacks”

• Morrill Tariff Act- raised tariffs

• Homestead Act 1862- gave 160 acres of land to homesteaders to move west

• Morrill Land Grant Act- allowed states to create agricultural and mechanical colleges

Political Issues of the War

•Lincoln acted as Commander in Chief

•Sec. of State Seward- made sure France & GB remained out of the war b/c they favored the South

•Lincoln suspended Habeas Corpus in the border states to prevent rebellions

Failures of the Confederacy

• Davis tried to unify the states which was difficult and gain recognition from Europe

• South struggled to raise money to support the war which led to inflation

• South often lacked resources during the war

• Confederacy had to create a military draft that angered southerners

Early Fighting

• Anaconda Plan- goal was to restrict the south with a blockade of the sea and the Mississippi River

• Peninsular Campaign- northern goal was to take Richmond, VA the capital of the Confederacy

• Gen. McClellan acted slowly and eventually abandoned the Peninsular Campaign

•Antietam 1862- bloodiest day of the war but the Union checked Lee’s advance

•Gen. Grant led the Shiloh Campaign along the Mississippi River and was very successful in battle

•Naval blockade struggled at first but gradually gained strength

The Black Response

•Many blacks fled and were used to build forts and other work in the northern camps

•Towards the end of the war blacks were allowed to fight in segregated groups

•As the North drove deeper in the South the black response grew

Emancipation Proclamation

• Republicans/Northerners were hesitate with emancipating the slaves

• After the victory at Antietam, Lincoln decided to go ahead with emancipation

• Emancipation Proclamation (1863) freed the slaves in the Confederacy

• Union lacked the ability to enforce the proclamation

• 13th Amendment- adopted in 1865 and formally abolished slavery

• The war proved to be extremely deadly and worse than anyone anticipated

• Generals were slow to adjust to the new strategies and over 620,000 died

• Army nurses played a key role on both sides

Life of a Soldier

• Disease was rampant throughout both camps

• Neither side was well equipped and both faced long marches

• Battle was bloody and any wound often led to death

• Desertion was high especially in the South

Wartime Politics

•Northerners were joined together in the war effort

•Copperheads- term given to northern war dissenters and those suspected of aiding the Confederacy and were led by Clement Vallandigham

•Economy soared in the north

• Union draft in 1863 led to massive riots throughout the North especially in NYC

• The wealthy could hire someone to replace them if they paid $300

• The term “A rich man’s war a poor man’s fight” was common

• Draft riots in July 1863 caused 105 deaths in NYC

The Tide Turns

• Gettysburg 1863- Lee hoped a major victory in northern territory would bring France and GB into the war

• 3 day battle and over 50,000 died for a Union victory

• Grant defeated the Confederacy in Vicksburg, MS

• Combined victories kept the Europeans out

Grant and Sherman

•Grant became the commander of the Union Army in 1864

•Grant and Sherman both wanted to inflict maximum damage to destroy the South’s will to fight

•Sherman’s March to the Sea demoralized the south and he used Total War Tactics

Grant and Sherman

Sherman's March to the Sea

Election of 1864

•Lincoln defeated Gen. McClellan (D) and pushed for the unconditional surrender of the South

•Northern population advantage gradually beat down the South

•By 1865 Southern support for the war and waned

Appomattox

•Lee and his troops surrendered to Grant at the Appomattox Courthouse in April of 1865

•Davis fled to Texas but was later captured

•April 14th Lincoln is assassinated

Conclusion

•North struggled early in the war but gradually gained the upper hand

•Southerners fought heroically until their ultimate defeat

•Lincoln was a great leader and ended slavery