A&P Chapter 08
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Transcript of A&P Chapter 08
![Page 1: A&P Chapter 08](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062523/58ee1f231a28ab94518b46c1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Joints
Anatomy & Physiology
ivyanatomy.com
Chapter 8
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The science of joints is called arthrology.
Joints (articulations)
Joints (Articulations):• Functional junctions between bones
• Bind parts of skeletal system together
• Make bone growth possible
• Permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth
• Enable body to move in response to skeletal muscle contractions
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Functional Classification of Joints (based on amount of movement)• Synarthrotic = immovable
• Amphiarthrotic = slightly moveable
• Diarthrotic = fully movable
Structural Classification of Joints (by types of tissue):• Fibrous joint = dense connective tissue
• Cartilaginous joint = bones connected by cartilage
• Synovial joint = contains a synovial membrane
Joint Classification
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Syndesmosis:• Bones are connected by a sheet of
dense connective tissue (interosseous membrane) or bundle of dense connective tissue (interosseous ligament)
• Amphiarthrotic• Example: between tibia and fibula
Fibrous JointsFibrous joints are held together with dense connective tissue containing many collagen fibers; found in bones in close contact•There are 3 types of fibrous joints:
• Syndesmosis• Suture• Gomphosis
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Fibrous JointsSuture:• Between flat bones of skull• Thin layer of connective
tissue (sutural ligament)
connects bones• Synarthrotic (immovable)
Gomphosis:• Cone-shaped bony process in a
socket in jawbone• Tooth in jawbone by periodontal ligament• Synarthrotic (immovable)
Periodontal ligaments
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Cartilaginous Joints
Cartilaginous joints are connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
There are 2 types of cartilaginous joints:• Synchondrosis• Symphysis
Synchondrosis:• Bones are joined by a band of hyaline cartilage• epiphyseal plates in children (ossification
converts this to a synostosis)• Between first rib and manubrium• Synarthrotic
synchondrosis joints
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Symphysis• A pad of fibrocartilage
between two bones
• pubic symphysis
• intervertebral discs
• Amphiarthrotic movement.
Cartilaginous Joints
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Synovial Joints are Freely movable (Diarthrotic)
Synovial Joints include:• Articular cartilage
• Synovial membrane – secretes synovial fluid
• Joint cavity – filled with synovial fluid
• Joint capsule – dense connective tissue that stabilizes and protects joint
Synovial Joints
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Synovial Joints (continued):
• Ligaments – bundles of collagenous fibers that reinforce the joint capsule
• Menisci (sing. Meniscus) – pad of fibrocartilage that separates some joints.
• Bursa – sac filled with synovial fluid. • Bursitis = inflammation of bursa
Bursae surrounding the knee joint.
Synovial Joints
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Ball-and-socket • rounded head + cup-shaped socket.• Movement in all planes (multi-axial).• Allows for flexion/extension;
abduction/adduction; and rotation• Includes hip joint and shoulder joint.
Condylar joint• Oval condyle + elliptical socket• Movements in most planes (bi-axial)• Allows flexion/extension and
abduction/adduction, but no rotation• Temporomandibular Joint• Wrist Joint• Joints between metacarpals and phalanges
Types of Synovial Joints
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Plane (Gliding) Joint• Flattened bones slide across each other• Includes carpals and tarsals• ribs 2-7 articulate with sternum
Hinge joint• Increases/decreases angel
between bones• Includes elbow joint• Joints between phalanges
Types of Synovial Joints
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Pivot Joint• Rotation around a central axis (uni-axial)• Joint between radius and ulna• Joint between atlas (C1) and axis (C2).
Types of Synovial Joints
Saddle Joint• 2 concave bones positioned at right angles• Includes metacarpal and carpal of thumb
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Movement at a joint occurs when a muscle contracts and its fibers pull its moveable end (insertion) towards its fixed end (origin).
Abduction = movement away from the midline(think of someone being abducted, or taken away)
Adduction = movement towards the midline (think of adding together)
Joint Movements
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Flexion = decreases the angle of a joint• Bend elbow
Extension = increases the angle of a joint• Extend elbow
Hyperextension = extension beyond the anatomical position
• bend hand back, bend head back beyond anatomical position
Joint Movements
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Rotation = movement around a central axis• Twisting the head from side to side• Lateral Rotation/ Medial Rotation
Circumduction = movement so end follows a circular path
• moving the finger in a circular motion without moving the hand.
Joint Movements
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Elevation = raising a part• Shrugging the shoulders
Depression = lowering a part• Drooping the shoulders
Protraction = moving a part forward• thrusting head forward
Retraction = moving a part backward• pulling the head backward
Joint Movements
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Supination = turning the hand so the palm faces upward or anteriorly
Pronation = turning the hand so the palm faces downward or posteriorly
Dorsiflexion = movement at the ankles that points toes towards the sky
Plantar flexion = movement at the ankles that points toes towards the ground
Joint Movements
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Eversion = turning the foot so the planter surface faces laterally
Inversion = turning the foot so the plantar surface faces medially
Joint Movements
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The knee joint is the largest and most complex synovial joint in body.
Two distal condyles of the femur articulate with two proximal condyles of the tibia. This is a condylar joint.
The femur also articulates anteriorly with the patella. This is a plane joint.
Knee Joint
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1. Synovial Membrane• Secretes synovial fluid
2. Joint Cavity • Stores synovial fluid
3. Joint Capsule• Relatively thin support• Reinforced by several
ligaments and tendons
General structures of a synovial joint in the knee
Knee Joint
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• Patellar tendon - (quadriceps femoris tendon) • The patella is partially enclosed in tendons
fused together from the thigh muscle.
• Patellar ligament – continuation of patellar tendon. Extends from patella to the tibial tuberosity.
Several ligaments and tendons strengthen the knee joint.
Knee Joint
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• Tibial (medial) collateral ligament – connects medial condyle of femur with medial condyle of tibia.
• Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament – connects lateral condyle of femur with head of fibula.
• Anterior Cruciate Ligament and
• Posterior Cruciate Ligament – provide additional support to medial surface of tibia and femur
Ligaments continued:
Knee Joint
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Two menisci (medial & lateral meniscus) separate the femur and tibia, and align them.
Knee Joint
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Three major bursae surround the knee joint.
1. Suprapatellar bursa• Largest bursa in body
2. Prepatellar bursa• Between patella and skin• Housemaid’s knee =
prepatellar bursitis
3. Infrapatellar bursa
Knee Joint
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Sprain = overstretching or tearing of connective tissue (tendons, ligaments, or cartilage) associated with a joint.
However, the bones are not disarticulated.
Joint Disorders
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Arthritis = inflamed, swollen, and painful joints.
1. Osteoarthritis• Most common arthritis
• Occurs with aging
• Articular cartilage degenerates, causing bone to rub against bone.
• Results in stiff and painful joints
• Fingers may appear gnarled and knee may bulge.
Osteoarthritic fingers often take on a gnarled appearance.
Joint Disorders
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2. Rheumatoid Arthritis• Autoimmune disorder (immune
system attacks tissue)
• Synovial membrane thickens & becomes inflamed
• Mass of fibrous connective tissue (Pannus) invades synovial space.
• Fibrous pannus destroys articular cartilage, and the joints may swell and ossify.
A hand affected by untreated rheumatoid arthritis. Note: Knuckles may swell as a result of rheumatoid arthritis.
Other symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis:• low-grade fever, fatigue, appetite, stiffness.
Joint Disorders
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AttributionAttribution• Flexion/Extension X-rays By Cervical_Xray_Extension.jpg: Stillwaterising Cervical_Xray_Extension_view.jpg: Stillwaterising derivative
work: F. Lamiot [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Cervical_XRayFlexionExtension.jpg
• Leg Bones By Anatomist90 (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Slide1dede.JPG
• Sagittal Suture By Sobotta's Atlas and Text-book of Human Anatomy 1909 (File:Sobo 1909 46.png) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Sobo_1909_46_-_sagittal_suture.png
• Rib cage Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Gray112.png
• Intervertebral disc By OpenStax College [CC BY 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/902_Intervertebral_Disk-02.jpg
• Cartilaginous joints (epiphyseal plate and pubic symphysisi) By OpenStax College [CC BY 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/906_Cartiliginous_Joints.jpg
• Synovial Joint Structure By OpenStax College [CC BY 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/907_Synovial_Joints.jpg
• Bursae of the knee joint. By OpenStax College [CC BY 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/908_Bursa.jpg
• Shoulder Joint Blausen.com staff. "Blausen gallery 2014". Wikiversity Journal of Medicine. DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 20018762. (Own work) [CC BY 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Blausen_0797_ShoulderJoint.png
• Temporomandibular Joint Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Gray309.png
• Types of Synovial Joints By OpenStax College [CC BY 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/909_Types_of_Synovial_Joints.jpg
• Types of Synovial Joints By Tonye Ogele CNX [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Body_Movements_I.jpg
• Body Movements By Tonye Ogele CNX [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Body_Movements_I.jpg
• Body Movements II By Tonye Ogele CNX [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Body_Movements_II.jpg
• Knee Joint Anatomy Anterior View. By Anatomist90 (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Slide2bib.JPG
• Knee Diagram By Mysid [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Knee_diagram.svg
• Capsule of Right Knee Posterior View. Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Gray352.png
• Osteoarthritis fingers By Drahreg01 (Own work) [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Heberden-Arthrose.JPG
• Hand of Rheumatoid Arthritis By James Heilman, MD (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0) or GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html)], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Rheumatoid_Arthritis.JPG