A/P Ch 5 Flash cards. What are the major regions of the skin?
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Transcript of A/P Ch 5 Flash cards. What are the major regions of the skin?
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A/P Ch 5
Flash cards
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What are the major regions of the skin?
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What are the major regions of the skin?
1. Epidermis – outermost superficial region
2. Dermis – middle region
3. Hypodermis (superficial fascia) – deepest region
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Figure 5.1
)
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Figure 5.1
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis(superficialfascia)
Hair root
Hair shaft
Pore
Dermal papillae (papillary layer of dermis)
Meissner's corpuscle
Free nerve endingReticular layer of dermis
Sebaceous (oil) gland
Arrector pili muscle
Sensory nerve fiberEccrine sweat gland
Pacinian corpuscle
Artery
Vein
Adipose tissue
Hair follicle receptor(root hair plexus)
Hair follicle
Eccrine sweatgland
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Describe the Epidermis
• Composed:
• Cell Types:
• Cell Layers:
• Main Function:
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Describe the Epidermis
• Composed: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
• Cell Layers: Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Basale
• Cell Types:keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells, and Langerhans’ cells
• Main Function: protection
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Layers of epidermis
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What is Keratinocytes?
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What is Keratinocytes?
produce the fibrous protein keratin
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What is Melanocytes?
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What is Melanocytes?
produce the brown pigment melanin
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What is Langerhans’ cells?
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What is Langerhans’ cells?
epidermal macrophages that help activate the immune system
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What are Merkel cells?
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What are Merkel cells?
function as touch receptors in association with sensory nerve endings
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Describe the Stratum Basale
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Describe the Stratum Basale
• Deepest epidermal layer firmly attached to the dermis
• Consists of a single row of the youngest keratinocytes
• Cells undergo rapid division
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Describe Stratum Spinosum
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Describe Stratum Spinosum
• Cells contain a weblike system of intermediate filaments attached to desmosomes
• Melanin granules and Langerhans’ cells are abundant
• “Prickly Layer”
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Describe Stratum Granulosum
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Describe Stratum Granulosum
• Thin; three to five cell layers in which drastic changes in keratinocyte appearance occurs
• Keratohyaline and lamellated granules accumulate in the cells of this layer
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Describe the Stratum Lucidum
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Describe the Stratum Lucidum
• Thin, transparent band superficial to the stratum granulosum
• Consists of a few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes
• Present only in thick skin
• “Clear Layer”
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Describe the Stratum Corneum
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Describe the Stratum Corneum
• Horny Layer
• Outermost layer of keratinized cells
• Accounts for three quarters of the epidermal thickness
• Functions include:– Waterproofing– Protection from abrasion and penetration– Rendering the body relatively insensitive to biological,
chemical, and physical assaults
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Describe the Dermis
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Describe the Dermis• Second major skin region containing
strong, flexible connective tissue
• Cell types include: fibroblasts, macrophages, and occasionally mast cells and white blood cells
• Composed of two layers 1. Papillary
2. reticular
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Describe the Papillary Layer
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Describe the Papillary Layer
– Areolar connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers
– Its superior surface contains peglike projections called dermal papillae
– Dermal papillae contain capillary loops, Meissner’s corpuscles, and free nerve endings
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Describe the Reticular Layer
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Describe the Reticular Layer
– 80% of the thickness of the skin
– Collagen fibers in this layer add strength and resiliency to the skin
– Elastin fibers provide stretch-recoil properties
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What is the Hypodermis?
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What is the Hypodermis?
• Subcutaneous layer deep to the skin
• Composed of adipose and areolar connective tissue
• Fatty Layer
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What three pigments contribute to skin color
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What three pigments contribute to skin color?
– Melanin – yellow to reddish-brown to black pigment, responsible for dark skin colors
• Freckles and pigmented moles – result from local accumulations of melanin
– Carotene – yellow to orange pigment, most obvious in the palms and soles of the feet
– Hemoglobin – reddish pigment responsible for the pinkish hue of the skin
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What’s the function of sweat glands?
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What’s the function of sweat glands?
Different types prevent overheating of the body; secrete cerumen and milk
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Describe Eccrine Sweat Glands?
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Describe Eccrine Sweat Glands?
found in palms, soles of the feet, and forehead
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Describe Apocrine sweat glands
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Describe Apocrine sweat glands
found in axillary and anogenital areas
(arm pits, areola of nipples, and genitals)
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Describe Ceruminous glands
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Describe Ceruminous glands
modified apocrine glands in external ear canal that secrete cerumen
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Describe Mammary glands
specialized sweat glands that secrete milk
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Glands
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Describe Sebaceous Glands
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Describe Sebaceous Glands
• Simple alveolar glands found all over the body
• Soften skin when stimulated by hormones
• Secrete an oily secretion called sebum
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Describe Hair
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Describe Hair
• Filamentous strands of dead keratinized cells produced by hair follicles
• Contains hard keratin
• Pigmented by melanocytes at the base of the hair
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Functions of hair include
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Functions of hair include
– Helping to maintain warmth
– Alerting the body to presence of insects on the skin
– Guarding the scalp against physical trauma, heat loss, and sunlight
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Hair is distributed over the entire skin surface except:
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Hair is distributed over the entire skin surface except:
– Palms, soles, and lips
– Nipples and portions of the external genitalia
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What is Vellus Hair?
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What is Vellus Hair?
pale, fine body hair found in children and the adult female
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What is Terminal hair?
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What is Terminal hair?
coarse, long hair of eyebrows, scalp, axillary, and pubic regions
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Describe Hair thinning and balding
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Describe Hair thinning and balding
• Alopecia – hair thinning in both sexes
• True, or frank, baldness – Genetically determined and sex-influenced
condition – Male pattern baldness – caused by follicular
response to DHT
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Structure of a Nail
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Functions of the Integumentary System
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Functions of the Integumentary System
• Protection
• Body temperature regulation • Cutaneous sensation
• Metabolic functions
• Blood reservoir
• Excretion
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What does the skin protect from?
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What does the skin protect from?
chemical, physical, and mechanical barrier
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How is Body Temperature is accomplished?
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How is Body Temperature is accomplished?
– Dilation (cooling) and constriction (warming) of dermal vessels
– Increasing sweat gland secretions to cool the body
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Explain Cutaneous Sensation
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Explain Cutaneous Sensation
exoreceptors sense touch and pain
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Describe Metabolic Functions
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Describe Metabolic Functions
Synthesis of vitamin D in dermal blood vessels
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Describe the Blood Reservoir function of the skin
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Describe the Blood Reservoir function of the skin
skin blood vessels store up to 5% of the body’s blood volume
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What does the skin Excrete?
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What does the skin Excrete?
limited amounts of nitrogenous wastes are eliminated from the body in sweat
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Briefly describe Skin Canser
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Briefly describe Skin Canser
• Most skin tumors are benign and do not metastasize
• A crucial risk factor for non-melanoma skin cancers is the disabling of the p53 gene
• Newly developed skin lotions can fix damaged DNA
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What are the 3 major types of skin cancer?
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What are the 3 major types of skin cancer?
– Basal cell carcinoma
– Squamous cell carcinoma
– Melanoma
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Describe Basal Cell Carcinoma
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Describe Basal Cell Carcinoma
• Least malignant and most common skin cancer
• Stratum basale cells proliferate and invade the dermis and hypodermis
• Slow growing and do not often metastasize
• Can be cured by surgical excision in 99% of the cases
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Describe Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Describe Squamous Cell Carcinoma
• Arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum
• Arise most often on scalp, ears, and lower lip
• Grows rapidly and metastasizes if not removed
• Prognosis is good if treated by radiation therapy or removed surgically
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Describe Melanoma
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Describe Melanoma
Cancer of melanocytes is the most dangerous type of skin cancer because it is:
– Highly metastatic
– Resistant to chemotherapy
• Chance of survival is poor if the lesion is over 4 mm thick
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Skin cancers
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What characteristics does Melanoma Have?
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What characteristics does Melanoma Have?
(ABCD rule)– A: Asymmetry; the two sides of the pigmented
area do not match
– B: Border is irregular and exhibits indentations
– C: Color (pigmented area) is black, brown, tan, and sometimes red or blue
– D: Diameter is larger than 6 mm (size of a pencil eraser)
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Describe a First Degree Burn
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Describe a First Degree Burn
only the epidermis is damaged
– Symptoms include localized redness, swelling, and pain
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Describe a Second Degree Burn
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Describe a Second Degree Burn
Epidermis and upper regions of dermis are damaged
– Symptoms mimic first degree burns, but blisters also appear
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Describe a Third Degree Burn
Entire thickness of the skin is damaged
– Symptoms: Burned area appears gray-white, cherry red, or black; there is no initial edema or pain (since nerve endings are destroyed)
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What does the Rule of Nines estimate?
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What does the Rule of Nines estimate?
• Estimates the severity of burns
• Burns considered critical if:– Over 25% of the body has second-degree
burns
– Over 10% of the body has third-degree burns
– There are third-degree burns on face, hands, or feet
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Rule of Nines
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Explain Fetal Skin Development
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Explain Fetal Skin Development
• Epidermis develops from ectoderm
• Dermis and hypodermis develop from mesoderm
• Lanugo – downy coat of delicate hairs covering the fetus
• Vernix caseosa – substance produced by sebaceous glands that protects the skin of the fetus in the amnion
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Describe skin development (Adolescent – Adult)
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Describe skin development (Adolescent – Adult)
• Skin and hair become oilier and acne may appear
• Skin shows the effects of cumulative environmental assaults around age 30
• Scaling and dermatitis become more common
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Describe skin development (old-age)
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Describe skin development (old-age)
• Epidermal replacement of cells slows and skin becomes thinner
• Skin becomes dry and itchy
• Subcutaneous fat layer diminishes, leading to intolerance of cold
• Decreased elasticity and loss of subcutaneous tissue leads to wrinkles
• Decreased numbers of melanocytes and Langerhans’ cells increase the risk of skin cancer
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Questions from the Textbook and
Lab Homework
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What type of granules are extruded from the kerationocytes prevent
water loss by diffusion through the epidermis?
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What type of granules are extruded from the kerationocytes
prevent water loss by diffusion through the epidermis?
Lamellated
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What produces the fibers in the dermis?
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What produces the fibers in the dermis?
Fibroblast
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What type of glands respond to rising androgen levels?
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What type of glands respond to rising androgen levels?
Apocrine glands
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Phagocytic cells that occupy the epidermis are called?
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Phagocytic cells that occupy the epidermis are called?
Langerhan’s Cells
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A unique touch receptor formed from a stratum basale cell and
nerve fiber is a …..
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A unique touch receptor formed from a stratum basale cell and
nerve fiber is a …..
Merkel disc
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What layer is present in thick skin but not in thin skin?
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What layer is present in thick skin but not in thin skin?
Stratum Lucidum
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What cell-to-cell structures hold the cells of the stratum spinosum
tightly together?
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What cell-to-cell structures hold the cells of the stratum spinosum
tightly together?
Desmosomes
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What substance is manufactured in the skin that plays a role in
calcium absorption in the body?
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What substance is manufactured in the skin that plays a role in
calcium absorption in the body?
Vitamin D
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Which epidermal cell type is most numerous?
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Which epidermal cell type is most numerous?
Keratinocyte
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which cell functions as part of the immune system
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which cell functions as part of the immune system
An epidermal dendritic cell
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the epidermis provides a physical barrier due largely to the
presence of
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the epidermis provides a physical barrier due largely to the
presence of
Collagen
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skin color is determined by
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skin color is determined by
-the amount of blood
-pigments
-oxygenation level
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the sensations of touch and pressure are picked up by
receptors located in
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the sensations of touch and pressure are picked up by
receptors located in
The stratum spinosum
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Skin surface markings that reflect points of tight dermal attachment to underlining tissues are called?
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Skin surface markings that reflect points of tight dermal attachment to underlining tissues are called?
Flexure Lines
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