AP Biology Mrs. Becker. Chapter 1 Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life.
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Transcript of AP Biology Mrs. Becker. Chapter 1 Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life.
AP Biology
Mrs. Becker
Chapter 1Introduction: Themes in the
Study of Life
What are Themes?
General principles or ideas that occur over and over.
“Themes” are not a test item, but they are a framework to organize the study of Biology.
AP Biology Themes1. Science as a process
2. Evolution
3. Energy Transfer
4. Continuity and Change
AP Biology Themes
5. Relationship of Structure & Function
6. Regulation
AP Biology Themes
7. Interdependence in Nature
8. Science, Technology and Society
Why Themes?
We will see the “themes” at various times throughout the course.
Themes can be the basis of essay exams Ex. Regulation of …
Question
How do we know what is alive and what is not?
What are the properties of Life?
General Properties of Life
1. Order 2. Reproduction 3. Growth and Development 4. Energy Utilization 5. Response to the Environment 6. Homeostasis 7. Evolutionary Adaptation 8. The cell is the basic unit of life 9. Organisms die
1. Order Living things are highly
organized in structure and function.
Analyzing a biological structure gives us clues about what it does and how it works
Structure and Function are related at all levels
2. Reproduction Organisms reproduce their own
kind.
Life on Earth uses the nucleic acid and code for Heritable Information.
3. Growth & Development Organisms increase in size
and complexity.
Growth - increase in size. Development - increase in complexity.
Life - grows by internal changes.
4. Energy Processing
Organisms take in energy and transform it to do work.
Organisms are “open” systems, they must continually take in energy.
5. Response To Environment
Organisms respond to changes or stimuli in their environment.
The speed of the response may be “fast” or “slow”.
6. Regulation Life processes must be controlled
and adjusted. Organisms maintain their internal
environment within tolerable limits by homeostasis.
“homeo” = same “stasis” = state
7. Evolutionary Adaptation Organisms change over time
because of their adaptations to their environment.
Organisms must have adaptations, move, or die!
Is this a “good” adaptation?
8. The Cell Is the “basic unit” of Life
9. Organisms Die or become non-life.
Order
Evolutionary adaptation
Responseto theenvironment
Reproduction
Growth anddevelopment
Energyprocessing
Regulation
Fig. 1-3
New properties emerge at each level in the biological hierarchy
• Life can be studied at different levels from molecules to the entire living planet
• The study of life can be divided into different levels of biological organization
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 1-4
The biosphere
Communities
Populations
Organisms
Ecosystems
Organs and organ systems
Cells
Cell
Organelles
Atoms
MoleculesTissues
10 µm
1 µm
50 µm
• Stepping stair on board
The Core Theme: Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life
• “Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution”—Theodosius Dobzhansky
• Evolution unifies biology at different scales of size throughout the history of life on Earth
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Organizing the Diversity of Life
• Approximately 1.8 million species have been identified and named to date, and thousands more are identified each year
• Estimates of the total number of species that actually exist range from 10 million to over 100 million
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Grouping Species: The Basic Idea
• Taxonomy is the branch of biology that names and classifies species into groups of increasing breadth
• Domains, followed by kingdoms, are the broadest units of classification
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 1-14Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain
Ursus americanus(American black bear)
Ursus
Ursidae
Carnivora
Mammalia
Chordata
Animalia
Eukarya
The Three Domains of Life
• The three-domain system is currently used, and replaces the old five-kingdom system
• Domain Bacteria and domain Archaea comprise the prokaryotes
• Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotic organisms
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 1-15(a) DOMAIN BACTERIA
(b) DOMAIN ARCHAEA
(c) DOMAIN EUKARYA
Protists
Kingdom Fungi
KingdomPlantae
Kingdom Animalia
• The domain Eukarya includes one Kingdom that is unicellular/colonial and three multicellular kingdoms
• - Protista
– Plantae
– Fungi
– Animalia
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 1-15c
(c) DOMAIN EUKARYA
Protists
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Science is:
A process. A way of “knowing” Based on observations and
experiments
Observations:
Are the “keystone” to Science. If it can’t be “observed”, it can’t
be studied by the Scientific Method.
Can be made through your senses or through the use of tools.
Two types of Science1. Discovery or Descriptive Science
Naturalists, human genome Based on observations, but may
lead to experiments Inductive Reasoning – logic flows
from a set of specific observations to a general conclusion
2. Hypothesis based Science Science by experimentation Hypothesis testing in the form
of “If…then…” Deductive Reasoning - logic
flows from general to specific
Example When I throw a ball in the air,
why does it come back down? Inductive
Whenever I have thrown a ball in the past, it always comes back down
Specific observations to general conclusion
Deductive Gravity attracts two objects If I throw the ball into the air,
then gravity should draw the ball to the earth
Scientific Method:
Outlines a series of steps for answering questions.
Obtains “evidence” through the use of experiments.
Scientific Method Steps1. Identify the problem.2. What is already known?3. Formulate a hypothesis.4. Conduct an experiment
changing one variable at a time. All other factors are held constant. (Why?)
Scientific Method Steps
5. Collect data. Have replicates (Why?)
6.Compare data to hypothesis. Does the data support the hypothesis?
7. Conclusions and new hypothesis.
Comment Nothing is ever proven in
science Can only be disproven
Experiments either support or fail to support a particular hypothesis
Disproving a hypothesis is as important as supporting it
Theory
Broader in scope than hypothesis.
Not determined by single experiment, but have been supported by many experiments by many scientists.
Theory
Comprehensive explanation supported by abundance of evidence
Theories allow predictions
Examples of Theories
Atomic Theory Gravitational Theory Theory of Relativity Cell Theory Theory of Evolution by
Natural Selection
Basic Evolution
Nothing in Biology makes sense except in the light of Evolution. Theodosius Dobzhansky
American Biology Teacher 35:125-129, 1973.
Success is measured by:
1. Survive2. Reproduce
Note – organisms survive because of their adaptations, they do not adapt to survive.
Evolution in Biology
1. What is the adaptive value of ________?
2. Why has ______ persisted over time?
3. How does _____ increase survival or reproduction?
Summary
Themes can provide a common framework for learning Biology
What are the characteristics of Life?
What is Science and how does it work?
Evolution’s role in the study of Biology