AP BIOLOGY First Semester. Biochemistry Water Chemical structure Importance of.
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Transcript of AP BIOLOGY First Semester. Biochemistry Water Chemical structure Importance of.
![Page 1: AP BIOLOGY First Semester. Biochemistry Water Chemical structure Importance of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e205503460f94b0b5d8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
AP BIOLOGYFirst Semester
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Biochemistry
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Water
• Chemical structure
• Importance of
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Bonds
• Covalent
• Ionic
• Hydrogen
• Hydrophobic interactions
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Carbon Chemistry
• Importance of Carbon
• Chemical reactions with carbon– Synthesis– Cleavage (Hydrolysis)– Oxidation– Reduction– Isomerization
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Carbohydrates
• Basic structure
• Importance of
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Lipids
• Basic structure
• Importance of
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Nucleic Acids
• Basic structure
• Importance of
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Proteins
• Basic structure
• Importance of
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Enzymes
• How they function
• How they are regulated
• Enzyme Catalysis Lab
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Cell Membranes
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Main Parts
• Nucleus
• Membrane Organelles– ER– Golgi– Mitochondria– Chloroplast
• Ribosomes
• Cytoskeleton
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Membrane
• Important Structures
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Movement across the Membrane
• Diffusion and Osmosis Lab
• Active Transport
• Endocytosis and Exocytosis
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Cell communication
• Types of primary messengers:– Hormones (lipid or peptide/amides)– Neurotransmitters (peptides/amides)
• Secondary messengers (propagate a message inside the cell)
• Signal transduction– G-linked– Kinase– Ion transport
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Cellular Energetics
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Oxidation and Reduction
• Reducing Agents
• Oxidizing Agents
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Photosynthesis
• Overall reaction
• Light Reaction
• Dark Reaction
• Lab
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Cell Respiration
• Overall reaction
• Glycolysis and Fermentation
• Krebs Cycle
• Respiratory Chain
• Lab
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Heredity
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Chromosomes
• Structure
• Gene
• Allele
• Diploid
• Haploid
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Mitosis
• Stages
• Importance of
• Lab
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Meiosis
• Stages
• Importance of– Crossing over– Nondisjunction
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Basic Heredity
• Mendelian Gene (1 Gene 1 Chromosome)
• Law of Segregation
• Single Factor– AA X aa (P)– Aa x Aa (F1)
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Basic Heredity, con’d
• Incomplete Dominance
• Codominance (Blood Type)
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Basic Heredity, con’d
• Double Factor Cross– AABB x aabb (P)– AaBb x AaBb (F1)
• Independent Assortment
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Modern Heredity
• Sex Linked (XX, XY)
• Linked Genes (2+ Genes 1 Chromosome)
• Recombination Frequency / Chromosome Mapping
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Molecular Genetics
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DNA Replication
• Semiconservative
• Basic Steps
• DNA Polymerase
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RNA
• mRNA
• tRNA
• rRNA
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Protein Synthesis
• Transcription
• Translation
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DNA Technology
• Restriction Enzymes
• DNA Fingerprint Lab
• Gene cloning using plasmids
• Transformation Lab