AP BIOLOGYChapter 10

Photosynthesis

Name the enzyme that catalyzes the fixation of carbon onto RuBP in Calvin cycle in C3 plants.

Name the cells that control the opening and closing of stomates on the underneath surface of leaves

A stack of thylakoids is called a _______

RUBISCO

Guard cells

granum (pl. grana)

Organisms that get energy by consuming other living things

Fluid filled compartment inside thethylakoids

Chloroplasts are found mainly in__________ cells in the interior of the leaf

Heterotrophs (consumers)

Thylakoid space or lumen

mesophyll

chloroplastmitochondria

WHERE DOES IT GO? KREBS CYCLECALVIN CYCLELIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION

LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS

CALVIN CYCLEKREBS CYCLE

Type of cell where carbon fixation happens in C3 plants

Electron carrier that receives electrons at the end of electron transport during the light dependent reactions

Name the product(s) of the light dependent reactions

Mesophyll cells

NADP+

NADPH, ATP, and O2

Type of cell where carbon fixation happens in C4 plants

Molecule that provide electrons to replace the electrons in chlorophyll a in PSII that are energized and passed down the ETC

Name the product(s) of the light independent reactions

Mesophyll cells

H2O

G3P (glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate) (….glucose)

Which kind ofplants usethis pathway

to fix CO2?

Name the enzymeused to add CO2 toPEP in this pathwayC4 plants

have bundlesheath cells

PEP carboxylase

Which molecule is added to RuBP during photorespiration?

5-carbon molecule to which CO2 is added during carbon fixation in C3 plants

Light absorbing molecules like chlorophyll and carotenoids are called ____________

oxygen

RuBP- Ribulose bisphosphate

pigments

chloroplastmitochondria

WHERE DOES IT GO?

FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR at end of ETC = ?ENERGY SOURCE = ?LOCATION OF ETC = ?

ETC in cristae ETC in thylokoid(inner membrane) membrane

Glucose is energy Sunlight is

Source energy source

Final electron Final electron acceptor = O2 acceptor = NADP+

Type of cell where Calvin cycle happens in C4 plants

3-carbon molecule to which CO2 is added during carbon fixation in C4 and CAM plants

Name the reactants of the Calvin cycle

Bundle sheath cells

PEP (Phosphoenolpyruvate)

ATP, NADPH, CO2

CAM plants fix carbon in mesophyllcells _______.

during the day at night

Molecules _____ electrons when they are reduced. (lose gain)

at night

GAIN

Remember:OIL RIGOxidation Is Losing electronsReduction Is Gaining electrons

Name the enzyme that adds CO2 to PEP when carbon is fixed in C4 and CAM plants

CAM stands for ________________

Give some examples of CAM plants

PEP carboxylase

Crassulacean acid metabolism

Succulents (jade, sedum), cactus, pineapple,

Have DNA

Have cytochromes Ubiquinone (Q)

chloroplastmitochondria

WHERE DOES IT GO?CELLULAR RESPIRATIONHAVE DNAHAVE CYTOCHROMESUBIQUINONE (Q)

Cellular respiration

chlorophyll

Name this molecule

Give some examples of C4 plants

Place where H+ ions build up during ETC in the light dependent reactions = ?

Name the color of light that is least effect in driving photosynthesis

Corn, sugar cane, many grasses

Thylakoid space

Green- plants reflect green wavelengths

RIBOSOMES

Proton pumps

photophosphorylation

chloroplastmitochondria

WHERE DOES IT GO?RIBOSOMESOXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATIONPROTON PUMPSPHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION

Oxidative phosphorylation

Label reactants and products for photosynthesis:

#1 = ___________________#2 = ___________________#3 = ___________________#4 = ___________________#5 = ___________________

Carbon dioxide

WATEROXYGEN

SUGARLight energy

Wavelengths of light chlorophyll absorbs the best = ?

Guard cells open stomata when they are __________

turgid flaccid

Name the metallic cofactor at the center of chlorophyll’s phorphyrin ring

Red, blue-violet

turgid

Magnesium

Because rubisco has a greater affinity for O2 instead CO2 , when CO2 is low and oxygen is high plants switch into this pathway

Tell where the H+ ions that build up in the thylakoid space during the light reactions come fromphotorespiration

1. Pumped from stroma by proton pumps in thylakoid membrane2. Produced when water is split to replaceelectrons lost by chlorophyll

Found in animalsgrana

Have ATP synthase

chloroplastmitochondria

WHERE DOES IT GO?FOUND IN ANIMALSGRANAHAVE ATP SYNTHASEFOUND IN PLANTS

Found in plants

The process of incorporating CO2 intoorganic compounds = ?

The process of using light energy to generate ATP using chemiosmosis = ?

Ion channel/enzyme complex that uses the power of H+ ions moving down their gradient to add Pi onto ADP

Carbon fixation

photophosphorylation

ATP synthase

Identify:A= ___________

B = ___________

C= ____________

D = ____________

E = ______________

thylakoid

stroma

granum (pl., grana)

Thylakoid space (lumen)

cytoplasm

This process of using themigration of solvents toseparate molecules is called ___________

Tell some of the factors that influence themovement of molecules up the

paper.

chromatography

Solubility in solvent, size of molecules,attraction to paper

A __________ is made up of a reaction center surrounded bya number of light harvesting accessory pigments

During cyclic electron flow, electrons move from PSI to ____________

Explain why plants switch from noncyclic to cyclic electron flow

photosystem

ETC (cytochromes)

Allows them to make more ATP for Calvin Cycle which requires more ATP than NADPH

What happens to the oxygen produced when water molecules split during the light dependent reactions?

On which side of the membrane is the Pi added to ADP to make ATP?

On which side of the membrane is water split?

Lost to atmosphere as O2

stroma

Thylakoid space

Label molecules of the light dependent reactions.

A = ___________________B = ___________________C = ___________________D = ___________________

Electron Transport Chain

PHOTOSYSTEM II

PHOTOSYSTEM I

ATP Synthase

NADH

FADH2

PHOTOSYNTHESISCELLULARRESPIRATION

WHERE DOES IT GO?NADPHNADHFADH2

PRODUCTS = ? REACTANTS = ?

NADPH

PRODUCTS = PRODUCTS = CO2,+ H2O + O2, + G3P (glucose) energy (ATP)

REACTANTS = REACTANTS = O2 + C6H12O2(glucose) CO2 + H2O

Yellow and orange accessory pigments that funnel light energy to chlorophyll a

An organism that can make its own food like a green plant is called an_______________

Carotenoids

Autotroph (producer)

http://www.rnzih.org.nz/images/gardenimages/carrots_d.jpg

Which ion moves across the membrane to power the ATP synthase enzyme to add a phosphate to ADP?

Where do the carbon atoms come from that end up in carbohydrates made by the Calvin cycle?

Which gas is given off by plantsduring photosynthesis?

H+ (Hydrogen ion)

Carbon dioxide

oxygen

chemiosmosis

thylakoids

has own DNA

chloroplastmitochondria

WHERE DOES IT GO?

THYLAKOIDSCHEMIOSMOSISHAS OWN DNA

What role do the accessory pigments like xanthophyll and carotene play in photosynthesis?

Oxidizing agents _____ electrons in redox reactions.

They act as antennas to collect light energy and pass it to chlorophyll a; Provide protection for chlorophyll by absorbing some of the sun’s energy

gain

For what reason do cells switch and use cyclic rather than non cyclic electron flow during the light dependent reactions?

Reducing agents _____ electrons in redox reactions.

Allows cell to make more ATP than NADPH because Calvin cycle uses more ATP than NADPH

lose

Tell which molecule the H in NADPH originally comes from.

NADPH

Another name for the Calvin cycle is_______________

Comes from H2 Owhen water is split

Light independent(old name was dark reactions)

The ultimate source of carbon found in glucose is from ?

How many carbon dioxide molecules are needed to make 1 molecule of glucose?

Discrete particles of light are called__________

CO2

6

photons

chloroplastmitochondria

WHERE DOES IT GO?

MOLECULE THAT DONATES ELECTRONS TO ETC =?WHERE H+ BUILDS UP = ?ROLE OF GLUCOSE= ?

Glucose is reactant Glucose is product(broken down) (produced)

H+ build up in H+ build up intermembrane space thylakoid

space

NADH/FADH2 chlorophyll a donates electrons donates electrons to ETC to ETC

Explain why plant “look” green.

Molecules _____ electrons when they are oxidized. (lose gain)

We see reflected light. Chlorophyll reflects green wavelengths

LOSE

Remember:OIL RIGOxidation Is Losing electronsReduction Is Gaining electrons

CAM plants make sugar via the Calvin cycle_______.

during the day at night

Name the 3 phases of the Calvin cycle

during the day

Carbon fixationReductionRegeneration

Which kind of plants usethis pathway to fix CO2?

Name the enzymeused to add CO2 toPEP in this pathway

CAM plantsfix CO2 at night and run Calvin cycle during the day

PEP carboxylase

Why does PSII come first in line in front of PSI in the thylakoid membrane?

How do the levels of AMP and ATPplay a regulatory role in the glycolysis

pathway?

PSI was discovered and named first

High levels of AMP (means cell is low in ATP) stimulate phosphofructokinase in glycolysis pathway ~ make it when need itHigh levels of ATP inhibit phosphofructokinase to shut off pathway ~ don’t run glycolysis if not needed

Tell which molecule each of the atoms that end up in glucose originally came from:

C6H12O6

_______ ________ _________

CO2CO2H2O

Type of cell where carbon fixation happens in CAM plants

Molecule that receives electrons at the end of electron transport during the light dependent reactions

Name the product(s) of the light dependent reactions

Mesophyll cells

NADP+

NADPH, ATP, and O2

Another name for the Calvin cycle is______________

Tell the equation for photosynthesis

Where is the Pi added to ADP to make ATP in the light dependent reactions?

Light independent reactions (used to be called dark reactions)

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy → 6 O2 + C6H12O6

On stroma side of thylakoid membrane

In which type of cell does the Calvin cycle happen in C3 plants

Why are C3 plants called C3?

When NADPH levels are higher than ATP what happens to the path of electrons in the light reactions?

mesophyll

The first step in carbon fixation in these plantsproduces a 3 carbon sugar

Switch from noncyclic to cyclic electron flowto make more ATP for Calvin cycle

RuBP carboxylase has the greatest affinity for ______

CO2 O2

Why are C4 plants called C4?

The first step in carbon fixation in these plantsproduces a 4 carbon sugar

O2

That’s why plants switch to photorespiration when CO2 is low

CAM plantsC4 plants

WHERE DOES IT GO?Where is carbon fixed? When is carbon fixed?Enzyme that catalyzes first step in carbon fixation?

PEP carboxylaseadds CO2 to PEP

Fix carbon in mesophyll cells

Carbon fixation Carbon fixation happens in day happens at night

CAM plantsC4 plants

WHERE DOES IT GO?Where does Calvin cycle happen?When does Calvin cycle happen?How is carbon fixation and Calvin cycle separated?

Calvin cycle happens Calvin cycle happensin bundle sheath cells in mesophyll cells

Carbon fixation/ Carbon fixation/Calvin cycle separated Calvin cycle

separated spatially spatially Fixation in mesophyll fixation at night

Calvin in Bundle Calvin during day sheath cells

Calvin happens during day

Process of using H+ gradient to generate ATP

= ________________________

(Can refer to ATP made in mitochondria too)

Process of creating ATP using a Proton gradient created by

the energy gathered from sunlight.

= ________________________

Process that consumes oxygen, releases CO2, generates no

ATP, and decreases photosynthetic output; generally occurs

on hot, dry, bright days, when stomata close and the oxygen

concentration in the leaf exceeds that of carbon dioxide

= ___________________________________

chemiosmosis

photophosphorylation

photorespiration