AP Biology Adapted from: Kim Foglia Chapter 13:The Cell Cycle.
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Transcript of AP Biology Adapted from: Kim Foglia Chapter 13:The Cell Cycle.
![Page 1: AP Biology Adapted from: Kim Foglia Chapter 13:The Cell Cycle.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d305503460f94a08892/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
AP BiologyAdapted from: Kim Foglia
Chapter 13:The Cell Cycle
![Page 2: AP Biology Adapted from: Kim Foglia Chapter 13:The Cell Cycle.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d305503460f94a08892/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
AP Biology
How did you get from there
to here?
And now look at you…
![Page 3: AP Biology Adapted from: Kim Foglia Chapter 13:The Cell Cycle.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d305503460f94a08892/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
AP Biology
Getting from there to here… Cell division
continuity of life = reproduction of cells reproduction
unicellular organisms
growth repair & renew
Cell cycle life of a cell from
origin to division into 2 new daughter cells
![Page 4: AP Biology Adapted from: Kim Foglia Chapter 13:The Cell Cycle.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d305503460f94a08892/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
AP Biology
A bit about DNA DNA is organized in
chromosomes double helix DNA molecule associated proteins =
histone proteins Nucleosome = a segment of
DNA wrapped around 8 histone proteins
DNA-protein complex =chromatin organized into long
thin fiber
![Page 5: AP Biology Adapted from: Kim Foglia Chapter 13:The Cell Cycle.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d305503460f94a08892/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
AP Biology
![Page 6: AP Biology Adapted from: Kim Foglia Chapter 13:The Cell Cycle.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d305503460f94a08892/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
AP Biology
Chromosome Duplicated
chromosome consists of 2 sister chromatids meet at the
centromere contain identical
copies of the chromosome’s DNA
Telomeres = repeated sequence at end of each arm
p= short arm; q= long arm
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AP Biology
![Page 8: AP Biology Adapted from: Kim Foglia Chapter 13:The Cell Cycle.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d305503460f94a08892/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
AP Biology
Prokaryotic Chromosome Structure
Bacteria have a one single loop of DNA
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AP Biology
Types of Cells & Ploidy Levels There are two types of human cells: somatic
cells and gametes. Somatic Cells = body cells (brain, muscle, heart,
liver, skin, etc) Contain 46 chromosomes in humans Diploid (2n)= cell that contains two sets of homologous
chromosomes 23 PAIRS of homologous chromosomes = 46 TOTAL
chromosomes
Gametes = sex cells (sperm or egg) Contain 23 chromosomes in humans Haploid (n)= cell that contains one set of chromosomes
![Page 10: AP Biology Adapted from: Kim Foglia Chapter 13:The Cell Cycle.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d305503460f94a08892/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
AP Biology
FertilizationWhen sperm meets egg a zygote is formed. A zygote is the first cell of the embryo.
Which of the cells above are haploid (n)? Diploid (2n)?
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AP Biology
Homologous Chromosomes
Chromosomes containing the same type of genetic information
one comes from male parent, one comes from female parent
DAD MOM
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AP Biology
Homologous Chromosomes
![Page 13: AP Biology Adapted from: Kim Foglia Chapter 13:The Cell Cycle.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d305503460f94a08892/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
AP Biology
The chromosomes diagrammed below are arranged in a karyotype, the 46 chromosomes have been arranged in homologous pairs.
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AP Biology
The first 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes are called autosomes or autosomal chromosomes.
The 23rd pair of chromosomes determines the sex of the individual and are called sex chromosomes.
The sex chromosomes of a female are XX.The sex chromosomes of a male are XY.
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AP Biology
What’s the difference?
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AP Biology
Cell cycle Cell has a “life cycle”
cell is formed from a mitotic division
cell grows & maturesto divide again
cell grows & matures to never divide again
G1, S, G2, M G0
epithelial cells,blood cells,stem cells
brain nerve cells
liver cells
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AP Biology
Cell Division cycle Phases of a dividing
cell’s life interphase
cell grows replicates chromosomes produces new organelles & biomolecules
mitotic phase cell separates & divides chromosomes
mitosis cell divides cytoplasm & organelles
cytokinesis
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AP Biology
Control of Cell Cycle
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AP Biology
Interphase 90% of cell life cycle
cell doing its “everyday job” produce RNA, synthesize proteins
prepares for duplication if triggered
Characteristics nucleus well-defined DNA loosely
packed in long chromatin fibers
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AP Biology
Interphase Divided into 3 phases:
G1 = 1st Gap S = DNA Synthesis G2 = 2nd Gap
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AP Biology
Interphase
G1 – First stage after division Cell recovers from previous division Cell increases in size Doubles organelles Accumulates materials for DNA replication Cells do everyday jobs
G0 – Some cells don’t complete the cycle (nerve and heart muscle) Continue normal cell operations No preparation for cell division Cells will operate in this stage until organism
dies
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AP Biology
Interphase
S Stage – DNA synthesis occurs At the beginning it contains chromosomes containing
one DNA strand At the end each chromosome contains two identical
strands of DNA Copies chromosomes
G2 – Growth & final preparations for division Prepares for division Ends with mitosis Proteins that aid in mitosis are made in this stage
Microtubules Nucleus well-defined DNA loosely packed
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AP Biology
Interphase Nucleus well-defined
chromosome duplication complete
DNA loosely packed in long chromatin fibers
Prepares for mitosis produces proteins &
organelles
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AP Biology
Mitosis copying cell’s DNA & dividing it
between 2 daughter nuclei Mitosis – division of the nucleus
is divided into 5 phases Prophase Prometaphase metaphase anaphase telophase
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AP Biology
Overview
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AP Biology
Prophase Chromatin (DNA) condenses
visible as chromosomes chromatids
fibers extend from the centromeres
Centrioles move to opposite poles of cell
Fibers (microtubules) cross cell to form mitotic spindle actin, myosin
Nucleolus disappears Nuclear membrane breaks down
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AP Biology
Prometaphase Proteins attach to
centromeres creating kinetochores
Microtubules attach at kinetochores connect centromeres to
centrioles
Chromosomes begin moving
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AP Biology
Kinetochore Each chromatid
has own kinetochore proteins microtubules
attach to kinetochore proteins
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AP Biology
Metaphase Spindle fibers align
chromosomes along the middle of cell meta = middle metaphase plate helps to ensure
chromosomes separate properly so each new nucleus
receives only 1 copy of each chromosome
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
Anaphase Sister chromatids
separate at kinetochores move to opposite poles pulled at centromeres pulled by motor proteins
“walking”along microtubules increased production of
ATP by mitochondria
Poles move farther apart polar microtubules
lengthen
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AP Biology
Separation of chromatids In anaphase, proteins holding together
sister chromatids are inactivated separate to become individual
chromosomes
2 chromosomes1 chromosome2 chromatids
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AP Biology
Kinetochores use motor proteins that “walk” chromosome along attached microtubule microtubule
shortens by dismantling at kinetochore (chromosome) end
Chromosome movement
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AP Biology
Telophase Chromosomes arrive at
opposite poles daughter nuclei form nucleoli from chromosomes disperse
no longer visible under light microscope
Spindle fibers disperse Cytokinesis begins
cell division
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AP Biology
Cytokinesis Animals
cleavage furrow forms ring of actin
microfilaments forms around equator of cell myosin proteins
tightens to form a cleavage furrow, which splits the cell in two like tightening a draw
string
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AP Biology
Cytokinesis in Animals
(play Cells Alive movie here)
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AP Biology
Mitosis in whitefish blastula
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AP Biology
Mitosis in animal cells
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AP Biology
Cytokinesis in Plants Plants
vesicles move to equator line up & fuse to form 2 membranes = cell plate derived from Golgi
new cell wall is laid down between membranes new cell wall fuses
with existing cell wall
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AP Biology
Cytokinesis in plant cell
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AP Biology
Mitosis in plant cell
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AP Biology
onion root tip