AP Biology Lab Review AP Biology Lab 1: Diffusion & Osmosis.
AP Biology
description
Transcript of AP Biology
![Page 1: AP Biology](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5681642e550346895dd5f6ed/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
AP Biology
Lecture #49Non-Vertebrate Animals
![Page 2: AP Biology](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5681642e550346895dd5f6ed/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Characteristics of Animals
• Animals are:• Multicellular• Heterotrophs• Eukaryotic• Have tissues and differentiated cells• Eat• Reproduce and Develop• 1.3 millions species have been identified,
estimates of 10 to 200 million exist
![Page 3: AP Biology](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5681642e550346895dd5f6ed/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Early Embryonic Development• Sperm and egg meet
through fertilization to form a zygote
• The zygote undergoes mitosis, called cleavage
• A blastula, or multi-celled hollow ball forms
• These cells form tissue layers that make up a gastrula
![Page 4: AP Biology](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5681642e550346895dd5f6ed/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Eras of Animal Life
• Neoproterozoic Era (1 B 542 mya): First fossilized animals are from this time period.
• Paleozoic Era (542 251 mya): the Cambrian explosion occurs, huge diversity of animal species, including vertebrates, evolve
• Mesozoic Era (251 65.5 mya): animal life spreads across the planet
• Cenozoic Era (65.5 mya present): dinosaurs, birds, and mammals all evolve
![Page 5: AP Biology](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5681642e550346895dd5f6ed/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Body Plans
• Animals can have radial symmetry, in which the parts of an animal radiate out from the center (starfish)
• Or they can have bilateral symmetry, with equal left and right sides (lobsters, humans)
• Animals with a distinct forward facing head at the top of the body have gone through cephalization.
![Page 6: AP Biology](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5681642e550346895dd5f6ed/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Tissue Layers• The tissue layers of an animal
embryo are called germ layers, and form organs.
• The ectoderm is the outermost layer and forms the skin and nervous system.
• The endoderm is the inner layer of the embryo and turns into the digestive system.
• Some animals have a third layer, called the mesoderm, which forms the other body organs.
![Page 7: AP Biology](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5681642e550346895dd5f6ed/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Body Cavities
• Some animals have body cavities, a fluid-filled space that separates the digestive tract from the outer body wall, this is called a coelom.
• Pseudocoelomates have a body cavity that is formed from a different type of tissue.
• Acoelomates do not have body cavities.
![Page 8: AP Biology](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5681642e550346895dd5f6ed/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Protostomes and Deuterostomes• Protostomes, like
worms and bugs, develop a mouth first during fetal development.
• Deuterostomes, like people and starfish, develop an anus before they develop mouths.
![Page 9: AP Biology](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5681642e550346895dd5f6ed/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Invertebrates
![Page 10: AP Biology](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5681642e550346895dd5f6ed/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
• Invertebrates are animals without a backbone.• The main phyla we will talk about are:
– Porifera– Cnidaria– Platyhelminthes– Nemotodes– Mollusks– Annelids– Arthropods– Echinodermata– Some chordates
Invertebrates
![Page 11: AP Biology](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5681642e550346895dd5f6ed/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Parazoa
• Invertebrates: animals without backbones
• Closest lineage to protists
• Loose federation of cells (unspecialized); no tissues
• Phylum.: (only one) Porifera (sponges)
![Page 12: AP Biology](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5681642e550346895dd5f6ed/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The Sponges – Phylum Porifera
![Page 13: AP Biology](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5681642e550346895dd5f6ed/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• Phylum Porifera are the sponges.• They may have radial symmetry, or no
symmetry.• They are non-motile filter feeders.• Individual cells are specialized, but they have
no true organs.
Phylum Porifera
![Page 14: AP Biology](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5681642e550346895dd5f6ed/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
General InformationSize range – 1 cm to2 meters in diameter
Giant Barrel sponges
![Page 15: AP Biology](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5681642e550346895dd5f6ed/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Eumetazoa: Animals with true body tissueThe Radiata, I
• Diploblastic• Radial symmetry• Phylum: Cnidaria (hydra, jellies, sea
anemones, corals)– tissues, but no organs– two cell layers– predators
• tentacles surround gut opening
• extracellular digestion– release enzymes
into gut cavity– absorption by cells
lining gut
![Page 16: AP Biology](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5681642e550346895dd5f6ed/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
hydra
stinging cellwith nematocyst
trigger
dischargednematocyst
undischargednematocyst
tentacles
mouth
sensorycell
stingingcell
Stinging cells of Cnidarians
![Page 17: AP Biology](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5681642e550346895dd5f6ed/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: AP Biology](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5681642e550346895dd5f6ed/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The Radiata, II
• Phylum: Ctenophora (comb jellies)
• 8 rows of comblike plates of fused cilia (largest animals that use cilia for locomotion)
• Tentacles with colloblasts (adhesive structures that capture prey)
![Page 19: AP Biology](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5681642e550346895dd5f6ed/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Eumetazoa: The Acoelomates• Phy: Platyhelminthes
(flatworms, flukes, tapeworms)
• Bilateral; no body cavity• Predators, scavengers,
parasites• Some cephalization~
development of brain concentration of sense organs in head
ectoderm
mesoderm
endodermacoelomate
![Page 20: AP Biology](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5681642e550346895dd5f6ed/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Eumetazoa: Pseudocoelomates, I
• Body cavity partially derived from mesodermally derived tissue
• Phylum: Rotifera• 1st with a complete
digestive tract• Hydrostatic skeleton• Parthenogenesis: type of
reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs
![Page 21: AP Biology](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5681642e550346895dd5f6ed/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Eumetazoa: Pseudocoelomates, II
• Phylum: Nematoda (roundworms)
• Very widespread group of animals (900,000 sp. ?)
• Cuticle (tough exoskeleton)• Decomposition and nutrient
cycling• Complete digestive track; no
circulatory systemmany are parasitic
• hookworm• Trichinella spiralis
C. elegans
![Page 22: AP Biology](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5681642e550346895dd5f6ed/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The Coelomates: Protostomes, I
• Phylogenetics debated….• Phy: Nemertea (proboscis and
ribbon worms)• Complete digestion and closed
circulatory system (blood)• Phy: the lophophorates (sea
mats, tube worms, lamp shells)• Lophophore: Circular shaped
body fold with ciliated tentacles around the mouth
![Page 23: AP Biology](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5681642e550346895dd5f6ed/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The Coelomates: Protostomes, II• Phylum: Mollusca (snails,
slugs, squid, octopus, clams, oysters, chiton)
• Soft body most protected by a hard shell of calcium carbonate
• Foot (movement), visceral mass (internal organs); mantle (secretes shell); radula (rasp-like scraping organ)true coelem• increases complexity &
specialization of internal organs
![Page 24: AP Biology](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5681642e550346895dd5f6ed/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
• There are 3 types of mollusks:• Gastropods: sea slugs, snails and slugs• Bivalves: clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops
(2 hinged shells)• Cephalopods: built for speed and motility,
include squid and octopi; have sophisticated sense organs.
Phylum Mollusca
![Page 25: AP Biology](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5681642e550346895dd5f6ed/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Class Cephalopoda squids, octopus, cuttlefish, nautilus
![Page 26: AP Biology](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5681642e550346895dd5f6ed/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The Coelomates: Protostomes, III• Phylum: Annelida
(earthworms, leeches, marine worms)
• True body segmentation (specialization of body regions)
• Closed circulatory system• Metanephridia: excretory
tubes• “Brainlike” cerebral
ganglia• Hermaphrodites, but
cross- fertilize
leechfan worm
![Page 27: AP Biology](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5681642e550346895dd5f6ed/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The Coelomates: Protostomes, IV• Phy: Arthropoda trilobites
(extinct); crustaceans (crabs, lobsters, shrimps); spiders, scorpions, ticks (arachnids); insects (entomology)
• 2 out of every 3 organisms (most successful of all phyla)
• Segmentation, hard exoskeleton (cuticle)~ molting, jointed appendages; open circulatory system (hemolymph); extensive cephalization
![Page 28: AP Biology](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5681642e550346895dd5f6ed/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Arthropod groups
insects6 legs, 3 body parts
crustaceansgills, 2 pairs antennaecrab, lobster, barnacles, shrmp
arachnids8 legs, 2 body partsspiders, ticks, scorpions
![Page 29: AP Biology](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5681642e550346895dd5f6ed/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The Coelomates: Deuterostomes, I
• Phylum: Echinodermata (sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea lilies, sea cucumbers, sea daisies)
• Spiny skin; sessile or slow moving
• Often pentaradial• Water vascular system• They are radially symmetrical
as adults, and bilateral as larvae.
![Page 30: AP Biology](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5681642e550346895dd5f6ed/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Water Vascular System
• Madreporite• stone canal• ring canal• radial canal• lateral canals• Ampulae• tube feet